Moral Psychology, Neuroscience, and Non-Combatant Immunity

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 203-226
Author(s):  
Richard Price
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Moral Psychology ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Normative Ethics ◽  
Moral Norms ◽  
Moral Beliefs ◽  
Normative Practice ◽  
Shed Light

Abstract Some have argued for the relevance for normative ethics of empirical research in international relations on the origins and role of moral norms. Building on such arguments, the paper considers the relevance of contemporary research in moral psychology and neuroscience for the ethics of war. Research in those fields has implications for our understanding of the sources and nature of moral beliefs and judgement, and thus may shed light on efforts to morally bound violence. In this chapter I consider how such research helps us understand the norm of non-combatant immunity, and explore the implications for understanding the effectiveness of such norms and for normative practice.

The Moral Psychology of AI and the Ethical Opt-Out Problem

2020 ◽  
pp. 109-126
Author(s):  
Jean-François Bonnefon ◽  
Azim Shariff ◽  
Iyad Rahwan
Keyword(s):  
Moral Psychology ◽  
Public Perception ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Normative Ethics ◽  
Psychological Science ◽  
Opt Out ◽  
Moral Domains ◽  
Self Driving Cars

This chapter discusses the limits of normative ethics in new moral domains linked to the development of AI. In these new domains, people have the possibility to opt out of using a machine if they do not approve of the ethics that the machine is programmed to follow. In other words, even if normative ethics could determine the best moral programs, these programs would not be adopted (and thus have no positive impact) if they clashed with users’ preferences—a phenomenon that can be called “ethical opt-out.” The chapter then explores various ways in which the field of moral psychology can illuminate public perception of moral AI and inform the regulations of such AI. The chapter’s main focus is on self-driving cars, but it also explores the role of psychological science for the study of other moral algorithms.

18. The Single Market

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Egan
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Comparative Politics ◽  
Market Integration ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Market Access ◽  
Single Market ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Regulatory Strategies ◽  
Shed Light

This chapter focuses on the evolution of the single market project, from its original conception in the 1950s, beginning with the Rome Treaty and ending with the Single Market Act I and II. It first considers market integration in historical perspective before discussing the role of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) in promoting market access, the balance between different economic ideals, and the regulatory strategies used to foster market integration. It then analyses the importance of the single market in promoting competitiveness and growth, along with the politics of neoliberalism and the ‘1992 Programme’. It also explores the politics of regulated capitalism and whether the single market contributes to globalization. It concludes by explaining how both traditional international relations theories of integration and newer approaches in comparative politics and international relations can be used to shed light on the governance of the single market.

scholarly journals Alterity and Repetition. Phenomenological Interpretation of the Divinity in the Later Heidegger

2021 ◽  
pp. 73
Author(s):  
Yohei Kageyama
Keyword(s):  
Human Subject ◽  
Being And Time ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Ontological Difference ◽  
Phenomenological Interpretation ◽  
Shed Light

