scholarly journals Reappraising Zhang Zhidong: Forgotten Continuities During China’s Self-Strengthening, 1884-1901

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-192
Author(s):  
Adam Chang
Keyword(s):  
State Building ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Historical Narratives ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Military Reform ◽  
Late Qing ◽  
Military Academies ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Zhang Zhidong ◽  
Chinese Reforms

Abstract The recent historiography of China’s late nineteenth-century Self-Strengthening movement emphasizes the successes in Chinese state building. My research expands upon this trend through the perspective of the prominent governor-general Zhang Zhidong 張之洞 (1837-1909) and his military reforms. From 1884 to 1901, Zhang consistently pursued the creation of new military academies and western-style armies with the aim of providing an army capable of defending China. At the turn of the century, Zhang’s military apparatus was arguably one of the best in China. However, his role as a military pioneer of this era was often obscured by the wider narratives of Chinese reforms or subsumed under the reforms of more notorious officials such as Li Hongzhang or Yuan Shikai. Ultimately, the study of Zhang Zhidong’s reforms reveals an often-missed continuity in successful military reform starting in the 1880s and contributes to the developing historical narratives of successful late Qing state building.

Murderous Mumbo-Jumbo: The Significance of Fraternity to Three Criminal Organizations in Late Nineteenth-Century America

2015 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 1067-1088
Author(s):  
KRISTOFER ALLERFELDT
Keyword(s):  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
The West ◽  
Nineteenth Century America ◽  
The Past ◽  
Criminal Organizations ◽  
Mumbo Jumbo ◽  
Late Nineteenth

Over the past thirty years or so the study of American fraternity has been used to explore a variety of phenomena in the nation's evolution, especially around the turn of the twentieth century. Fraternities have been used to understand the exploration, taming and exploitation of the West. They have been shown to represent proof of the various turn-of-the century crises of gender, race and ethnicity. They have been seen as the very embodiment of bygone caring, sharing, communities. However, among the aspects to have escaped attention is the importance of fraternity in criminal organizations. Given that crime, then as now, was seen as one of the most pressing of social issues, and given that over these years there was a deep suspicion that there were a variety of ultra-secret fraternities organizing, facilitating and manipulating wide-ranging criminal activities, this may be considered a little odd. This article investigates the idea that there was really such a thing as a genuine criminal “fraternity.” Looking at three of the most famous of such organizations – the Ku Klux Klan (KKK), the Molly Maguires and the Mafia – it demonstrates that not only were ideas of fraternity central to their very existence, but they are also crucial to our understanding both of them and of the period in which they were situated.

Reform in fragments: Sovereignty, colonialism, and the Sikh tradition

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
Rajbir Singh Judge
Keyword(s):  
Reference Point ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Reform Movement ◽  
The Political ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Colonial Rule ◽  
Colonial State ◽  
Religious Reform ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
A Site

Abstract This article rethinks how we understand religious reform under colonial rule by examining Maharaja Duleep Singh, the deposed ruler of the Sikh empire, and how the Singh Sabha, a Sikh reform movement, debated, deployed, and organized around him in the late nineteenth century. I demonstrate how religious reform was a site of intense conflict that reveals the processes of argumentation within the contours of a tradition, even as the colonial state sought to continually mediate the terms. Embedded within a frame of inquiry provided by the Sikh tradition, the contestations that constituted reform within the tradition remained intimately tied in with the question of sovereignty. Ranjit Singh's empire in Panjab had only been annexed 30 years earlier in 1849 and remained a central reference point for thinking about the political at the turn of the century. These debates surrounding Duleep Singh, therefore, disclose the contentious engagements within a tradition that cannot be reduced to binary designations such as colonial construct/indigenous inheritance or religious/political.

Building Businesses, Creating Communities: Residential Segregation and the Growth of African American Business in Southern Cities, 1880–1915

2003 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 639-665 ◽  
Author(s):  
John N. Ingham
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Race Relations ◽  
Residential Segregation ◽  
Relative Stability ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
American Business ◽  
Business Enterprise ◽  
Late Nineteenth

Patterns of residential segregation in late-nineteenth-century southern cities had great influence on the type of African American business that developed. They also affected the relative stability of business enterprise. In neighborhoods with a higher degree of segregation, African American entrepreneurs were able to develop vital businesses that survived the worsening climate of race relations around the turn of the century.

