What Kind of Associative and Inferential Processes?

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Mazzone
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Contextual Information ◽  
Emergent Properties ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Early Integration ◽  
Accessible Information ◽  
Automatic Activation ◽  
Behavioural Description ◽  
Sustained Activation

Rubio-Fernández (2013) is a noteworthy instance of the recent efforts of grounding speculative pragmatic models into empirical research. However, it also shows that between pragmatic theories and the relevant psycholinguist research there are still conceptual gaps. Specifically, Rubio-Fernández reports two studies concerning emergent properties, that is, properties that are not associatively activated by related concepts but need to be inferred thanks to contextual information. These studies seem to show that emergent properties are activated by an early integration of associative and inferential processes and this is taken as evidence in favour of one-stage over two-stage models of pragmatic processing. I analyse the relevant notions of associative and inferential process in terms of, respectively, automatic activation of directly accessible information and consciously sustained activation of indirectly accessible information. These are not, however, the notions adopted in the pragmatic models considered by Rubio-Fernández. At a closer analysis, therefore, none of these models is fully compatible with her evidence. My line of argument is based on a crucial, but too often ignored, distinction between two meanings of “associative”: as a behavioural description of cognitive processes and as a model for their implementation. I also illustrate some consequences of neglecting this distinction.

scholarly journals The associative nature of human associative learning

2009 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
David R. Shanks
Keyword(s):  
Associative Learning ◽  
Pavlovian Conditioning ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Human Learning ◽  
Emergent Properties ◽  
Human Associative Learning ◽  
Unconscious Processes

AbstractThe extent to which human learning should be thought of in terms of elementary, automatic versus controlled, cognitive processes is unresolved after nearly a century of often fierce debate. Mitchell et al. provide a persuasive review of evidence against automatic, unconscious links. Indeed, unconscious processes seem to play a negligible role in any form of learning, not just in Pavlovian conditioning. But a modern connectionist framework, in which “cognitive” phenomena are emergent properties, is likely to offer a fuller account of human learning than the propositional framework Mitchell et al. propose.

Contextual case-based reasoning applied to a mobile device

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 282-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Djamel Guessoum ◽  
Moeiz Miraoui ◽  
Chakib Tadj
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Device ◽  
Inertial Sensors ◽  
Contextual Information ◽  
Similarity Measures ◽  
Case Based Reasoning ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Minimal Processing ◽  
Current Case ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Case Based

Purpose This paper aims to apply a contextual case-based reasoning (CBR) to a mobile device. The CBR method was chosen because it does not require training, demands minimal processing resources and easily integrates with the dynamic and uncertain nature of pervasive computing. Based on a mobile user’s location and activity, which can be determined through the device’s inertial sensors and GPS capabilities, it is possible to select and offer appropriate services to this user. Design/methodology/approach The proposed approach comprises two stages. The first stage uses simple semantic similarity measures to retrieve the case from the case base that best matches the current case. In the second stage, the obtained selection of services is then filtered based on current contextual information. Findings This two-stage method adds a higher level of relevance to the services proposed to the user; yet, it is easy to implement on a mobile device. Originality/value A two-stage CBR using light processing methods and generating context aware services is discussed. Ontological location modeling adds reasoning flexibility and knowledge sharing capabilities.

scholarly journals Innovation and product market concentration: Schumpeter, arrow, and the inverted U-shape curve

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flavio Delbono ◽  
Luca Lambertini
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulations ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Product Market ◽  
Market Concentration ◽  
Relative Strength ◽  
Stage Model ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Shape Curve ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Theoretical Results

Abstract We investigate the relationship between market concentration and industry innovative effort within a familiar two-stage model of R&D race in which firms compete à la Cournot in the product market. With the help of numerical simulations, we show that such a setting is rich enough to generate Arrovian, Schumpeterian, and inverted U curves. We interpret these different patterns on the basis of the relative strength of the technological incentive and the strategic incentive. We then bridge our theoretical results and some recent empirical research.