The purpose of this paper is phe-nomenological interpretation of the various faces of divinity in the later Heidegger and elucidation of the human comportment corresponding to this divinity. In the first chapter, I will make clear the relation between ontological difference in the sense of the later Heidegger and the primordial dimension of divinity which is called the last god (der letzte Gott) and the sacred (das Heilige). Further, the relation between such divinity and entity as a whole (das Seiende im Ganzen) will be clarified. In the second chapter, I will elucidate the place of the divinities in the manifestation of entity as a whole by considering the role of the godlikes (die Göttlichen) in the fourfold (das Geviert). When the primordial alterity of the last god should be experienced in entity as whole, which leads to the notion of the godlikes, it must confront human subject in totally asymmetrical manner. Such asymmetrical communication can be structurally made explicit by taking the concept of “discourse” in Being and Time into account. Finally, I will consider the character of human comportment called preservation (Bergung) with focusing on its relation to the later Heidegger’s conceptions of divinity. This will shed light on how human beings could properly appreciate the experience of what is beyond our understanding and nevertheless supporting our existence.El objetivo de la ponencia es llevar a cabo una interpretación fenomenológica de las diversas facetas de la divinidad en el Hei-degger tardío y elucidar el comportamiento humano respecto de esta divinidad. En el primer capítulo, se esclarece la relación entre la diferencia ontológica en el sentido que le da el segundo Heidegger y la dimensión primordial de la divinidad, llamada el último dios (der letzte Gott) y lo sagrado (das Heilige). A conti-nuación, se esclarecerá la relación entre la divinidad así concebida y lo ente en totalidad (das Seiende im Ganzen). En el segundo apar-tado, se elucidará el lugar de las divinidades en la manifestación de lo ente en totalidad considerando el papel de los divinos la Cuaternidad (das Geviert). Cuando la alteridad primordial del último dios se experimente en lo ente en totaliadd, lo cual conduce a la noción de los divinos, tiene que enfrentarse al sujeto humano de una forma totalmente asimétrica. Esta comunicación asimétrica puede explicitarse estructuralmente mediante la consideración del concepto del discurso en Ser y tiempo. Final-mente, consideraré el carácter del comportamiento humano denominado la preservación (Bergung), con especial atención a su relación con la noción de lo divino en Heidegger tardío. Esto arrojará luz sobre cómo los seres humanos podrían apreciar de manera adecuada lo que está más allá de nuestra comprensión y sin embargo, sostiene nuestra existencia. 

Introduction Justice in Security Negotiations

2014 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 399-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harald Müller ◽  
Daniel Druckman
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Political Thought ◽  
Thematic Issue ◽  
International Negotiation

This article provides an overview of this thematic issue. We discuss four issues about the role of justice claims in international relations (ir) scholarship: the discrepancy between the historical centrality of justice themes in political thought and empirical research inir; challenges to the assumption of utility-maximizing motives; justice in the context of rules or norms of negotiation, and the rise of empirical research on justice inir. We conclude with themes suggested by the contributing authors in this issue and suggest priorities for further research on justice in international negotiation.

20. The Single Market

2019 ◽  
pp. 295-309
Author(s):  
Michelle Egan
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Comparative Politics ◽  
Market Integration ◽  
Market Access ◽  
Single Market ◽  
Regulatory Strategies ◽  
Treaty Of Rome ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
The Eu

This chapter charts the evolution of the Single Market project, from its original conception in the 1950s, beginning with the Treaty of Rome and ending with the Single Market Act I and II. It explores the role of the Court of Justice of the EU (CJEU) in promoting market access, the balance between different economic ideals, and regulatory strategies used to foster market integration. The chapter highlights the importance of the Single Market in seeking to promote competitiveness and growth as well as the diffusion of its regulations beyond its borders. It concludes by demonstrating how both traditional international relations theories of integration and newer approaches in comparative politics and international relations, can be used to shed light on the governance of the Single Market.

Moral Learning and Moral Realism

1998 ◽  
pp. 37-43
Author(s):  
William A. Rottschaefer
Keyword(s):  
Moral Psychology ◽  
Moral Realism ◽  
Developmental Psychology ◽  
Moral Norms ◽  
Scientific Psychology ◽  
Moral Learning ◽  
Realist Position ◽  
Gilbert Harman ◽  
Moral Ontology

Although scientific naturalistic philosophers have been concerned with the role of scientific psychology in illuminating problems in moral psychology, they have paid less attention to the contributions that it might make to issues of moral ontology. In this paper, I illustrate how findings in moral developmental psychology illuminate and advance the discussion of a long-standing issue in moral ontology, that of moral realism. To do this, I examine Gilbert Harman and Nicholas Sturgeon's discussion of that issue. I contend that their explorations leave the issue unresolved. To break the stalemate, I appeal to empirical psychological findings about moral internalization-the process by which children acquire the capacity to act in terms of moral norms. I contend that these findings illuminate the issue, suggest a way to advance it, and tend to support a moral realist position.

