An Evaluation on the Studies About Khoja Ahmad Yasawi and Diwan-i Hikmat in Turkey and Kazakhstan

Turkology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (107) ◽  
pp. 31-43
Author(s):  
Shahida BEYLUR
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Important Work ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
Islamic Thought ◽  
The 19Th Century

Khoja Ahmad Yasawi is an important figure in Turkic-Islamic thought. Due to this importance, so far a great number of studies have been (and continue to be) done about Diwan-ı Hikmat, which is accepted to be said by him, the language of these Hikmah and their impact on our day. The most important work of Khoja Ahmad Yasawi is Divan-ı Hikmat, a collection of his religious poems in Turkic language. Apart from Divan-ı Hikmat, there are also various works attributed to Khoja Ahmad Yasawi. Although the first studies on Khoja Ahmad Yasawi can be traced back to the 12th century, the studies are mainly from the second half of the 19th century, when several copies of Divan al- Hikmah were printed in Kazan, Tashkent and Istanbul, can be seen to increase thereafter. In this study, after a brief introduction about the life, works and influence of Khoja Ahmad Yasawi, as using the method of literature review, an evaluation will be made about the studies carried out in Turkey and Kazakhstan with the method of literature review.

An Egyptian Medical Officer and Qurʾān Commentator in Ottoman Syria

2021 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-69
Author(s):  
Majid Daneshgar
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Medical Officer ◽  
Empirical Science ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Professional Background ◽  
Scholarly Literature ◽  
Islamic Thought ◽  
The 19Th Century

Abstract This article pays a particular attention to an Arab army physician and scholar from the mid-19th century who placed empirical science at the center of Islamic thought and situated it within Qurʾānic exegetical debates. He is the Egyptian Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad al-Iskandarānī, a medical officer who ended up working in Ottoman Syria, and whose works were copied and printed (in)directly by the Ottomans. Apart from the limited information contained in previous scholarly literature, which, on the basis of his first commentary alone, repeatedly presents this commentator as one of the first people to have produced a “scientific interpretation of the Qurʾān”, little is known about his personal and professional background and the production of his commentaries. This study also sheds light on exegetical and intellectual directions produced outside Egypt in the 19th century.

scholarly journals Thérèse Raquin d’Émile Zola : la notion de tempérament entre l’héritage antique et l’apport de la physiologie du XIXe siècle

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 91-100
Author(s):  
Anna Kaczmarek-Wiśniewska
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Mutual Influence ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Important Work ◽  
Xixe Siecle ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Xixe Siècle ◽  
Physiological Theory

Therese Raquin, Zola’s first important work, is based on the modern version of the old physiological theory of “temperaments”, e.g. the combination of four cardinal “humours” that determine a man’s physical and mental constitution. Through the story of two murderers, an adulterous woman and her lover who kill the woman’s husband, the author shows the mutual influence of two temperaments considered in the 19th century as more important than all the others: sanguine and melancholic (or nervous). The novel intends to “verify” a theory dealing with the consequences of each type of temperament for people’s behaviour, their relationships and their internal life.

scholarly journals Using wood on King Island, Alaska

2013 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Alix
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Building Material ◽  
Bering Strait ◽  
Island Community ◽  
Last 300 Years ◽  
Seward Peninsula ◽  
Wood Procurement ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Village

Abstract Ugiuvak, or King Island, off the coast of the Seward Peninsula in the Bering Strait, is among the few Arctic villages with stilt houses in an environment where wood is essentially lacking. In 1899, Edward W. Nelson, describing the island’s architecture, noted that wood was abundant. Today, the contrast is striking between the bareness and steepness of the coast and the extensive use of wood in the village. This article presents information about wood procurement and use as building material on Ugiuvak in the last 300 years based on literature review, on-site observations, and discussions with members of the King Island community. It briefly reviews the origin, circulation, and deposition of driftwood in the Bering Strait region. It then explores the possibility of a relationship in the 19th century between an increase in driftwood availability and the development of stilt architecture on the island, taking into account other wood sources that became available at the time. The last 150 years of occupation of the village were marked by a transition from a solely driftwood-based economy to one where driftwood was first supplemented and then largely replaced by lumber.

scholarly journals CONTINUITY AND CHANGE OF THE ISLAMIC INTELLECTUAL DISCOURSE IN INDONESIA MALAY WORLD

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-166
Author(s):  
Nor Huda
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Young Generation ◽  
Historical Approach ◽  
Intellectual Discourse ◽  
Continuity And Change ◽  
Religious Vision ◽  
Strong Difference ◽  
Islamic Thought ◽  
The 19Th Century

In its history, there has been a strong difference between the doctrine of Sufism and the philosophical Sufism, including Indonesia. In the period of the end of the 16th century until the end of the 19th century even the emergence of the beginning of Islamic intellectualism in Indonesia was brilliantly marked by monumental works. Then, in the era of the 1970s, the discourse of renewing Islamic thought was increasingly being studied. The young generation of educated Muslims in this decade has shown a tendency towards thinking that is no longer normative in view of religion. Very different in the era of mystical and sufistic Islam. So, they tend to be more interested in Islamic understanding based on empirical and historical approaches in the formation of their religious vision. In this paper, a philosophical historical approach will be discussed on the issue of continuity and change in Islamic intellectual discourse in the Malay world of Indonesia and at the same time analyzing broader mystical and philosophical mysticism in Indonesia, friction in it, and efforts to reconcile it.

