scholarly journals Metacognition and Crossmodal Correspondences Between Auditory Attributes and Saltiness in a Large Sample Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Qian Janice Wang ◽  
Steve Keller ◽  
Charles Spence
Keyword(s):  
Crossmodal Correspondences ◽  
Complex Interplay ◽  
High Arousal ◽  
Online Study ◽  
Minor Mode ◽  
Negative Valence ◽  
Confidence Levels ◽  
Group Response ◽  
Average Confidence ◽  
Regular Rhythm

Abstract Mounting evidence demonstrates that people make surprisingly consistent associations between auditory attributes and a number of the commonly-agreed basic tastes. However, the sonic representation of (association with) saltiness has remained rather elusive. In the present study, a crowd-sourced online study ( participants) was conducted to determine the acoustical/musical attributes that best match saltiness, as well as participants’ confidence levels in their choices. Based on previous literature on crossmodal correspondences involving saltiness, thirteen attributes were selected to cover a variety of temporal, tactile, and emotional associations. The results revealed that saltiness was associated most strongly with a long decay time, high auditory roughness, and a regular rhythm. In terms of emotional associations, saltiness was matched with negative valence, high arousal, and minor mode. Moreover, significantly higher average confidence ratings were observed for those saltiness-matching choices for which there was majority agreement, suggesting that individuals were more confident about their own judgments when it matched with the group response, therefore providing support for the so-called ‘consensuality principle’. Taken together, these results help to uncover the complex interplay of mechanisms behind seemingly surprising crossmodal correspondences between sound attributes and taste.

scholarly journals Arousal modulates the motor interference effect stimulated by pictures of threatening animals

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e10876
Author(s):  
Gai Cao ◽  
Peng Liu
Keyword(s):  
Effect Size ◽  
Interference Effect ◽  
Parietal Lobe ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Motor Preparation ◽  
Arousal Level ◽  
High Arousal ◽  
Negative Valence ◽  
Motor Priming ◽  
Positive And Negative Valence

Previous research related to the motor interference effect from dangerous objects indicated that delayed responses to dangerous objects were associated with more positive parietal P3 amplitudes, suggesting that great attentional resources were allocated to evaluate the level of danger (i.e., negative valence). However, arousal covaried with valence in this research. Together with previous studies in which the P3 amplitude was found to be increased along with a higher arousal level in the parietal lobe, we raised the issue that more positive parietal P3 amplitudes might also be affected by a high arousal level. To clarify whether valence or arousal impacted the motor interference effect, this study used a motor priming paradigm mixed with a Go/NoGo task and manipulated the valence (negative, neutral and positive) and arousal (medium and high) of target stimuli. Analysis of the behavioral results identified a significant motor interference effect (longer reaction times (RTs) in the negative valence condition than in the neutral valence condition) at the medium arousal level and an increased effect size (increment of RT difference) at the high arousal level. The results indicated that negative valence stimuli may interfere with the prime elicited motor preparation more strongly at the high arousal level than at the medium arousal level. The ERP results identified larger centroparietal P3 amplitudes for the negative valence condition than for the neutral valence condition at a high arousal level. However, the inverse result, i.e., lower centroparietal P3 amplitudes for the negative valence condition than for the neutral valence condition, was observed at a medium arousal level. The ERP results further indicated that the effect size of the behavioral motor interference effect increased because subjects are more sensitive to the negative valence stimuli at the high arousal level than at the medium arousal level. Furthermore, the motor interference effect is related to the negative valence rather than emotionality of the target stimuli because different result patterns emerged between the positive and negative valence conditions. Detailed processes underlying the interaction between valence and arousal effects are discussed.

scholarly journals Addiction peer recovery coach training pilot: assessment of confidence levels

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e10783
Author(s):  
Nicholas Guenzel ◽  
Hongying Dai
Keyword(s):  
American Indians ◽  
Addiction Treatment ◽  
Initial Attempt ◽  
Self Assessment ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Confidence Levels ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Average Confidence ◽  
Self Assessments ◽  
The Impact

