scholarly journals Emergence of a Bilingual Grammar: Word Order Differences in Monolingual Basque vs. Bilingual Basque-Spanish Predicative Constructions

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 636-662
Author(s):  
Hanna Lantto
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Basque Country ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Spanish Word ◽  
Speech Data

Abstract This article compares the monolingual Basque predicative constructions with bilingual Basque-Spanish predicative constructions. The speech data for the study were collected in the Greater Bilbao area of the Basque Country between 2005 and 2012. The results suggest that code-switching may trigger the convergence of predicative constructions and have a significant impact on the general word order patterns. The monolingual predicative constructions in the data mostly follow the canonical Basque sxv word order (~81%), but the bilingual predicative constructions diverge from this word order in that the predicative element is located in a post-verbal position, as in Spanish (~80%). The Spanish lexical elements seem to be strongly associated with the corresponding Spanish construction, the word order of which is then applied to otherwise Basque predicative constructions. I explain the predominance of the Spanish word order in the bilingual constructions by a combination of processing-related factors and sociolinguistic factors.

scholarly journals Code-switching within the noun phrase: Evidence from three corpora

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 695-714 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Carmen Parafita Couto ◽  
Marianne Gullberg
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Word Order ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Word Class ◽  
Statistical Software ◽  
Switching Patterns ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Research Questions

Aims and objectives/purpose/research questions: This study aims to improve our understanding of common switching patterns by examining determiner–noun–adjective complexes in code-switching (CS) in three language pairs (Welsh–English, Spanish–English and Papiamento–Dutch). The languages differ in gender and noun–adjective word order in the noun phrase (NP): (a) Spanish, Welsh, and Dutch have gender; English and Papiamento do not; (b) Spanish, Welsh, and Papiamento prefer post-nominal adjectives; Dutch and English, prenominal ones. We test predictions on determiner language and adjective order derived from generativist accounts and the Matrix Language Frame (MLF) approach. Design/methodology/approach: We draw on three publicly available spoken corpora. For the purposes of these analyses, we re-coded all three datasets identically. From the three re-coded corpora we extracted all monolingual and mixed simplex NPs (DetN) and complex NPs with determiners (determiner–adjective–noun (DetAN/NA)). We then examined the surrounding clause for each to determine the matrix language based on the finite verb. Data and analysis: We analysed the data using a linear regression model in R statistical software to examine the distribution of languages across word class and word order in the corpora. Findings/conclusions: Overall, the generativist predictions are borne out regarding adjective positions but not determiners and the MLF accounts for more of the data. We explore extra-linguistic explanations for the patterns observed. Originality: The current study has provided new empirical data on nominal CS from language pairs not previously considered. Significance/implications: This study has revealed robust patterns across three corpora and taken a step towards disentangling two theoretical accounts. Overall, the findings highlight the importance of comparing multiple language pairs using similar coding.

Lexical and discourse factors in the second language acquisition of Spanish word order

2003 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 273-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tammy Jandrey Hertel
Keyword(s):  
Second Language Acquisition ◽  
Word Order ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Native Speaker ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Order Effects ◽  
Advanced Learners ◽  
Spanish Word ◽  
Native Speakers Of English ◽  
Beginning Learners

This study investigates the acquisition of Spanish word order by native speakers of English. Specifically, it considers the development of sensitivity to the distinct interpretations of subject-verb (SV) vs. verb-subject (VS) order, as determined by lexical verb class (unaccusative and unergative verbs) and discourse structure.Participants included a native speaker control group and learners at four proficiency levels. Results from a contextualized production task indicate that beginning learners transferred the SV order of English for all structures. Intermediate learners showed a gradual increase in the production of lexically and discourse-determined inversion, although their data was also characterized by indeterminacy and variability. The advanced learners demonstrated a sensitivity to the word order effects of unaccusativity and discourse factors, but also tended to overgeneralize inversion to unergative verbs in a neutral discourse context.

scholarly journals Alih Kode dan Campur Kode dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
Hizbi Naufal Azis ◽  
Laili Etika Rahmawati
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Language Learning ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Speech Code ◽  
Descriptive Data ◽  
Code Mixing ◽  
Speech Data ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
Bahasa Indonesia