Embodiment: Reflections on Religious Learning in Youth Ministry

2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 7-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jos de Kock ◽  
Ronelle Sonnenberg
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Learning Theory ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Youth Ministry ◽  
Human Experience ◽  
Socialization Theory ◽  
Religious Learning ◽  
Pedagogical Theory

The concept of embodiment has increasingly been in the foreground of recent debates within youth ministry and religious learning. Human experience and learning are rooted in flesh-and-blood bodies, which means that the focus of youth ministry should not only be on cognitive processes but also on concrete experiences, acts and rituals. This article aims to clarify the meaning and relevance of embodiment for religious learning in youth ministry. For this purpose, the paper reviews two lines of reflection: first, reflections based on educational learning theory and religious pedagogical theory; second, reflections based on socialization theory. Finally, the article concludes with a discussion on the consequences these two lines of reflections have for current empirical research regarding the religious learning of young people.

scholarly journals A cognitive model’s view of animal cognition

2011 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 499-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sidney D’mello ◽  
Stan Franklin
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Animal Cognition ◽  
Cognitive Model ◽  
Field Of Study ◽  
Working Model ◽  
Hypotheses Generation

Abstract Although it is a relatively new field of study, the animal cognition literature is quite extensive and difficult to synthesize. This paper explores the contributions a comprehensive, computational, cognitive model can make toward organizing and assimilating this literature, as well as toward identifying important concepts and their interrelations. Using the LIDA model as an example, a framework is described within which to integrate the diverse research in animal cognition. Such a framework can provide both an ontology of concepts and their relations, and a working model of an animal’s cognitive processes that can compliment active empirical research. In addition to helping to account for a broad range of cognitive processes, such a model can help to comparatively assess the cognitive capabilities of different animal species. After deriving an ontology for animal cognition from the LIDA model, we apply it to develop the beginnings of a database that maps the cognitive facilities of a variety of animal species. We conclude by discussing future avenues of research, particularly the use of computational models of animal cognition as valuable tools for hypotheses generation and testing.

Resurrecting Old Arguments: Responding to Four Essays

2005 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Early Church ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Wide Spread ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Son Of God ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Bodily Resurrection ◽  
The World

AbstractThe author is grateful for the attention given to his book The Resurrection of the Son of God by the four reviewers. David Bryan is right to highlight the Enoch literature as a more fertile source of resurrection ideas than the book allowed for; but he has overstated his objection. Granted that the stream of thought represented by resurrection is more diverse even than RSG allowed, the book's argument did not hinge on the wide spread of resurrection belief at the time but on the meaning of 'resurrection', i.e. a two-stage post-mortem existence, the second stage being a new embodiment. Bryan's suggested elevation of Enoch, Elijah and others as precursors of the exaltation of Jesus fails in that these figures neither die nor are resurrected. James Crossley's counter-proposal—resurrection stories grew from 'visions' which gave rise to the idea of an empty tomb as an attempt to 'vindicate' the 'ideas and beliefs of Jesus'—fails on several counts, not least because it ignores Jesus' kingdom-proclamation which was not the promulgation of ideas and beliefs but the announcement that Israel's God was going to do something that would claim his sovereignty over the world. Michael Goulder revives the highly contentious hypothesis that the early Church was polarized between the Jerusalem apostles, who believed in a non-bodily resurrection, and Pauline Christians for whom the resurrection was bodily. The claim that Mark 16.1-8 is full of contradictions and impossibilities is rejected. Larry Hurtado warns against downplaying the role of experience both in the Christian life and in describing the devotion and liturgy of the early Church. While cautioning against the use of the word 'metaphor' to mean 'less than fully real', I acknowledge the force of the argument, and suggest the cognitive processes I propose and the devotional life sketched by Hurtado are complementary.

scholarly journals Global Contextual Dependency Network for Object Detection

2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Junda Li ◽  
Chunxu Zhang ◽  
Bo Yang
Keyword(s):  
Contextual Information ◽  
Region Of Interest ◽  
Local Region ◽  
Context Dependency ◽  
Visual Features ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Multi Scale ◽  
Single Scale ◽  
Contextual Dependency ◽  
Dependency Network