Background Peer recovery coaches (PRCs) have become a critical tool in addiction treatment in many areas of the world. Despite this fact, no identified research has examined the process or impact of PRC training. Furthermore, no scales were identified to measure trainee confidence in various PRC techniques. The goal of this article is to analyze the process and immediate impact of PRC training of twelve American Indians (AIs) in a culturally-specific program. We focus most specifically on trainee confidence levels. Methods No written consent was obtained and completion of the assessment was considered consent. Trainees completed self-assessments before and after the training. The self-assessment examined nine areas ranging from understanding the role of PRCs to knowledge of effective PRC techniques. Paired t-tests were used to assess for changes in individual trainee responses between the pre- and post-assessments. Results Pre-training responses ranged from moderate to high. Questions with the lowest average confidence levels address PRC activities or specific techniques to facilitate recovery. All nine questions showed statistically significant mean improvements in the post-training self-assessments. Questions regarding specific PRC activities and techniques showed the greatest improvement. Questions relating to helping people more generally showed the smallest improvement. Average post-training responses fell within a very narrow range indicating relatively consistent confidence levels across skills. Analysis indicates participants were possibly over-confident in certain areas (i.e., maintaining boundaries). This small pilot represents an initial attempt to measure confidence levels of PRC trainees. The findings may inform future training by identifying certain areas where emphasis might be most helpful for trainees. In addition, it is hoped that this work will encourage more systematic analysis of the impact of PRC training on individuals.

scholarly journals The Role of Pitch and Tempo in Sound-Temperature Crossmodal Correspondences

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (3-5) ◽  
pp. 307-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qian (Janice) Wang ◽  
Charles Spence
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Crossmodal Correspondences ◽  
Online Study ◽  
Fast Tempo ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Temperature Water

We explored the putative existence of crossmodal correspondences between sound attributes and beverage temperature. An online pre-study was conducted first, in order to determine whether people would associate the auditory parameters of pitch and tempo with different imagined beverage temperatures. The same melody was manipulated to create a matrix of 25 variants with five different levels of both pitch and tempo. The participants were instructed to imagine consuming hot, room-temperature, or cold water, then to choose the melody that best matched the imagined drinking experience. The results revealed that imagining drinking cold water was associated with a significantly higher pitch than drinking both room-temperature and hot water, and with significantly faster tempo than room-temperature water. Next, the online study was replicated with participants in the lab tasting samples of hot, room-temperature, and cold water while choosing a melody that best matched the actual tasting experience. The results confirmed that, compared to room-temperature and hot water, the experience of cold water was associated with both significantly higher pitch and fast tempo. Possible mechanisms and potential applications of these results are discussed.

scholarly journals Uncertainty Assessment of the Vertically-Resolved Cloud Amount for Joint CloudSat–CALIPSO Radar–Lidar Observations

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 807
Author(s):  
Andrzej Z. Kotarba ◽  
Mateusz Solecki
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Confidence Level ◽  
Cloud Amount ◽  
Satellite Observation ◽  
Uncertainty Assessment ◽  
Confidence Levels ◽  
Fine Spatial Resolution ◽  
Average Confidence ◽  
Accuracy Assessments