This study aims to describe the form of code switching and code mixing used in Indonesian language learning at SMP N 01 Limpung, Batang Regency. This research is included in qualitative descriptive. Data processing that examines code switching and code mixing is thus the data in this study in the form of oral data, namely, speech code switching and code mixing that exist in Indonesian language learning. The data sources came from Indonesian language students and teachers at SMP N 01 Limpung. Data collection techniques in this study used the observation and note technique. The first step, the researcher listens to the use of language in Indonesian language learning. Furthermore, the researcher recorded the speech data including code switching and code mixing. The results showed that the speech used when learning Indonesian at SMP N 01 Limpung included: (1) code switching from Indonesian to Javanese and (2) code switching from Javanese to Indonesian. The form of code mixing that occurs in Indonesian language learning is in the form of: (1) the form of code mixing in the form of word insertion, (2) code mixing in the form of phrases

scholarly journals Syntactic Aspects of Lithuanian-Spanish Translation of Fiction and Scientific Texts

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-146
Author(s):  
Carmen Caro Dugo
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Direct Object ◽  
Romance Languages ◽  
Specific Context ◽  
Spanish Translation ◽  
Scientific Texts ◽  
Spanish Word ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Linguistic Means

Summary Translators, linguists and translation researchers often have to deal with subtle and sometimes complex syntactical aspects involved in translation. Properly conveying the structure and rhythm of a sentence or text in another language is a difficult task that requires a good understanding of syntactical aspects of both the source and the target language. The morphology of Lithuanian verbs and nouns, and specially its system of declensions and cases, without any doubt facilitates a relatively flexible word order. Many linguists also agree that word order in the Spanish sentence is also freer than in French, English or other modern languages. It has often been said that Spanish has the most flexible word order of all Romance languages. However, Spanish word order is by no means as free as in Lithuanian. A comparative study of Lithuanian texts and their translation into Spanish allows a better understanding of the syntactical differences between both languages. This article examines a case of syntactical inversion in Lithuanian: the displacement of the direct object and its location at the beginning of the sentence, and the translation of such sentences into Spanish. In Spanish the direct object usually follows the verb, except in the cases when that function is carried out by pronouns. In order to displace a direct object to the beginning of the sentence, Spanish syntactical structures should be used. In this article two stylistically different Lithuanian texts will be compared with their Spanish translation so as to identify the linguistic means used in each case. A comparative analysis of different types of texts is useful to reveal the Spanish syntactical structures chosen by the translators as well as certain tendencies in each specific context.

Polarity Questions with Fronted Foci in the Spanish of the Basque Country

2019 ◽  
pp. 159-180
Author(s):  
Aritz Irurtzun
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Speech Acts ◽  
Information Structure ◽  
Language Contact ◽  
Basque Country ◽  
Left Periphery ◽  
Focus Position ◽  
Directive Speech Acts ◽  
Contact Situation ◽  
Directive Speech

In the Spanish variety spoken in the Basque Country, a set of directive speech acts is performed with absolute questions with an OV(S) word order such as Una sidra me pones? “will you serve me a cider?” This essay analyzes the structure, interpretation, and possible origin of these constructions, examining how their structure has a “split focus” whereby the left-dislocated element is really focal but rather than being “the focus” of the sentence it stands in a split-focus construction with the polarity of the absolute question (e.g., “[one cider]F -[polarity]F?”). A possible catalyst for the emergence of these structures is the language-contact situation in the Basque Country: Basque is an OV language with a dedicated focus position at the left periphery, and I suggest that transfer of the information structure strategies of Basque into Spanish may be a crucial factor for the emergence of this type of constructions.

scholarly journals Acculturation and attitudes toward code-switching: A bidimensional framework

2021 ◽  
pp. 136700692110194
Author(s):  
Odilia Yim ◽  
Richard Clément
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Identity ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Social Characteristics ◽  
Cultural Identification ◽  
Social Categories ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Language Background ◽  
Bidimensional Model ◽  
Social Strategy

