An Egyptian Medical Officer and Qurʾān Commentator in Ottoman Syria

2021 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-69
Author(s):  
Majid Daneshgar
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Medical Officer ◽  
Empirical Science ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Professional Background ◽  
Scholarly Literature ◽  
Islamic Thought ◽  
The 19Th Century

Abstract This article pays a particular attention to an Arab army physician and scholar from the mid-19th century who placed empirical science at the center of Islamic thought and situated it within Qurʾānic exegetical debates. He is the Egyptian Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad al-Iskandarānī, a medical officer who ended up working in Ottoman Syria, and whose works were copied and printed (in)directly by the Ottomans. Apart from the limited information contained in previous scholarly literature, which, on the basis of his first commentary alone, repeatedly presents this commentator as one of the first people to have produced a “scientific interpretation of the Qurʾān”, little is known about his personal and professional background and the production of his commentaries. This study also sheds light on exegetical and intellectual directions produced outside Egypt in the 19th century.

scholarly journals CONTINUITY AND CHANGE OF THE ISLAMIC INTELLECTUAL DISCOURSE IN INDONESIA MALAY WORLD

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-166
Author(s):  
Nor Huda
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Young Generation ◽  
Historical Approach ◽  
Intellectual Discourse ◽  
Continuity And Change ◽  
Religious Vision ◽  
Strong Difference ◽  
Islamic Thought ◽  
The 19Th Century

In its history, there has been a strong difference between the doctrine of Sufism and the philosophical Sufism, including Indonesia. In the period of the end of the 16th century until the end of the 19th century even the emergence of the beginning of Islamic intellectualism in Indonesia was brilliantly marked by monumental works. Then, in the era of the 1970s, the discourse of renewing Islamic thought was increasingly being studied. The young generation of educated Muslims in this decade has shown a tendency towards thinking that is no longer normative in view of religion. Very different in the era of mystical and sufistic Islam. So, they tend to be more interested in Islamic understanding based on empirical and historical approaches in the formation of their religious vision. In this paper, a philosophical historical approach will be discussed on the issue of continuity and change in Islamic intellectual discourse in the Malay world of Indonesia and at the same time analyzing broader mystical and philosophical mysticism in Indonesia, friction in it, and efforts to reconcile it.

scholarly journals Jejak Islamisasi Jawa Oleh KH Soleh Darat (Studi Kasus Naskah Kitab Syarah Al-Hikam)

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 418
Author(s):  
Muhammad Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Character Education ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Multicultural Society ◽  
Islamic Culture ◽  
The Past ◽  
Islamic Thought ◽  
The World ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

By translating many books of jurisprudence and Sufism in Javanese, KH Sholeh Darat delivered a message of da'wah at the house of the Regent of Demak which was the uncle of R.A. Kartini. KH Sholeh Darat translates the Quran in Javanese using Arabic Pegon. The book was recorded as the first translation book in the world in Javanese. The first book of interpretation in Arabic Javanese Pegon was given the name Faidhur Rohman. In his missionary ethos, KH Soleh Darat was very concerned about how Javanese culture and character education of Javanese people lack understanding in Arabic. Therefore, the effort to translate various books into banhasa Jawa is nothing more than the process of Javanese Islamization which is very accommodating to Javanese culture. One of the books that reveals the Javanese ethic of Sufism is the Syarah Al Hikam Book. This research is based on the consideration that the manuscript includes some of the cultural riches of the archipelago of the past century which until now can still be saved. Therefore, this manuscript needs to be studied philologically and thematically, especially the values of the propaganda of KH Sholeh Darat which provide a wind of harmony in religion. Through intertextual studies this study intends to find the character relationship of Syarah Al Hikam KH Soleh Darat. Through the learning of the Al Hikam book, traces of Islamic thought and the method of da'wah that combines Islamic culture and Javanese culture, accommodating, moderate, between the Shari'a and the tarekat is the harmonization of Islam can be accepted in the multicultural society in Semarang and Java in the 19th century.

scholarly journals [The Concept of The Appointment of Leaders From The Perspective of Fiqh Siyasah Perspective: Analysis of The Theories Of Islamic Political Thinking] Konsep Pelantikan Pemimpin Dari Sudut Perspektif Fiqh Siyasah: Analisis Terhadap Teori-Teori Pemikiran

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-22
Author(s):  
Mohd Ridzuan Mohamad ◽  
Basri Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Political Thought ◽  
Islamic History ◽  
The Third ◽  
Islamic Thought ◽  
Islamic Political Thought ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Islamic Values ◽  
Perspective Analysis

