INFORMAL ARISTOCRATIC COMMUNITIES IN 17th AND 18th CENTURY FRANCE AS A TRIGGER FOR THE FORMATION OF THE CIVILIZATION IMAGE

Статья посвящена характеристике некоторых черт варварства и цивилизации в контексте их общественного развития и оппозиции. Акцент сделан на одной из форм социального общения, связанной с интеллектуальной сферой, а именно, на неформальных сообществах Франции. Такими сообществами, среди прочих, были салоны, которые появились как форма проведения досуга французской аристократии в XVII в., но особенно востребованными они стали в эпоху Просвещения, в условиях трансформации социальных структур и духовно-культурных основ общества. Ряд просветительских положений, ставших фундаментом теорий современности (в частности, идеи превосходства цивилизованных народов над варварскими и необходимости их «цивилизовать»), разрабатывались как раз в салонах аристократии, которые, таким образом, стали триггером актуальных идейных концепций. Авторы полагают, что в XVIII в. во Франции в рамках салонных собраний выработалась своеобразная коммуникативная практика в интеллектуальной сфере, которая сформировала культурный образ цивилизации, одна из основных черт которого — интеллектуальное общение, сложившееся в систему правил. The article focuses on one of the forms of social discourse in the intellectual sphere, French informal communities, in particular. Such communities, among others, included salons, which appeared as a form of leisure for the French aristocracy in the 17th century, yet demand for them surged in the Age of Enlightenment, that came with transformations of social structures, spiritual canons, and cultural foundations. A number of educational policies, which served as the base for the theories of our time (particularly the idea of civilized people superiority over barbarians and the need to “civilize” them), were developed in such salons for the aristocracy, hence making them a trigger for the spread of new societal and philosophical ideas. The authors believe that the intellectual sphere of the 18th century France has developed a kind of communicative practice within the framework of salon meetings that formed the cultural image of civilization, with intellectual discourse, forming a system of rules, as one of its main features.

Oswald Mathias Ungers and Rem Koolhaas

Lara Schrijver examines the work of Oswald Mathias Ungers and Rem Koolhaas as intellectual legacy of the 1970s for architecture today. Particularly in the United States, this period focused on the autonomy of architecture as a correction to the social orientation of the 1960s. Yet, these two architects pioneered a more situated autonomy, initiating an intellectual discourse on architecture that was inherently design-based. Their work provides room for interpreting social conditions and disciplinary formal developments, thus constructing a `plausible' relationship between the two that allows the life within to flourish and adapt. In doing so, they provide a foundation for recalibrating architecture today.

Peta Perkembangan Wacana Intelektual Islam Nusantara Abad VII-XXI: Sebuah Analisis Historis

Basically, the development of Islamic intellectual discourse in the archipelago is can’t be separated from the gradual wave of Islamization by preachers from the outside, either from their status as traders, immigrants, or others. At the beginning of the arrival of Islam in the 7th century, intellectual traditions still seemed to be blurred and reaped the point of progress from around the 13th to the 21st. This article uses the historical method of thought Kuntowijoyo in an effort to explore in-depth studies regarding the dynamics of the flow of Islamic intellectual discourse in the archipelago. From the historical data analysis process, the result shows that the map of the development of the Islamic intellectual discourse in the archipelago can be classified typologically based on the period and the background of the area covering it, including: 1) early Islamic intellectual discourse in the archipelago (Mystic Islam 7th – 17th century ), 2) Islamic intellectual discourse during colonialism (traditional Islam versus modern Islam in the 16th - 19th century), 3) Islamic intellectual discourse in the period of independence (political Islam to cultural Islam in the 19th - 20th century), and 4) discourse Islamic intellectuals in the reform era (Right Islam and Left Islam 20th – 21st centuries).

The Idea of Political Separation in the Ukrainian Intellectual Discourse in the middle of the 19-th – Beginning of the 20th Century (Ihor Hyrych, Ukrainian Intellectuals and Political Distinctiveness (The Middle of the 9th Century – Beginning of the 20th

The article reviews the monograph by Ihor Hyrych which examines the theoretical bases of formation of independent sociopolitical thought in Ukraine (in the middle of the 19th – beginning of the 20th century). It covers the main tendencies of an independent state ideology at different periods of the national liberation movement. There is a characteristic given to the main groups of Ukrainian intellectuals and some of their leading representatives in connection with the attitude to the idea of Ukrainian political identity.