scholarly journals Jejak Islamisasi Jawa Oleh KH Soleh Darat (Studi Kasus Naskah Kitab Syarah Al-Hikam)

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 418
Author(s):  
Muhammad Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Character Education ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Multicultural Society ◽  
Islamic Culture ◽  
The Past ◽  
Islamic Thought ◽  
The World ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

By translating many books of jurisprudence and Sufism in Javanese, KH Sholeh Darat delivered a message of da'wah at the house of the Regent of Demak which was the uncle of R.A. Kartini. KH Sholeh Darat translates the Quran in Javanese using Arabic Pegon. The book was recorded as the first translation book in the world in Javanese. The first book of interpretation in Arabic Javanese Pegon was given the name Faidhur Rohman. In his missionary ethos, KH Soleh Darat was very concerned about how Javanese culture and character education of Javanese people lack understanding in Arabic. Therefore, the effort to translate various books into banhasa Jawa is nothing more than the process of Javanese Islamization which is very accommodating to Javanese culture. One of the books that reveals the Javanese ethic of Sufism is the Syarah Al Hikam Book. This research is based on the consideration that the manuscript includes some of the cultural riches of the archipelago of the past century which until now can still be saved. Therefore, this manuscript needs to be studied philologically and thematically, especially the values of the propaganda of KH Sholeh Darat which provide a wind of harmony in religion. Through intertextual studies this study intends to find the character relationship of Syarah Al Hikam KH Soleh Darat. Through the learning of the Al Hikam book, traces of Islamic thought and the method of da'wah that combines Islamic culture and Javanese culture, accommodating, moderate, between the Shari'a and the tarekat is the harmonization of Islam can be accepted in the multicultural society in Semarang and Java in the 19th century.

Historical and Sociolinguistic Background

2020 ◽  
pp. 6-26
Author(s):  
Wilson McLeod
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Language Shift ◽  
Historical Overview ◽  
Scale Removal ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Different Parts

This chapter gives a historical overview of Gaelic in Scotland, including an analysis of its spread to different parts of Scotland in the Middle Ages and the trajectory of demographic decline and language shift since the 18th century. Gaelic became the language of the first Scottish monarchy (the kingdom of Alba) and was widely spoken across Scotland, but then began to decline in the 12th century and became confined to the mountainous northwest of the country (the Highlands). The language became stigmatised as a language of barbarism and the Gaelic community was economically and socially marginalised. Traditional Gaelic society was shattered in the 18th century, with the repression following the Battle of Culloden (1746), followed by the Highland Clearances of the 19th century, which involved large-scale removal of population. Since the 18th century there has been steady language shift in the Highlands, now reaching the last Gaelic communities. The future of Gaelic as a community language has become very uncertain.

Photography in Indonesian Archaeology of the 19th to the Early 20th Century | Fotografi dalam Arkeologi Indonesia pada Abad ke-19 sampai Awal Abad ke-20 Masehi

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Object Representation ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Photographic Documentation ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 19Th Century

In Dutch East India, photographic documentation for antiquities was as up-to-date as in Europe that was developed in the last half of the 19th century. Photography became a tool for archaeological surveys which resulted in thousands of enormous resources. In this paper, the historical background regarding how these old photographs were collected and how the material circulated within archaeological activities will be elaborated. The timeline studied is limited to pre-independence Indonesia with the subject mostly focused on Hindu-Buddhist remains. The method used is literature review of both relevant new publications as well as significant old publications. Its turns out that photographic surveys of archaeology in Indonesia during the colonial period developed from early archaeological activities into systematic institutional programs. The qualities of photography were appreciated in miscellaneous application and offered substantial benefits. Photography became a documentation medium, publication complementary, archive, and object representation and substitution. This historical background of photography in the context of Indonesian archaeology marks the significant value of these photographs so that it can be the foundation of preservation for the future. Di Hindia Belanda, dokumentasi fotografis pada tinggalan purbakala sangat mutakhir sebagaimana di Eropa yang dikembangkan sejak paruh terakhir abad ke-19 M. Fotografi menjadi perangkat untuk survei arkeologi yang menghasilkan ribuan sumber daya. Dalam tulisan ini, latar belakang sejarah terkait pengumpulan foto lama tersebut serta penggunaannya dalam berbagai aktifitas arkeologi akan dijabarkan. Lini masa yang dikaji dibatasi pada Indonesia pra-kemerdekaan dengan subjek yang berfokus pada tinggalan Hindu-Buddhis. Metode yang digunakan adalah kajian pustaka, baik terbitan terbaru yang relevan maupun terbitan lama yang penting. Ternyata survei fotografi pada arkeologi Indonesia selama periode kolonial berkembang sejak aktifitas arkeologis yang masih dini hingga menjadi program institusi yang sistematis. Kualitas fotografi juga diapresiasi dalam beragam penerapan serta menawarkan manfaat yang substansial, Fotografi menjadi media dokumentasi, pelengkap publikasi, arsip, serta representasi dan substitusi objek. Latar belakang sejarah fotografi dalam konteks arkeologi Indonesia semacam ini menjadikan nilai penting dari foto-foto tersebut sehingga dapat dijadikan fondasi dalam pelestarian untuk masa depan.