The joint CloudSat–Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) climatology remains the only dataset that provides a global, vertically-resolved cloud amount statistic. However, data are affected by uncertainty that is the result of a combination of infrequent sampling, and a very narrow, pencil-like swath. This study provides the first global assessment of these uncertainties, which are quantified using bootstrapped confidence intervals. Rather than focusing on a purely theoretical discussion, we investigate empirical data that span a five-year period between 2006 and 2011. We examine the 2B-Geometric Profiling (GEOPROF)-LIDAR cloud product, at typical spatial resolutions found in global grids (1.0°, 2.5°, 5.0°, and 10.0°), four confidence levels (0.85, 0.90, 0.95, and 0.99), and three time scales (annual, seasonal, and monthly). Our results demonstrate that it is impossible to estimate, for every location, a five-year mean cloud amount based on CloudSat–CALIPSO data, assuming an accuracy of 1% or 5%, a high confidence level (>0.95), and a fine spatial resolution (1°–2.5°). In fact, the 1% requirement was only met by ~6.5% of atmospheric volumes at 1° and 2.5°, while the more tolerant criterion (5%) was met by 22.5% volumes at 1°, or 48.9% at 2.5° resolution. In order for at least 99% of volumes to meet an accuracy criterion, the criterion itself would have to be lowered to ~20% for 1° data, or to ~8% for 2.5° data. Our study also showed that the average confidence interval: decreased four times when the spatial resolution increased from 1° to 10°; doubled when the confidence level increased from 0.85 to 0.99; and tripled when the number of data-months increased from one (monthly mean) to twelve (annual mean). The cloud regime arguably had the most impact on the width of the confidence interval (mean cloud amount and its standard deviation). Our findings suggest that existing uncertainties in the CloudSat–CALIPSO five-year climatology are primarily the result of climate-specific factors, rather than the sampling scheme. Results that are presented in the form of statistics or maps, as in this study, can help the scientific community to improve accuracy assessments (which are frequently omitted), when analyzing existing and future CloudSat–CALIPSO cloud climatologies.

scholarly journals Music Hath Charms : Effects of Valence, Arousal, and Absorption on the Regulation of Stress

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gillian M. Sandstrom
Keyword(s):  
White Noise ◽  
High Arousal ◽  
Negative Valence ◽  
Positive Valence ◽  
Valence And Arousal ◽  
Better Than

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of valence and arousal dimensions of music on physiological and subjective recovery from stress, and how these effects might be moderated by trait absorption. In Experiment 1, 40 participants experienced stress after being told to prepare a speech, and then listened to peaceful music or white noise. In Experiment 2, 88 participants experienced stress using the same methodology, and then listened to happy, peaceful, sad or agitated music. Music with a positive valence promoted recovery better than music with a negative valence, and low arousal music was more effective than high arousal music. In both experiments, differences in recovery were largely driven by individuals who were high in absorption.

scholarly journals Improving the confidence and competence of junior doctors in conducting seclusion reviews

BJPsych Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (S1) ◽  
pp. S156-S157
Author(s):  
Mostafa Shalaby ◽  
Mehtab Rahman
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Junior Doctor ◽  
Simulation Training ◽  
Junior Doctors ◽  
List Type ◽  
Confidence Levels ◽  
Effective Interventions ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Average Confidence ◽  
Quality Improvement Interventions

Aims•To improve the quality and consistency of medical seclusion reviews at St Charles Hospital and across the Trust.•To ensure at least 80% compliance with minimum standards for seclusion review documentation by the end of December 2020.•To increase doctors' mean perceived competence and confidence scores to 4.5/5 by the end of December 2020MethodSeclusion is commonly used to manage patients at high risk of aggression or violence, but is a high risk and very restrictive intervention. As such, it requires regular nursing and medical reviews. Work has been done recently at St Charles to improve the timeliness and effectiveness of nursing reviews including detailed guidance. Medical reviews are usually performed by junior doctors, many with limited experience in psychiatry. There is •A lack of consistent local or national guidance for junior doctors undertaking seclusion reviews•The quality and scope of these reviews is not consistent•There may be a need to ensure that there is more standardization and to improve junior doctors' confidence – and therefore patient safety and experience – overall.•The following interventions were used to improve the quality of seclusion reviews at the hospital:•Minimum standard guidelines•Presenting in Restrictive interventions meeting.•Feedback from PICU consultants for guidelines•Changing guidelinesFuture plans: •Guidelines teaching (Early November)•Re-audit and new survey (Early November)•Simulation training (Mid November)•Seclusion teaching video (Early December- to be ready for Induction)•Re-audit and new survey (Beginning of April)ResultSurveys were conducted before and after quality improvement interventions were put in place. The average confidence levels of junior doctors increased from 38.5% to 87% following these interventions.ConclusionRevision of seclusion guidelines, junior doctor teaching and simulation training are effective interventions to improve junior doctor confidence levels in conducting seclusion reviews.