Early Insecticide Controversies and Beekeeper Advocacy in the Great Lakes Region

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Bonnell
Keyword(s):  
Great Lakes ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Knowledge Development ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Great Lakes Region ◽  
Land Uses ◽  
Environmental Consequences ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Nineteenth

Abstract This article examines the debates that surrounded incidents of honeybee poisoning in the southern Great Lakes region in the 1880s and 1890s. Drawing upon the records of beekeepers and allied entomologists from Ontario and neighboring states, it analyzes the history of insecticide use, knowledge development, and risk calculation in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Here, beekeepers emerge as an important and largely overlooked collective voice in the history of insecticide controversies, contributing as they did to legislation, education, and advocacy efforts on both sides of the US-Canadian border. Their actions in response to a cogent threat to their livelihoods mark them as early advocates for environmental protection. Deeply familiar with the amenities and threats of surrounding land uses for their honey crop, late nineteenth-century beekeepers pressed for prudent insecticide use and “bee-friendly” horticultural practices more than half a century before the more familiar insecticide controversies of the postwar period. By the turn of the century, these efforts had borne some success in reducing incidents of honeybee poisoning. As the frequency, quantity, and toxicity of insecticides increased in the early twentieth century, however, powerful fruit-grower interests left Great Lakes beekeepers (and their bees) to shoulder the risks of an increasingly toxic countryside or to fold their operations, as many chose to do. For environmental historians, their fight presents an early example of the effects of agricultural industrialization, and its associated environmental consequences, on minority producers and the animals they kept.

Bank Mergers in Late Nineteenth-Century New England: The Contingent Nature of Structural Change

1991 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 537-557 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naomi R. Lamoreaux
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Structural Change ◽  
New England ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Economic Environment ◽  
Competitive Environment ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Bank Mergers ◽  
Late Nineteenth

Although New England's unit banking system was declining in profitability during the late nineteenth century, the existing competitive environment prevented large institutions from outperforming their smaller rivals. As a result, there was little change in the structure of the banking system during this period. At the turn of the century, however, a wave of mergers radically transformed the banking sectors of Boston and Providence. Although the greater profitability of the mergers indicates they were a better fit to the economic environment than their smaller predecessors, their creation was only made possible by a special combination of historical circumstances.

scholarly journals Popular Darwinism and Geography Textbooks in Canada, 1850-1920

2008 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Gormley
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
School System ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Dense Population ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Climatic Features

Influenced by Darwin's ideas, geographers in the late nineteenth century attempted to understand how the earth affected man. Disseminating their ideas through textbooks, geographers established what physical and climatic features were favourable for advancement and also defined what constituted progress or success. A dense population, for instance, was desirable, a sign the race was succeeding. This paper analyzes pre-and post-Darwinian geography textbooks used in the Canadian school system, indicating that they helped to shape culture at the turn of the century. Geography textbooks in Canadian schools were an important mechanism for the transmission of popular conceptions of Darwinian thought.

Cuban Painting at the Turn of the Century (1902–1930)

2019 ◽  
pp. 70-81
Author(s):  
Anelys Alvarez
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Visual Arts ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Avant Garde ◽  
Late Nineteenth

Art historian Anelys Alvarez reviews the tumultuous first three decades of the Cuban Republic (1902–30) and their impact on painting and other visual arts such as sculpture. First, she questions the conventional dichotomy between traditional (or academic) and avant-garde (or modernist) art in Cuba during this period. She then recovers several forgotten artists, such as Antonio Rodríguez Morey, María Capdevila, and Manuel Mesa, who were active on the island before the rise of modernism in the 1930s. Alvarez reappraises a whole generation of painters who served as an artistic bridge between the late nineteenth century and the first generation of avant-garde (vanguardista) painters in 1927.

scholarly journals ‘A model co-operative country’: Irish–Finnish contacts at the turn of the twentieth century

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (160) ◽  
pp. 221-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Hilson
Keyword(s):  
Land Reform ◽  
Rural Poverty ◽  
First World War ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
First World

AbstractAgricultural co-operative societies were widely discussed across late nineteenth-century Europe as a potential solution to the problems of agricultural depression, land reform and rural poverty. In Finland, the agronomist Hannes Gebhard drew inspiration from examples across Europe in founding the Pellervo Society, to promote rural cooperation, in 1899. He noted that Ireland’s ‘tragic history’, its struggle for national self-determination and the introduction of co-operative dairies to tackle rural poverty, seemed to offer a useful example for Finnish reformers. This article explores the exchanges between Irish and Finnish co-operators around the turn of the century, and examines the ways in which the parallels between the two countries were constructed and presented by those involved in these exchanges. I will also consider the reasons for the divergence in the development of cooperation, so that even before the First World War it was Finland, not Ireland, that had begun to be regarded as ‘a model co-operative country’.

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