Aims and objectives: Code-switching, the spontaneous switching from one language to another within a single speech event, is often performed by bilinguals who have mastered a communicative competence in two languages. It is also a social strategy – using linguistic cues as a means to index social categories and group solidarity. Code-switching is, therefore, linked to attitudes, seen as a reflection of the speaker and their values and identities. Traditionally perceived negatively, attitudes toward code-switching have been shown to be acceptable in certain cases, such as in multilingual contexts. However, it has yet to be determined empirically whether attitudes toward code-switching are associated with individual social characteristics, including cultural identity and identity negotiation. Adopting the bidimensional model of acculturation, the goal of the study was to investigate the relationships among cultural identity and code-switching attitudes. Specifically, we sought to examine whether the bidimensional framework can be used to characterize and distinguish biculturals and whether such distinctions result in differences in code-switching attitudes and other related factors. Data and analysis: Cantonese-English bilinguals ( n = 67) reported their language background and completed questionnaires relating to identity and code-switching. Findings: The findings suggest the bidimensional model was successful in classifying biculturals versus non-biculturals and, additionally, that biculturals could be differentiated according to their strength of cultural identification, which we designated as strong biculturals, Canadian-oriented biculturals, Chinese-oriented biculturals, and weak biculturals. Findings also revealed significant group differences in code-switching attitudes and other factors, such as code-switching comfort and preference, among the bicultural subgroups. Implications: The study supports the hypothesis that code-switching is linked to bicultural identity. The results conclude that a more nuanced classification of biculturals is meaningful, as individual differences in cultural identification among biculturals are linked to significant differences in code-switching comfort, code-switching preference, code-switching attitudes, and multicultural attitudes.

scholarly journals Seeking Gender Difference in Code-Switching by Investigating Mandarin-English Child Bilingual in Singapore

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weihang Huang ◽  
Danqian Lyu ◽  
Jingping Lin
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Gender Difference ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Previous Literature ◽  
Speech Code ◽  
Confounding Variable ◽  
English Child ◽  
Speech Data

As a behavior of bilingual individuals and an indispensable part of bilingual speech, code-switching has been investigated by many researchers. However, there are many variables influencing code-switching, and each variable has the potential to be a confounding variable. Among these variables is the gender; however, whether there are significant gender differences and what are the gender differences in code-switching remains unknown for Mandarin Mandarin-English child bilinguals, as previous literature diverse on the existence of gender differences. Therefore, this paper seeks potential code-switching and distribution of code-switching by quantitative analysis of speech data in Singapore Bilingual Corpus. The results indicate that gender differences are significant in the amount of intra code-switching. However, neither considerable gender difference is observed in the amount of inter nor the code-switching related environment.

scholarly journals Adjective-noun order in Papiamento-Dutch code-switching

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 710-735 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leticia Pablos ◽  
M. Carmen Parafita Couto ◽  
Bastien Boutonnet ◽  
Amy de Jong ◽  
Marlou Perquin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Red Wine ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
The Other ◽  
Potential Conflict ◽  
Brain Potentials ◽  
The Matrix

Abstract In Papiamento-Dutch bilingual speech, the nominal construction is a potential ‘conflict site’ if there is an adjective from one language and a noun from the other. Adjective position is pre-nominal in Dutch (cf. rode wijn ‘red wine’) but post-nominal in Papiamento (cf. biña kòrá ‘wine red’). We test predictions concerning the mechanisms underpinning word order in noun-adjective switches derived from three accounts: (i) the adjective determines word order (Cantone & MacSwan, 2009), (ii) the matrix language determines word order (Myers-Scotton, 1993, 2002), and (iii) either order is possible (Di Sciullo, 2014). An analysis of spontaneous Papiamento-Dutch code-switching production (Parafita Couto & Gullberg, 2017) could not distinguish between these predictions. We used event-related brain potentials (ERPs) to measure online comprehension of code-switched utterances. We discuss how our results inform the three theoretical accounts and we relate them to syntactic coactivation and the production-comprehension link.

scholarly journals Sociolinguistics of Hindī An Analysis of TV-Mediated Spoken Hindī Features Through TV Programmes’ Language

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giulia Ferro
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Information Structure ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Structure Theory ◽  
The Social ◽  
Hindi Language

This paper analyses varieties of Hindī language differentiated on the social ground, namely standard Hindī (the sanskritized language) and non-standard Hindī. The latter, which includes different varieties of spoken Hindī, was studied listening to two TV programs: Delhi Crime and Satyamev Jayate. Several features were observed on every level, but here the focus is on syntax (Hindī word order) and lexicon (code-switching). Information structure theory and pragmatics are used to analyse TV-mediated spoken Hindī word order. The comprehension of these special features can be helpful to predict the changes towards which Hindī tends to move and to give examples of the spoken language.

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