scholarly journals Effects of Emotional Valence and Arousal on Time Perception

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 360-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather Van Volkinburg ◽  
Peter Balsam
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Emotional Arousal ◽  
Temporal Information ◽  
Arousal Level ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Reproduction Task ◽  
High Arousal ◽  
Negative Valence ◽  
Temporal Information Processing ◽  
Positive And Negative Valence

We examined the influence of emotional arousal and valence on estimating time intervals. A reproduction task was used in which images from the International Affective Picture System served as the stimuli to be timed. Experiment 1 assessed the effects of positive and negative valence at a moderate arousal level and Experiment 2 replicated Experiment 1 with the addition of a high arousal condition. Overestimation increased as a function of arousal during encoding of times regardless of valence. For images presented during reproduction, overestimation occurred at the moderate arousal level for positive and negative valence but underestimation occurred in the negative valence high arousal condition. The overestimation of time intervals produced by emotional arousal during encoding and during reproduction suggests that emotional stimuli affect temporal information processing in a qualitatively different way during different phases of temporal information processing.

scholarly journals Negative Emotion Responses to Heavy-Metal and Hip-Hop Music with Positive Lyrics

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 2
Author(s):  
Marco Susino ◽  
Emery Schubert
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Hip Hop ◽  
Negative Emotion ◽  
Emotional Responses ◽  
Pop Music ◽  
High Arousal ◽  
Negative Valence ◽  
Social Contribution ◽  
Hip Hop Music ◽  
Hop Test

This research investigated whether negative emotional responses to heavy-metal and hip-hop music could be stereotypes of the music genres. It was hypothesized that heavy-metal and hip-hop music with positive lyrics would be perceived as expressing more negative (negative valence/high arousal) emotions, compared with pop music excerpts with identical lyrics. Participants listened to either two heavy-metal or two hip-hop test stimuli and two pop control stimuli. They then responded by stating what emotion they perceived that the music expressed. Results indicated that heavy-metal and hip-hop stimuli were perceived as expressing more negative emotions than pop stimuli. Lyrics were recognized above chance in both heavy metal and hip hop, suggesting that the negative emotion bias was not a result of misunderstanding the lyrics. The Stereotype Theory of Emotion in Music (STEM) explains the findings in terms of an emotion filter which is activated to simplify emotion perception processing. The conclusions provide a novel way of understanding the cultural and social contribution of emotion in music.

Valence Lasts Longer than Arousal

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Gomez ◽  
P.G. Zimmermann ◽  
S. Guttormsen Schär ◽  
B. Danuser
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Mood Induction ◽  
Skin Conductance Level ◽  
Affective State ◽  
Critical Question ◽  
High Arousal ◽  
Negative Valence ◽  
Film Clips ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Conductance Level

How long induced moods last is a critical question for mood research, but has been only poorly addressed to date. In particular, physiological parameters have rarely been included to assess the effectiveness of mood induction procedures. We investigated the persistence of four different moods (positive high-arousal, positive low-arousal, negative high-arousal, and negative low-arousal) induced by film clips during a computer task. We measured subjective affective state, respiration, skin conductance level (SCL), heart rate, and corrugator activity. People who watched the two negative clips reported more negative valence after the task and showed more facial frowning and lower SCL during the task than people who watched the two positive clips. No arousal effects persisted throughout the task. The results suggest that induced changes in the valence dimension of moods are maintained throughout an intervening task and are physiologically best reflected by corrugator activity and SCL, whereas induced changes in the arousal dimension dissipate quickly. The implications of these findings for mood research are discussed.

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