scholarly journals The Adoption and Use of the Word ἘΚΚΛΗΣΊΑ in the Early Christ-Movement

Ecclesiology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-130
Author(s):  
Philip F. Esler
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Voluntary Associations ◽  
Lord's Supper ◽  
First Century ◽  
Greco Roman ◽  
Christ Followers ◽  
Table Fellowship ◽  
The One ◽  
Mixed Groups

Abstract This article engages with two recent monographs and three shorter publications to offer a fresh approach to the origin and some aspects of the use of the word ἐκκλησία in the Christ-movement of the first century ce. It argues that the word was first used as a collective designation by mixed groups of Greek-speaking Judean and non-Judean Christ-followers who were persecuted by Paul. Their intimate table-fellowship (especially of the one loaf and one cup of the Lord’s Supper) was regarded as involving or risking idolatry and thus imperilling the ethnic integrity of the Judean people. These Christ-followers adopted the word ἐκκλησία from instances in the Septuagint where it meant not ‘assembly’ but ‘multitude’ or ‘group’, most importantly of all in 1 Sam. 19.20. As Paul founded new communities in the cities of the Eastern Mediterranean that were recognisably similar to Greco-Roman voluntary associations, the word acquired new connotations that reverberated with the role of ἐκκλησίαι as civic voting assemblies in the Greek cities. Paul’s groups were not anti-Roman, nor did he believe that the Christ-movement would replace ethnic Israel, but rather that the two would co-exist until the End. The Pauline view on this matter finds theological endorsement in a 2015 document from the Vatican’s Commission for Religious Relations with Jews.

scholarly journals Francisco Gutierrez and Gerd Schonwalder (eds.) Economic Liberalisation and Political Violence—Utopia or Dystopia? 2010. International Development Research Centre Canada (IDRC). Canada: Pluto Press. 355 pages. US$35.00.

2010 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 261-263
Author(s):  
Laila Sohail
Keyword(s):  
International Development ◽  
Political Violence ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
First Century ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Development Research ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
International Development Research Centre ◽  
The One

No debate is as engaging in the twenty-first century, as the one surrounding the phenomenon of globalisation. Economists, political scientists public policy experts, and specialists from a range of diverse disciplines are attracted to analyse this phenomenon and apply it to the world around them. The analysts are generally divided in two camps—those who praise globalisation as an evolutionary process leading to peace and prosperity, and those for whom globalisation is a curse instigating violence and conflict by undermining the role of the State and adversely affecting democracy.

Shadows of Black and White

2021 ◽  
pp. 178-206
Author(s):  
Leslie C. Gay Jr
Keyword(s):  
First Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Material Resources ◽  
Digital Era ◽  
Recorded Sound ◽  
Musical Object ◽  
Social Meanings ◽  
The One

This chapter considers the role of seen and unseen infrastructures in the material transmission and circulation of May Irwin’s (1862–1938) famous “Frog Song.” Just as ontologies of music shift in our digital era, the chapter peels back the hazy ontological histories of this song—as material commodity, technology, and memory—to consider its ramifications as a musical object replete with racial and social meanings. The argument developed here brings together aspects of the “hard” infrastructures of song sheet publishing, paper, and lithography, on the one hand, and the “soft” infrastructures of race, body, and memory, on the other. More specifically, the material resources of the song’s production—in printed page, body, and recorded sound—illuminate the shadowy histories of this song and emphasize how these materials reconfigure shifting notions of gender and race across cultural and historical boundaries into the twenty-first century.

A REPUBLICAN DILEMMA: CITY OR STATE? OR, THE CONCRETE REVOLUTION REVISITED

2017 ◽  
Vol 85 ◽  
pp. 71-107
Author(s):  
Penelope J.E. Davies
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Balance Of Power ◽  
The State ◽  
Second Century ◽  
First Century ◽  
Role Of Government ◽  
Republican Rome ◽  
Constituent Elements ◽  
Annual Turnover

In a well-known passage, the Greek historian Polybius, writing in the mid-second century BC, attributes Rome's success as a republic to a perfect balance of power between its constituent elements, army, senate and people (Histories6.11); and indeed, the Republic's long survival was an achievement worth explaining. On another note, over a century later, Livy remarked how Republican Rome, with its rambling street plan and miscellany of buildings, compared unfavourably with the magnificent royal cities of the eastern Mediterranean; he put this down to hasty rebuilding after a great Gallic conflagration around 390 BC. Few scholars now accept his explanation. A handful of scholars argue for underlying rationales, usually when setting up the early city as a foil for its transformation under Augustus and subsequent emperors, and their conclusions tend towards characterizing the city's design as an unintended corollary to the annual turnover of magistrates. This article, likewise, argues for the role of government in the city's appearance; but it contends that the state of Republican urbanism was deliberate. A response, of sorts, to both ancient authors' observations, it addresses how provisions to ensure equilibrium in one of the Republic's components, the senatorial class, in the interests of preserving the res publica, came at a vital cost to the city's architectural evolution. These provisions took the form of intentional constraints (on time and money), to prevent élite Romans from building like, and thus presenting themselves as, Mediterranean monarchs. Painting with a broad chronological stroke, it traces the tension between the Roman Republic in its ideal state and the physical city, exploring the strategies élite Romans developed to work within the constraints. Only when unforeseen factors weakened the state's power to self-regulate could the built city flourish and, in doing so, further diminish the state. Many of these factors — such as increased wealth in the second century and the first-century preponderance of special commands — are known; to these, this article argues, should be added the development of concrete.