Current two-stage object detectors extract the local visual features of Regions of Interest (RoIs) for object recognition and bounding-box regression. However, only using local visual features will lose global contextual dependencies, which are helpful to recognize objects with featureless appearances and restrain false detections. To tackle the problem, a simple framework, named Global Contextual Dependency Network (GCDN), is presented to enhance the classification ability of two-stage detectors. Our GCDN mainly consists of two components, Context Representation Module (CRM) and Context Dependency Module (CDM). Specifically, a CRM is proposed to construct multi-scale context representations. With CRM, contextual information can be fully explored at different scales. Moreover, the CDM is designed to capture global contextual dependencies. Our GCDN includes multiple CDMs. Each CDM utilizes local Region of Interest (RoI) features and single-scale context representation to generate single-scale contextual RoI features via the attention mechanism. Finally, the contextual RoI features generated by parallel CDMs independently are combined with the original RoI features to help classification. Experiments on MS-COCO 2017 benchmark dataset show that our approach brings continuous improvements for two-stage detectors.

scholarly journals Real-time Factory Smoke Detection Based on Two-stage Relation-guided Algorithm

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhenyu Wang ◽  
Senrong Ji ◽  
Duokun Yin
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Contextual Information ◽  
Search Space ◽  
Detection Algorithm ◽  
Image Resolution ◽  
Single Stage ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Detection Accuracy ◽  
Smoke Detection ◽  
Two Stage

Abstract Recently, using image sensing devices to analyze air quality has attracted much attention of researchers. To keep real-time factory smoke under universal social supervision, this paper proposes a mobile-platform-running efficient smoke detection algorithm based on image analysis techniques. Since most smoke images in real scenes have challenging variances, it’s difficult for existing object detection methods. To this end, we introduce the two-stage smoke detection (TSSD) algorithm based on the lightweight framework, in which the prior knowledge and contextual information are modeled into the relation-guided module to reduce the smoke search space, which can therefore significantly improve the shortcomings of the single-stage method. Experimental results show that the TSSD algorithm can robustly improve the detection accuracy of the single-stage method and has good compatibility for different image resolution inputs. Compared with various state-of-the-art detection methods, the accuracy AP mean of the TSSD model reaches 59.24%, even surpassing the current detection model Faster R-CNN. In addition, the detection speed of our proposed model can reach 50 ms (20 FPS), which meets the real-time requirements, and can be deployed in the mobile terminal carrier. This model can be widely used in some scenes with smoke detection requirements, providing great potential for practical environmental applications.

Education of children under conditions of distance learning with cognitive development disorder: psychological and pedagogical aspects

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3B) ◽  
pp. 68-78
Author(s):  
Yuliia Sosnich ◽  
Karolina Reida ◽  
Tetiana Dehtiarenko ◽  
Oleksandr Kolyshkin ◽  
Yurii Kosenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Distance Learning ◽  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Primary School ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Educational Activity ◽  
School Age ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Primary School Age ◽  
Pedagogical Principles

The aim of the research is to identify the psychological and pedagogical principles of distance learning for children with cognitive development disorder in primary school. During the exploratory and empirical research, it was observed that the actual conditions of distance learning for pupils with cognitive development disorder cover the categories as follows: ZOOM is the most common method of distance learning; distance learning is more difficult to manage; distance learning is more stressful compared to face-to-face training.  The triads of psychological and pedagogical fundamentals for organizing distance learning have been formalized, namely: the name and content of the component of educational activity, psychological - correctional objectives, and techniques used in distance learning. The features of the course of cognitive processes in the context of the psychological and pedagogical principles of organizing distance learning for children of primary school age with cognitive development disorder have been revealed.

Comparing the Navigator’s Response Time in Collision and Grounding Accidents

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Ad. Psarros
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Response Time ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Probabilistic Model ◽  
Normal Flow ◽  
Task Execution ◽  
Accessible Information ◽  
Situational Assessment ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Communication Equipment

When the ship navigator (deck officer of the watch) is stressed, attention is narrowed and the normal flow of activities as well as action alternatives to be performed can be missed, ignored or discounted. Thus, the amount of time required integrating accessible information (i.e. displays, communication equipment, presence of hazards, etc.) and cope with the situation (course keeping or track changing) can be overestimated leading to poor or unsuccessful performance that may contribute to an accident. In order to understand how the navigator’s situational assessment can be improved, a probabilistic model is proposed consisting of three cognitive processes: information pre-processing, decision making and action implementation. This model can be evaluated by analyzing actual data derived from publicly available accident investigation reports concerning collisions and groundings. With this approach, it is possible to determine the minimum required time for navigation task execution so that erroneous behavior can be prevented from developing and materializing into an accident.

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