Radial Variation of Anatomical Characteristics in Paraserianthes Falcataria Planted in Indonesia

IAWA Journal ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 343-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Ishiguri ◽  
T. Hiraiwa ◽  
K. Iizuka ◽  
S. Yokota ◽  
D. Priadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Wood Fiber ◽  
Basic Density ◽  
Cell Wall Thickness ◽  
Radial Variation ◽  
Cell Diameter ◽  
Wood Fibers ◽  
Paraserianthes Falcataria ◽  
Anatomical Characteristics

Radial variation in anatomical characteristics of five 13-year-old Paraserianthes falcataria (L.) Nielsen (syn. Albizia falcataria (L.) Fosberg), an important commercial tree species in Indonesia, were investigated in order to obtain basic information regarding breeding for wood quality. Both cell wall thickness in wood fibers and vessel percentage showed an almost constant value up to 10 cm from the pith and then increased toward the bark. In contrast, wood fiber percentage decreased from 10 cm toward the bark. The cell wall percentage was lower towards the pith and higher towards the bark. In the five sample trees, significant differences were found in the cell diameter of wood fibers, wood fiber percentage, axial parenchyma percentage, and cell wall percentage. Basic density was affected by the cell wall thickness of wood fibers, but not the vessel percentage and fiber percentage.

scholarly journals Effects of Fertilization on Wood Formation in Naturally Regenerated Juvenile Silver Birch in a Norway Spruce Stand in South Sweden

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 415
Author(s):  
Josefin A. Nilsson ◽  
Grace Jones ◽  
Charlotta Håkansson ◽  
Åsa Blom ◽  
Johan Bergh
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Wood Density ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Basic Density ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Cell Wall Thickness ◽  
Silver Birch ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Age Difference ◽  
Stem Wood

This study investigates wood density and anatomy of juvenile silver birch stems in Sweden, grown in mixed conifer stands. Our aim is to investigate if fertilization provides increased growth, as well as an eventual reduction in stem wood density. Measurements of basic density, ring width, cell wall thickness, and vessels are analyzed for 20 birch trees. Bark to pith radial sections are analyzed using a light microscope and the freeware ImageJ to compare treatments and ages. The results show that trees with fertilizer treatment have wider growth rings and thinner cell wall thickness compared to unfertilized trees. The fertilized trees also have a lower cambium age at the same height and the same diameter, and a slightly lower stem mean density (420 kg m−3) than the unfertilized stems (460 kg m−3). Fertilizer is a significant determinant of density and cell wall thickness in nonlinear models. The fertilized trees have increased growth and reached a fixed diameter earlier. The age difference between the trees likely explains some of the differences in cell wall thickness. This study supports the use of fertilizer as a silvicultural option for increasing the growth rate of silver birch for a relatively small reduction of wood density.

scholarly journals Wood Anatomical Traits Reveal Different Structure of Peat Bog and Lowland Populations of Pinus sylvestris L. in the Carpathian Region

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 494
Author(s):  
Balázs Palla ◽  
Márta Ladányi ◽  
Klára Cseke ◽  
Krisztina Buczkó ◽  
Mária Höhn
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Pannonian Basin ◽  
Habitat Type ◽  
Cell Wall Thickness ◽  
Cell Diameter ◽  
Peat Bog ◽  
Eastern Carpathians ◽  
Extreme Habitats

Ecologically extreme habitats at a species’ distribution edges bear significance for biota under adverse climatic conditions and climate change. Range-edge populations adjust their functional traits to the special local ecological conditions, leading to increased intraspecific variability in their morpho-anatomical structure and, consequently, favor population survival in the absence of competitors. On the basis of wood anatomical traits, such as tracheid lumen area (CA), cell wall thickness (CWTrad), cell diameter-to-radial cell wall thickness ratio (CD/CWT), and the number of tracheids in the radial tracheid files (TNo), we investigated the xylem adjustment of Pinus sylvestris L. populations from six ecologically extreme habitats from the Eastern Carpathians and the Pannonian Basin. Results indicated significant differences among all studied sites in case of all wood anatomical traits as signs of the local adaptation of trees. Peat bog populations adapted their wood anatomical traits to the generally hydric, cool and anaerobic conditions of the peat bogs, exhibiting smaller CA and proportionally thick CWTrad to ensure the hydraulic safety of the stem, whereas, on the lowland site, trees were characterized by a more effective water-conducting system, developing larger CA with relatively thin CWTrad with lower carbon-per-conduit-costs at the expense of higher vulnerability to cavitation. Radial tree ring growth and TNo also differed markedly among sites, following the temperature and groundwater constraints of the habitats. Wood anatomical variability among tree rings and the corresponding short-term climate response of populations differed from the adaptive responses of the trees to the ecological characteristics of the habitat. In addition to the different phylogeographic origin evidenced in former studies, phenotypic differentiation by the habitat type of the studied populations linked to the variance in morpho-anatomical traits have contributed to the survival of the peripheral Scots pine populations at the species’ range margins.