Transnasal excerebration surgery in ancient Egypt

2012 ◽  
Vol 116 (4) ◽  
pp. 743-748 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew A. Fanous ◽  
William T. Couldwell
Keyword(s):  
Skull Base ◽  
Surgical Techniques ◽  
Ancient Egypt ◽  
Transnasal Approach ◽  
Old Kingdom ◽  
Greco Roman ◽  
Ancient Egyptian ◽  
Transnasal Surgery ◽  
The One

Ancient Egyptians were pioneers in many fields, including medicine and surgery. Our modern knowledge of anatomy, pathology, and surgical techniques stems from discoveries and observations made by Egyptian physicians and embalmers. In the realm of neurosurgery, ancient Egyptians were the first to elucidate cerebral and cranial anatomy, the first to describe evidence for the role of the spinal cord in the transmission of information from the brain to the extremities, and the first to invent surgical techniques such as trepanning and stitching. In addition, the transnasal approach to skull base and intracranial structures was first devised by Egyptian embalmers to excerebrate the cranial vault during mummification. In this historical vignette, the authors examine paleoradiological and other evidence from ancient Egyptian skulls and mummies of all periods, from the Old Kingdom to Greco-Roman Egypt, to shed light on the development of transnasal surgery in this ancient civilization. The authors confirm earlier observations concerning the laterality of this technique, suggesting that ancient Egyptian excerebration techniques penetrated the skull base mostly on the left side. They also suggest that the original technique used to access the skull base in ancient Egypt was a transethmoidal one, which later evolved to follow a transsphenoidal route similar to the one used today to gain access to pituitary lesions.

scholarly journals Rola prefabrykacji w kształtowaniu architektury mieszkaniowej XXI wieku

2020 ◽  
pp. 69-80
Author(s):  
Anita Orchowska
Keyword(s):  
Residential Buildings ◽  
First Century ◽  
Technological Advancement ◽  
Considerable Potential ◽  
Housing Developments ◽  
Residential Architecture ◽  
The Past ◽  
The One ◽  
Housing Standards

Prefabrykacja wpłynęła w znaczy sposób na kształt architektury mieszkaniowej XX wieku, a jej znaczenie nadal nie słabnie. W przeszłości czas eksperymentu przeobraził się w burzliwy okres rozwój technologii, systemów budownictwa i ich odmian. Rolą prefabrykacji było określenie podstawowych standardów mieszkaniowych w zakresie kształtu mieszkań i charakteru zabudowy. Obecnie technologia prefabrykacji betonowej nabiera ponownie znaczenia jako współczesne tworzywo architektoniczne i jest często stosowaną metodą wznoszenia budynków mieszkalnych. Istnieje wiele możliwości jakie tkwią w produkowanych prefabrykowanych komponentach oraz zalet ekonomicznych i technologicznych. Z jednej strony elastyczność i różnorodność projektowanych elementów, z drugiej strony lepsze technologicznie prefabrykaty, w znaczny sposób pozwalają dostosować typizację do współczesnych wymagań użytkowych i estetycznych architektury mieszkaniowej. The role of prefabrication in shaping the residential architecture of the twenty-first century Prefabrication had a significant influence on the shape of the residential architecture of the twentieth century and its importance has not diminished. In the past, a time of experimentation changed into a turbulent period of technological advancement and development of construction systems and their types. The role of prefabrication was to define basic housing standards in terms of flat layouts and the character of housing developments. Currently, concrete prefabrication technology is becoming more and more important as a modern architectural material and is a frequently used method of erecting residential buildings. There is considerable potential in prefabricated components as well as economic and technological benefits. On the one hand, there is flexibility and variety of designed elements, and on the other, prefabricated components, which are technologically superior, allow an adjustment of standardisation to contemporary functional and aesthetic requirements of the residential architecture in a significant way.

State Socialist Endeavours for the Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to International Crimes: Historical Roots and Current Implications

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raluca Grosescu
Keyword(s):  
First Century ◽  
Crimes Against Humanity ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Central Eastern Europe ◽  
International Crimes ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The One ◽  
Violent Conflicts ◽  
State Socialist

Abstract This article analyses the role of Eastern European socialist governments and legal experts in encoding the non-applicability of statutory limitations to international crimes. It argues that socialist elites put this topic on the agenda of the international community in the 1960s through two interrelated processes. On the one hand, legal scholars cooperated with Western European lawyers in order to enforce the idea that the international crimes codified by the Nuremberg Charter should not be subject to prescription. On the other hand, Eastern European governments proposed and enabled – through their cooperation with African and Asian states – the adoption of the 1968 UN Convention on the Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity. In the first decade of the twenty-first century, this instrument became an important tool for advancing prosecutions of international crimes committed under dictatorships and violent conflicts, particularly in Central Eastern Europe and Latin America.