The “Europe – Russia” Dichotomy as an Invented Tradition of Modern Georgian Nationalism

In the article, the author analyzes the transformation of the dichotomy “Europe – Russia” in contemporary Georgian intellectual discourse as well as strategies and forms of positive and negative ideologization of the West and Russia. We state that the hypertrophied role of European and Russian images in the Georgian discourse has resulted from the belief of elites in the collective West as an alternative to Russian infl uence. We analyze the main strategies of forming a positive image of Europe in Georgian intellectual discourse, believing that the development of European motifs and images by several generations of Georgian intellectuals led to the emergence of a unique Georgian Europeanism and the concept of the “Non Typical European” Georgian nation. The development of European images depends on the formation and promotion of the image of Russia as a universal Other. It is assumed that the negative mythologization of Russia resulted from the historical trauma of the loss of statehood, Georgia’s forced history in the Russian Empire and the USSR, as well as the failures in the Russian-Georgian relations in the post-Soviet period. Overall, the author believes that Russian and European narratives have become invented traditions of Georgian identity that infl uence the strategies of elites in Georgian foreign policy.

Monstrous Architecture and the Architect's Monster : Discovering Meaning in Architecture Through Critical Engagement and Intellectual Discourse

The purpose of this thesis is to engage architecture, explore it through an imaginative process, with inventive forms of realism, and use architecture as a vehicle to engage design in a critical process. It will open the opportunity for discourse on the subject of monster. Not monsters under the bed or the ones hiding in the closet awaiting some unsuspecting child, but the breed that offers a discussion or commentary on a particular event, idea, or era. The monster is a way to demonstrate, "to show", and at the same time be explicit in meaning and representation. The Latin roots of the word monster links monstrum with monere, "to remind or warn", it is a "sign or an omen". It is said, that monsters are great signifiers, and in doing so, portray protagonists out of the ordinary. Literature and film are two very strong ways to employ the idea of monster as a narrative, and this thesis will reveal this tactic in architecture.

Monstrous Architecture and the Architect's Monster : Discovering Meaning in Architecture Through Critical Engagement and Intellectual Discourse

The purpose of this thesis is to engage architecture, explore it through an imaginative process, with inventive forms of realism, and use architecture as a vehicle to engage design in a critical process. It will open the opportunity for discourse on the subject of monster. Not monsters under the bed or the ones hiding in the closet awaiting some unsuspecting child, but the breed that offers a discussion or commentary on a particular event, idea, or era. The monster is a way to demonstrate, "to show", and at the same time be explicit in meaning and representation. The Latin roots of the word monster links monstrum with monere, "to remind or warn", it is a "sign or an omen". It is said, that monsters are great signifiers, and in doing so, portray protagonists out of the ordinary. Literature and film are two very strong ways to employ the idea of monster as a narrative, and this thesis will reveal this tactic in architecture.

Intellectualism as a Catalyst for Sustainable Development in Nigeria

Knowledge, research and intellectual input are veritable instruments for the advancement of any state. Intellectuals help to shape and formulate policies that can stimulate development. This paper examined the various intellectual contributions by scholars and researchers towards unlocking and enhancing development in Nigeria. It further discussed how intellectual discourse can help to unravel opportunities for socio-political and economic development of Nigeria. Keywords: Intellectualism, Stimulation, Sustainable, Development

Wilfred Cantwell Smith’s Concept of Religion: An Islamic Appraisal

In the vein of many Western scholars of comparative religions, Wilfred Smith also realizes the difficulty implicated in defining religion but he is unique in daring to call for discarding religion, arguing that the concept is inadequate. According to him, the inadequacy of the concept leads to the intellectual dilemma of the relation between many religious traditions and the One Ultimate Reality, the historical change and abiding truth, the world and God. The solution to such a dilemma is to revise the categories of intellectual discourse in the field of theology/religious studies and move towards a better alternative. These alternatives should aim to depict human religious life in a more adequate and universal way. Hence, Smith suggests splitting the esoteric and exoteric dimensions of religion and proposes for them the categories of faith and cumulative tradition respectively. Primarily, this research seeks to explore the significance of Smith’s critique of religion as well as the practicality and utility of the alternative categories i.e., faith and cumulative tradition in the modern global scenario from an Islamic perspective.