scholarly journals Evaluation of physical, anatomical, and biometric characteristics of Citrus sinensis trees in longitudinal and transverse axes of stem

BioResources ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 5696-5709
Author(s):  
Ali Hassanpoor Tichi ◽  
Habibollah Khademieslam ◽  
Mojtaba Rezanezhad Divkolae
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Citrus Sinensis ◽  
Fiber Length ◽  
Fiber Diameter ◽  
Basic Density ◽  
Cell Wall Thickness ◽  
Lumen Diameter ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Significant Difference

Three healthy Citrus sinensis (orange) trees in Babol, Iran, were randomly selected and cut. Two discs of 5 cm thickness were prepared along the tree (breast height and crown). In the transverse direction, the test specimens were cut 2 × 2 cm to 3 cm from the pith to the bark sequentially and examined. The biometric and physical properties were measured, and microscopic sections of wood near the bark were studied using light microscopy according to the International Association of Wood Anatomists’ (IAWA) List. Anatomical examination of the C. sinensis wood showed that the species was a diffuse porous hardwood, with indistinct growth rings, simple perforation plates, alternate intervessel pits, and banded parenchyma. The basic density and oven-dry density increased from the pith towards the tree bark and from the bottom of the tree towards the crown. There was a significant difference in both the transverse and longitudinal directions of the C. sinensis tree in terms of fiber length, fiber lumen diameter, fiber diameter, and cell wall thickness. The mean fiber length, fiber diameter, fiber lumen diameter, and cell wall thickness were 0.76 mm, 23.64 µm, 9.23 µm, and 14.41 µm, respectively.

scholarly journals Wood and bark fiber characteristics of Acacia melanoxylon and comparison to Eucalyptus globules

CERNE ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatima Tavares ◽  
Teresa Quilhó ◽  
Helena Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Eucalyptus Globulus ◽  
Fiber Length ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Specific Pattern ◽  
Cell Wall Thickness ◽  
Wood Fibers ◽  
Acacia Melanoxylon ◽  
Fiber Wall

Wood and bark fibers of Acacia melanoxylon were characterized and compared to Eucalyptus globulus which is a major quality source of pulp fibers. In 20 trees from four sites, fiber length and wall thickness were measured at 5, 35 and 65% of total tree height and at 10, 30, 50, 70 and 90% of the distance from pith. Maceration were prepared in a 1:1 glacial acetic acid:hydrogen peroxide solution. Wood and bark fiber length varied between 0.90 - 0.96 mm and 1.33 - 1.59 mm respectively. The cell wall thickness varied between 3.45 - 3.89 µm in wood and 5.01 - 5.40 µm in bark. Wood and bark fiber length decreased from the bottom to the top of the tree and cell wall thickness had no specific pattern for axial variation. Fiber length and wall thickness increased from the pith to the bark, but the wall thickness increased slightly with some fluctuations. In Acacia melanoxylon significant site differences were found in relation to bark fiber length and to wood wall thickness. The fibers of Acacia melanoxylon were similar to those of Eucalyptus globulus but the wood fibers were thinner and the bark fibers thicker. The radial variation was similar in both species. In wood of Eucalyptus globulus, fiber wall thickness increases from the base to the middle of tree height and decreases to the top; in the bark decreases from the base to the top. In Eucalyptus globulus fibers bark are higher in the top.

Relationships between anatomical and densitometric characteristics of black spruce and summer temperature at tree line in northern Quebec

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 477-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lily Wang ◽  
Serge Payette ◽  
Yves Bégin
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Summer Temperature ◽  
Cell Wall Thickness ◽  
Cell Diameter ◽  
Ring Cell ◽  
Densitometric Data