The Household and Its Members

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harry O. Maier
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Early Christian ◽  
Infant Exposure ◽  
Greco Roman ◽  
Fictive Kinship ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Domestic Roles ◽  
Kinship Language

The chapter describes the Greco-Roman and Jewish household, including its members, customs, domestic rituals, and gender roles, along with their intersections with New Testament and other early Christian writings. It presents nomenclature used to describe what we today call “family” and its differences from modern usage. The architectural forms of ancient households (domus, oikos, insula, taberna) are described. The chapter discusses the respective domestic roles of males and females as husbands, wives, and slaves. Children, the practices of infant exposure and adoption as slaves, domestic obligations, education, household economic contribution, laws of inheritance, and rituals associated with birth and maturity are considered. The discussion also contrasts laws of slavery and manumission in the western and eastern Mediterranean. It considers the economic power of slaves and freedpersons, the typical costs of slaves, and freedperson-master obligations. It presents rituals and beliefs surrounding the deceased. Finally, it treats the role of fictive kinship language and how it patterned relationships of Christians with God and one another.

How China is Reshaping the Global Economy

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rhys Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Global Economy ◽  
First Century ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Global Capital ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The One ◽  
Global Commodity Markets

The growth of China and its re-emergence as a major economic power has been a key feature of globalization in the twenty-first century. China has become an increasingly significant actor in the global economy, and this is likely to continue in the foreseeable future. The implications of this for Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) have been a source of major debate. This book examines the arguments drawing on a growing body of research on China’s economic involvement in SSA and LAC. It begins by considering the process of economic reform in China from the late 1970s that provided the basis for China’s growing integration with the global economy. It considers four aspects of this integration: the growth of China as a global manufacturing centre, its impact on global commodity markets, the overseas expansion of Chinese firms as part of the ‘Go Global’ policy, and the increased role of China in global capital flows. Discussion of China’s impact on SSA and LAC is characterized by disagreements over both the extent of its presence and the underlying drivers. The book documents the different forms of Chinese economic involvement and clarifies some of the confusion that has arisen over the extent of China’s presence. It then analyzes the economic, social, political, and environmental impacts of China on both regions, to show a much more varied picture than the one that is often presented. These impacts depend to a significant extent on local conditions and actors, and cannot simply be read off as a consequence of Chinese expansion.

ORGANISATION AND ROLE OF SOCIAL SERVICES FOR SELECTED GROUPS OF BENEFICIARIES OF SOCIAL ASSISTANCE ON THE EXAMPLE OF POLAND

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna GŁĄBICKA-AULEYTNER
Keyword(s):  
Social Services ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
Social Assistance ◽  
First Century ◽  
Old People ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Working People ◽  
The One

The development of social services in the twenty-first century due to the dynamic progress of the investment and activating policy. The society of the 21st century is a society of services as most of the workplaces are created in the service sector (public and community). This means that at least 50% of working people reach incomes from working in services. Thus, on the one hand, more and more people are employed in services, on the other hand, more and more services are consumed by households. Its characteristic feature is the principle of ‘una actu’ which means the production and consumption take place at the same time and place as a result of the same action. The purpose of this publication is to present all issues related to social services – definition, role and relevance, innovative theoretical approaches, organisation by government and non-governmental entities and, on the example of polish solutions, their application to selected groups of beneficiaries of social assistance, i.e. unemployed persons, addicts, old people, refugees, victims of domestic violence.

The Restaurant

Migrant City ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 225-253
Author(s):  
Panikos Panayi
Keyword(s):  
Eating Habits ◽  
First Century ◽  
Mass Consumption ◽  
History Of ◽  
East End ◽  
Post War ◽  
The One ◽  
The City ◽  
Vast Range

This chapter explains how migrants have impacted the eating habits of all sections of the population in both social and geographical terms. While the evolution of modern London remains inconceivable without the role of migrants, the chapter shows that they may have had a more profound impact upon eating out than any other aspect of the history of the city. In the first place they have opened and staffed some of the most famous restaurants in the world. But this only tells one side of the story because settlers from Europe and beyond have, at the other end of the scale, also opened up establishments which serve up the dishes that characterize mass consumption, from the first fish and chip shops in the East End to the Chinese and Indian restaurants of the post-war period and the vast range of foreign food establishments which exist in the global capital of the twenty-first century. While, on the one hand, these restaurants cater for the ethnic majority, which increasingly became a vanishing concept, many migrants have also opened up restaurants for their countrymen as such establishments form a key part of local ethnic economies.

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