Since the death of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), the question of Islamic Governance has become a hot debate among Islamic scholars, among others the appointment of leaders. Hence, the Islamic history has proven that there are various concepts of leadership appointments that make it possible to pinpoint the best one, especially for today’s state of affairs. The objective of this study was to explain the position of the theories of Islamic scholars on the appointment of leaders from the perspective of Fiqh Siyasah. This study was qualitative because it involved library researches on political books and Islamic history. The findings showed that there were seven forms of leadership appointments in the context of Fiqh Siyasah, based on three theories of Islamic thought. The first was Islamic thought in the 7th to 13th AD, second was Islamic thought in the 14th and 18th centuries of Islam and the third was Islamic thought of the 19th century until present day. In conclusion, these theories showed that the appointment of leaders was a matter of ijtihad. As compared to the today’s concept of the appointment of leaders, it is not contrary to Islamic values according to Fiqh Siyasah.Keywords: al-Hall wa al-‘Aqd, Fiqh Siyasah, Mushawarah, Islamic Political Thought and Leader Appointment     Sejak kewafatan Rasulullah s.a.w. persoalan ketatanegaraan Islam menjadi perdebatan hangat dalam kalangan para sarjana Islam antaranya perlantikan pemimpin. Justeru, sejarah Islam telah membuktikan bahawa terdapat pelbagai konsep perlantikan pemimpin sehingga tidak dinyatakan konsep terbaik untuk diamalkan pada masa kini. Objektif kajian ini menjelaskan kedudukan teori-teori para sarjana Islam berhubung perlantikan pemimpin dari perspektif fiqh siyāsah. Kajian ini bersifat kajian kualitatif kerana melibatkan penelitian perpustakaan terhadap buku-buku politik dan sejarah Islam. Dapatan kajian ini menjelaskan terdapat tujuh bentuk pelantikan pemimpin dalam konteks fiqh siyasah berasaskan tiga teori pemikiran Islam iaitu pertama pemikiran Islam pada abad 7 hingga 13 Masihi, kedua pemikiran Islam pada abad 14 hingga 18 Masihi dan ketiga pemikiran Islam pada abad 19 hingga sekarang. Kesimpulannya, teori-teori ini menunjukkan perlantikan pemimpin merupakan perkara ijtihad. Jika dibandingkan konsep pelantikan pemimpin pada masa sekarang ini, ianya tidak berlawanan dengan nilai-nilai keislaman menurut fiqh siyasah.   Kata kunci: al-Hall wa al-‘Aqd , Fiqh Siyasah, Mushawarah, Pemikiran Politik Islam dan Perlantikan Pemimpin

scholarly journals SYED AMEER ALI: TOKOH RASIONALISME DALAM DUNIA ISLAM ABAD KE-19 (SYED AMEER ALI: MUSLIM RATIONALIST IN THE 19TH CENTURY)

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
MD HASRI BIN RAJALI
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Islamic Thought ◽  
True Meaning ◽  
The 19Th Century

The spirit of rationalism is often adopted by the group of Western-educated Muslim intellegensia. Furthermore, it became popular in the 19th century as was the case in India namely Syed Ameer Ali, one of the figures who advocate the spirit of rationalism. Syed Ameer Ali had been said to have made the philosophy of rationalism as the principle of his life in fighting for the true meaning of Islam. It also aims to rescue the Muslims  from the rut of the realm of  intellectual lethargy and emulate the intellectual awakening epitomized by the Abbasid empire. Therefore, this paper will discuss Syed Ameer Ali’s idea of discourse on Islamic thought based on his great works.

An Evaluation on the Studies About Khoja Ahmad Yasawi and Diwan-i Hikmat in Turkey and Kazakhstan

Turkology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (107) ◽  
pp. 31-43
Author(s):  
Shahida BEYLUR
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Important Work ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
Islamic Thought ◽  
The 19Th Century

Khoja Ahmad Yasawi is an important figure in Turkic-Islamic thought. Due to this importance, so far a great number of studies have been (and continue to be) done about Diwan-ı Hikmat, which is accepted to be said by him, the language of these Hikmah and their impact on our day. The most important work of Khoja Ahmad Yasawi is Divan-ı Hikmat, a collection of his religious poems in Turkic language. Apart from Divan-ı Hikmat, there are also various works attributed to Khoja Ahmad Yasawi. Although the first studies on Khoja Ahmad Yasawi can be traced back to the 12th century, the studies are mainly from the second half of the 19th century, when several copies of Divan al- Hikmah were printed in Kazan, Tashkent and Istanbul, can be seen to increase thereafter. In this study, after a brief introduction about the life, works and influence of Khoja Ahmad Yasawi, as using the method of literature review, an evaluation will be made about the studies carried out in Turkey and Kazakhstan with the method of literature review.