Tracheid cell number, cell diameter, and cell-wall thickness of black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) tree rings at the tree line (northern Quebec, Canada) were measured using image analysis. The densitometric data from the same samples were used to evaluate the features of image analysis. The anatomical data were correlated with summer temperature variables, including: means of pentad temperature (five consecutive days), growing season (May- September), sum of degree-days, and number of frost-free days. Our results suggest that the main cause of the pale appearance of light rings is thinner latewood cell-wall thickness. Some latewood variables are strongly correlated with corresponding indices for ring cell number and diameter, and ring cell wall thickness. Anatomical ring cell number and the sum of cell diameters (ring widths) were correlated to tree-ring width parameters derived from densitometry. Ring cell number and annual sum of cell diameter also showed very similar trends with both chronologies, suggesting that ring-width length may depend on the number of cells within a ring. Ratio diagram of double cell-wall thickness to cell radial diameter showed similar trend to wood density profile. There is a statistically significant correlation between maximum density and the highest annual ratio between cell wall thickness and lumen diameter. Cell-wall thickness was significantly correlated to maximum density, and both were significantly correlated with summer temperature variables. Our results suggest that wood anatomy may be used as a substitute to densitometry for climate reconstruction as densitometric data require expensive equipments. Also the anatomical method allows the recording of intra-annual information for dendroecological purposes.

Climate response of cell characteristics in tree rings of Picea crassifolia

Holzforschung ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinmei Xu ◽  
Jianxiong Lu ◽  
Fucheng Bao ◽  
Robert Evans ◽  
Geoffrey M. Downes
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Wood Density ◽  
Tree Rings ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Cell Wall Thickness ◽  
Cell Diameter ◽  
Climate Response ◽  
Picea Crassifolia

Abstract Dimensions of dated tree rings are an important tool of dendroclimatology. However, the relationships between climatic variables and cell diameter and cell wall thickness are not yet clearly elaborated. In the present article, year-to-year cell characteristics, ring width, and wood density of Picea crassifolia trees growing in northwestern China have been measured with high resolution by means of the instrument SilviScan-3. The response function analysis showed that climate explained 51% of the variation of cell radial diameter chronology, 48% of wood density, 40% of cell wall thickness, and 37% of ring width. Cell wall thickness and wood density responded significantly and positively to temperature, and the response to precipitation was negative, while the opposite was true for cell radial diameter and ring width. Cell wall thickness and wood density were pronounced (statistically significant) to temperature in September and precipitation in May and August. Cell radial diameter responded significantly to temperature in June and July, and precipitation, in August. For ring width, the temperature in July was important. Accordingly, cell characteristics are sensitive to climate, and the findings could be useful in the field of dendroclimatology.

Variation in Fibre and Parenchyma Wall Thickness in Culms of the Bamboo Sinobambusa Tootsik

IAWA Journal ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 353-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Alvin ◽  
R. J. Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Basic Density ◽  
Cell Wall Thickness ◽  
Ground Tissue ◽  
Average Cell ◽  
Obvious Change ◽  
Cortical Parenchyma

The mid-internodal anatomy of three culms estimated to be less than one, one to two and more than two years old respectively, has been investigated revealing significant increases in average cell wall thickness of the fibres and ground tissue parenchyma. The basic density of the culm also increases. Cortical parenchyma, in contrast, shows no obvious change. Both fibres and parenchyma appear to retain living protoplasts . Progressive thickening of the cell walls over a period of perhaps several years would have important implications for harvesting and utilisation of bamboo culms and would explain reported changes in certain mechanical properties with ageing.

Properties of Gliricidia Wood (Gliricidia sepium) lntercropped with Cocoa (Theobroma cocoa) in Malaysia

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
Mohd Helmy Ibrahim ◽  
Mohd Nazip Suratman ◽  
Razali Abd Kader
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Gliricidia Sepium ◽  
Cell Wall Thickness ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Lumen Diameter ◽  
Significant Difference

Trees planted from agroforestry practices can become valuable resources in meeting the wood requirements of many nations. Gliricidia sepium is an exotic species introduced to the agricultural sector in Malaysia mainly for providing shade for cocoa and coffee plantations. This study investigates its wood physical properties (specific gravity and moisture content) and fibre morphology (length, lumen diameter and cell wall thickness) of G. sepium at three intervals according to age groups ( three, five and seven years of ages). Specific gravity (0.72) was significantly higher at seven years ofage as compared to five (0.41) and three (0.35) years age group with a mean of 0.43 (p<0.05). Mean moisture content was 58.3% with no significant difference existing between the tree age groups. Fibre diameter (22.4 mm) was significantly lower (p<0.05) for the trees which were three years of age when compared to five and seven years age groups (26.6 mm and 24. 7 mm), respectively. Means of fibre length, lumen diameter and cell wall thickness were 0.83 mm, 18.3 mm, and 6.2 mm, respectively, with no significant differences detected between trees in all age groups. Further calculation on the coefficient of suppleness and runkel ratio suggest that wood from G.sepium may have the potential for insulation board manufacturing and paper making. However, future studies should experiment the utilisation of this species for these products to determine its full potential.

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