scholarly journals Military Equipment Innovation in the Pahang Uprising

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (6S3) ◽  
pp. 248-251
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Military Innovation ◽  
Tree Roots ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Military Equipment ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Military

The Pahang uprising at the end of the 19th century AD featured various military innovation that proved the greatness of the Pahang Malay community. Pahang Malay Fighters used the advantage of their knowledge of nature (the forest) in addition to modern military equipment. Hence, it is the intention of the researchers to examine and identify the military tools used during the Pahang uprising. This paper utilises the methodology of content analysis and literature review. Based on the examination, it was found that military tools such as ‘sumpit’ and tree roots were used in the Pahang uprising as well as modern weapons such as guns and explosives. All of these tools were fully utilised in the formulation of war strategy planned by the leader of the Pahang fighters in the uprising, Dato' Bahaman. This combination of war strategy and military innovation became the benchmark of the greatness of the Pahang Malay community in the late 19th century AD.

scholarly journals Ze studiów nad dziejami klasztoru Kanoników Regularnych na górze Ślęży

2020 ◽  
pp. 239-254
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Domański
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Construction Material ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
Archaeological Material ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
Art Historians ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Two Sides ◽  
Written Sources

Fifteen years after my attempt at summing up the results of the historical, and above all archaeological research on Ślęża mountain (Domański 2002 ‒ research as of 2000) the time has come to make some minor corrections and important additions, mainly related to the early years of St. Augustine’s monastery in Ślęża, which from the 12th century to 1494 owned the majority of the massif, and after 1494 the entire mountain. The location of the monastery on Ślęża has been a matter of discussion since at least the 19th century. Written sources unambiguously speak of its location on the mountain. In 2000, I presented several purported stages of the monastery’s construction on top of the mountain. When, following new discoveries, the supposed location of the monastery changed, I put forward the hypothesis that there was a preliminarystage in the monastery’s construction (perhaps in cooperation with messengers from the parent monastery) when the materials were collected and the ground was prepared. Next, the monks arrived and almost immediately construction started. Completion (or discontinuation) of construction could have coincided with the monks’ flight in 1146 to Wrocław. On the basis of the scant archaeological material discovered in the monastery building, the conclusion should be drawn that no part of it was used. The suggested location of the monastery on the edge of the order’s property is an indication that looking after the terrain was not the main goal of the venture. The construction material, traces of the structure’s foundations, elements of stonemasonry and the Ślęża plaque all hint at construction having at least commenced, while it remains a mystery at which stage it was abandoned. Generally, the construction of the Ślęża monastery is associated with the “production” of granite sculptures of lions. More importantly, they were discovered beyond the Ślęża massif, but the majority of researchers attribute them to the monastery. I agree with most art historians that the objects date back to the 12th century. Bearing in mind that in Western and South-European architecture, similar sculptures were placed in pairs at the doors of magnificent buildings, as the bases of columns, the Ślęża lions (8) must have been planned as decoration of four imposing entrances. However, as a majority of them cannot be paired (they were dedicated to two sides of a gate), the number of the original statues must have been greater. The Ślęża lions share many features with similar statues from the St. Gallen abbey; bearing in mind the contacts of the founder (Palatine Peter Wlast), they could have been the prototypes for the Ślęża lions.

scholarly journals Bigámia nászajándékba: Samuel Spillenberger nászéneke Máriássy János és Palugyay Zsófia esküvőjére (1635)

2019 ◽  
pp. 131-149
Author(s):  
Ágnes Máté
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Present Article ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Latin Literature ◽  
Literary Context ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
The Family ◽  
The 19Th Century

The present article discusses a set of poems registered in print nr. 1620 of the Régi Magyarországi Nyomtatványok catalogue. The poem was dedicated by a doctor of medicine from Levoča, Samuel Spillenberger to his alleged godson, the nobleman János Máriássy. Spillenberger wrote three poems in the name of each married brothers of Máriássy. The second poem, allegedly sang by Máriássy’s youngest brother, András, tells a story about a bigamist crusader from the 12th century. After presenting the family backgrounds of both the author and the addressees, the paper sheds light on the origin and possible sources of the story. Pointing out some specific textual properties of Spillenberger’s poem, the paper tries to trace down its exact source. It also offers a panoramic picture about the presence of the bigamist figure in German neo-Latin Literature and culture from the 16th to the 19th century. Finally, the article closes with some remarks about the position of the poem in its own literary context of seventeenth-century neo-Latin wedding poetry in Hungary.

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