scholarly journals The Interpretive Shaping of Music Performance Research

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 120 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Rink
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
Music Performance ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Musical Performance ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Music Performance Research ◽  
Performance Research ◽  
Shed Light

<p>In their study of nine pianists Buck, MacRitchie and Bailey observe a universal embodiment of phrasing structure and other higher-level structural features of the music, the physical makeup of which is nevertheless particular to both the individual performers and the pieces they are performing. Such a conclusion invites renewed consideration of assumptions in the literature on musical performance about the nature and role of structure and about performers&rsquo; &lsquo;interpretations&rsquo; thereof. The findings also raise interesting questions about the musical viability of empirical research on performance and its capacity to shed light on how performers shape the music they play, their motivations in doing so, and how those listening to them might in turn be affected by this.</p>

scholarly journals Hypnosis and Meditation: A Neurophenomenological Comparison

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jelena Markovic ◽  
Evan Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Phenomenological Models ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Focused Attention ◽  
First Person ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
Open Monitoring ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Shed Light

A necessary first step in collaboration between hypnosis research and meditation research is clarification of key concepts. The authors propose that such clarification is best advanced by neurophenomenological investigations that integrate neuroscience methods with phenomenological models based on first-person reports of hypnotic versus meditative experiences. Focusing on absorption, the authors argue that previous treatments of hypnosis and meditation as equivalent are incorrect, but that they can be fruitfully compared when characteristic features of the states described by these concepts are examined. To this end, the authors use the “phenomenological and neurocognitive matrix of mindfulness” (PNM), a multidimensional modelrecently proposed by Lutz and colleagues. The authors compare focused attention meditation and open monitoring meditation with hypnosis across the dimensions of the PNM, using it to interpret empirical research on hypnosis, and to shed light on debates about the role of meta-awareness in hypnosis and the role of suggestion in meditation.

scholarly journals Children’s intergroup prosocial behavior: The role of group stereotypes

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jellie Sierksma
Keyword(s):  
Prosocial Behavior ◽  
Group Membership ◽  
Young Age ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Sharing Behavior ◽  
Shed Light

Children are prosocial from a young age onward but their prosocial actions are not necessarily egalitarian – especially with regard to others’ group membership. From around four years of age children tend to help and share more with in-group members compared to out-group members. However, a growing body of findings also suggest that sometimes children act more prosocially toward out-group members. How can we reconcile such seemingly contradicting behaviors? In this chapter, I describe how the salience of group stereotypes might shed light on these inconsistent findings. Specifically, different helping contexts can activate different group stereotypes. These different stereotypes could lead children to sometimes act more prosocially toward in-group peers, but sometimes show out-group bias in their helping or sharing behavior. For example, contexts that involve reciprocity could increase salience of a stereotype that out-groups are less trustworthy and thus children might be less inclined to share their resources with the out-group (i.e., in-group bias). Whereas an academic helping context might make a stereotype salient that entails out-groups are less competent and thus needing more help (i.e., out-group bias). Taking into account group stereotypes in children’s prosocial behavior will provide us with a deeper understanding of the underlying motivations that lead to selective prosociality in children. In the long run, such insights can contribute to combating discrimination and prejudice early in life.

Bargaining and Learning in Recurring Crises: The Soviet-American, Egyptian-Israeli, and Indo-Pakistani Rivalries. By Russell J. Leng. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2000. 336p. $64.50 cloth, $24.95 paper.

2001 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 520-521
Author(s):  
Dan Reiter
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Past Research ◽  
University Of Michigan ◽  
Crisis Bargaining ◽  
The Past ◽  
Ann Arbor ◽  
Crisis Behavior

In the past ten years there has been a burst of theoretical and empirical research on the topic of learning in international relations. Russell J. Leng's new book is the latest addition to this body of scholarship, and it builds on his past research on learning and crisis bargaining. Leng examines the role of learning in crisis bargaining strategies within ongoing, inter- national rivalries. He asks a series of questions, including: Do patterns of crisis behavior repeat from one crisis to the next?

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document