A Struggle for Identity: The Ismailis in the Afghan War (1979-1989)

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-174
Author(s):  
Victoria Arakelova ◽  
Nelli Khachaturian
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
The Political ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Religious Identities ◽  
Religious Minorities ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

The paper is a part of a wider research on the Ismaili identity, peculiarities of the Ismailis’ self-identification in various parts of the world under different historical circumstances. The ambiguous status of the Ismailis in Afghanistan turned to be particularly problematic by the end of the 19th century when the Pashtuns became dominant in the traditionally Ismaili-inhabited areas. In a hostile milieu, under severe persecutions, the local Ismaili identity acquired a tendency of unification with other ethno-religious identities, the principle of taqiyya having been widely spread. Since then, the Ismailis became especially dependent on the political situation in Afghanistan and the policy of its rulers towards ethnic and religious minorities. The War of 1979-1989 turned to be the most dramatic episode in the history of the Ismaili community in Afghanistan when its very survival appeared to be questioned: Ismaili intellectuals left the region, and lower social layers got involved in drug cultivation and trafficking. Supporting any of the conflict’s sides could have led to a community tragedy, possibly to its complete annihilation. The limited information we obtained, including the memoirs of the Afghan War veterans, demonstrate the identity split in the Ismaili community of Afghanistan whose members were fighting on the opposite sides of the armed conflict.

scholarly journals Правовой и религиозный авторитет в концепции иджтихада у Марджани

Islamology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 112
Author(s):  
Nathan Spannaus
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Ural Region ◽  
Islamic History ◽  
Islamic Thought ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Legal Methodology ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Volga Ural Region

In the history of Islamic thought in the Russian Empire, Shihabaddin Mardjani’s (1818-1889) call for ijtihad is well-known, but often misunderstood as a form of radical modernization. In fact, Mardjani’s understanding of ijtihad, as evident in his important Arabic works, does not differ significantly from the conception of ijtihad that predominated in the post-classical period of Islamic history (13th-19th cent.). This article addresses in detail Mardjani’s stance on ijtihad and its religious and legal premises, from the perspective of its broader context in the middle of the 19th century, specifically the changes to the structure of Islamic institutions in the Volga-Ural region and the weakening of the religious authority of the ulama. I argue that although Mardjani’s stance was shaped by this context, it is nevertheless based on maintaining the legal methodology of the Hanafi school (madhhab) and scholars’ role as religious interpreters.

scholarly journals Tracing the Trace of Thought Sholeh Land and Islamic Traction in Semarang

2020 ◽  
Vol 202 ◽  
pp. 07081
Author(s):  
Muhammad Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Multicultural Society ◽  
Islamic Culture ◽  
Islamic Thought ◽  
Magnum Opus ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

By translating many books of fiqh and Sufism into Javanese, KH Sholeh Darat has actually left a trail of brilliant Islamic thought in Semarang. This can be traced through his works which are works of translation, one of which is the magnum opus is the Book of Syarh Al Hikam. Therefore, the teachings of Islam are easily understood and accepted by the Semarang Islamic community. This is as conveyed in the message of preaching at the house of the Regent of Demak who is the uncle of R.A. Kartini. KH Sholeh Darat translated the Koran into Javanese using Arabic Pegon. Therefore, the effort to translate various books into Javanese is none other than the process of Islamization in Semarang, which is a trail of Islamic teaching that is very accommodating to Javanese culture in the Semarang area. Therefore, this manuscript needs to be studied philologically and thematically, especially the values of the propaganda of KH Sholeh Darat which provide a wind of harmony in religion. Through intertextual studies this study intends to find the character relationship of Syarah Al Hikam KH Soleh Darat. Through the learning of the Al Hikam book, traces of Islamic thought and the method of da'wah that combines Islamic culture and Javanese culture, accommodating, moderate, between the Shari'a and the tarekat is the harmonization of Islam can be accepted in the multicultural society in Semarang and Java in the 19th century.

Grammatical Descriptions in Manchu Grammar Books from the Qing Dynasty

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-55
Author(s):  
Takashi Takekoshi
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Qing Dynasty ◽  
The Qing Dynasty ◽  
Chinese Scholars ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The 19Th Century

In this paper, we analyse features of the grammatical descriptions in Manchu grammar books from the Qing Dynasty. Manchu grammar books exemplify how Chinese scholars gave Chinese names to grammatical concepts in Manchu such as case, conjugation, and derivation which exist in agglutinating languages but not in isolating languages. A thorough examination reveals that Chinese scholarly understanding of Manchu grammar at the time had attained a high degree of sophistication. We conclude that the reason they did not apply modern grammatical concepts until the end of the 19th century was not a lack of ability but because the object of their grammatical descriptions was Chinese, a typical isolating language.

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