Variation in Fibre and Parenchyma Wall Thickness in Culms of the Bamboo Sinobambusa Tootsik

IAWA Journal ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 353-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Alvin ◽  
R. J. Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Basic Density ◽  
Cell Wall Thickness ◽  
Ground Tissue ◽  
Average Cell ◽  
Obvious Change ◽  
Cortical Parenchyma

The mid-internodal anatomy of three culms estimated to be less than one, one to two and more than two years old respectively, has been investigated revealing significant increases in average cell wall thickness of the fibres and ground tissue parenchyma. The basic density of the culm also increases. Cortical parenchyma, in contrast, shows no obvious change. Both fibres and parenchyma appear to retain living protoplasts . Progressive thickening of the cell walls over a period of perhaps several years would have important implications for harvesting and utilisation of bamboo culms and would explain reported changes in certain mechanical properties with ageing.

Characterization of microstructures of SAN foam core using micro-computed tomography

2021 ◽  
pp. 026248932110068
Author(s):  
Youming Chen ◽  
Raj Das ◽  
Hui Wang ◽  
Mark Battley
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Strain Localization ◽  
Cell Wall Thickness ◽  
Micro Computed Tomography ◽  
Average Cell Size ◽  
Average Cell ◽  
3D Images ◽  
Compressive Tests

In this study, the microstructure of a SAN foam was imaged using a micro-CT scanner. Through image processing and analysis, variations in density, cell wall thickness and cell size in the foam were quantitatively explored. It is found that cells in the foam are not elongated in the thickness (or rise) direction of foam sheets, but rather equiaxed. Cell walls in the foam are significantly straight. Density, cell size and cell wall thickness all vary along the thickness direction of foam sheets. The low density in the vicinity of one face of foam sheets leads to low compressive stiffness and strength, resulting in the strain localization observed in our previous compressive tests. For M80, large open cells on the top face of foam sheets are likely to buckle in compressive tests, therefore being another potential contributor to the strain localization as well. The average cell wall thickness measured from 2D slice images is around 1.4 times that measured from 3D images, and the average cell size measured from 2D slice images is about 13.8% smaller than that measured from 3D images. The dispersions of cell wall thickness measured from 2D slice images are 1.16–1.20 times those measured from 3D images. The dispersions of cell size measured from 2D slice images are 1.12–1.36 times those measured from 3D images.

scholarly journals Differences in cell wall of thin and thick filaments of cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon gracile SAG 31.79 and their implications for different resistance to Daphnia grazing

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukasz Wejnerowski ◽  
Slawek Cerbin ◽  
Maria K. Wojciechowicz ◽  
Marcin K. Dziuba
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Cell Wall Thickness ◽  
Filamentous Cyanobacterium ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Thick Filaments ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Aphanizomenon Gracile

<p>Recent studies have shown that the filamentous cyanobacterium <em>Aphanizomenon gracile</em> Lemmermann, strain SAG 31.79, consists of two types of filaments that differ in thickness. These two types are known to vary in resistance to <em>Daphnia</em> <em>magna</em> grazing: thin filaments (&lt;2.5 µm) are more vulnerable to grazing than the thick ones (&gt;2.5 µm). In this study, we investigated whether the difference in the vulnerability to grazing of thin and thick filaments is a result of different thickness of their cell walls, a filament stiffness determinant. We expected thick filaments to have thicker cell walls than the thin ones. Additionally, we analysed whether cell wall thickness correlates with filament thickness regardless of the filament type. A morphometric analysis of cell walls was performed using transmission electron micrographs of ultra-thin sections of the batch-cultured cyanobacterial material.  Our study revealed that the thin type of filaments had thinner cell walls than the thick filaments. Moreover, cell wall thickness was positively correlated with filament thickness. TEM (transmission electron microscopy) observations also revealed that the thin type of filaments was often at different stages of autocatalytic cell destruction, which was mainly manifested in the increase in cell vacuolization and degradation of the cytoplasm content. Based on our findings, we assume that previously reported higher resistance of thick filaments to <em>Daphnia</em> grazing results from greater stiffness and excellent physiological conditions of thick filaments. </p>

Selection of alfalfa for a lower initial rate of digestion and corresponding changes in epidermal and mesophyll cell wall thickness

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. P. Goplen ◽  
R. E. Howarth ◽  
G. L. Lees
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Initial Rate ◽  
Environmental Influence ◽  
Mesophyll Cell ◽  
Cell Wall Thickness ◽  
Advanced Stage ◽  
Selection Of

A modified nylon bag technique, described in detail in this paper, appears to be an effective method of selecting for a lower initial rate of digestion (IRD) in alfalfa. Breeding for reduced IRD in alfalfa resulted in a 15% reduction in 4-h dry matter disappearance (DMD) after three cycles of selection (ultimate goal of 25–30 % reduction for a bloat-safe alfalfa). No further reduction in IRD occurred with a 4th cycle of selection. The IRD characteristic appears to be expressed at early stages of vegetative growth (pre-bud to early bud) and not at a more advanced stage of maturity (mid-bud to early bloom). The IRD characteristic also appears to be subject to environmental influence. Alfalfa plants selected for reduced IRD have consistently thicker cell walls compared to the unselected alfalfa check cv. Beaver. The advanced cycle 4 LIRD synthetic is being increased for subsequent pasture trials and assessment of bloat reduction. Key words: Nylon bag technique, cell rupture, pasture bloat, initial rate of digestion, cell wall thickness

scholarly journals Effects of Fertilization on Wood Formation in Naturally Regenerated Juvenile Silver Birch in a Norway Spruce Stand in South Sweden

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 415
Author(s):  
Josefin A. Nilsson ◽  
Grace Jones ◽  
Charlotta Håkansson ◽  
Åsa Blom ◽  
Johan Bergh
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Wood Density ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Basic Density ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Cell Wall Thickness ◽  
Silver Birch ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Age Difference ◽  
Stem Wood

This study investigates wood density and anatomy of juvenile silver birch stems in Sweden, grown in mixed conifer stands. Our aim is to investigate if fertilization provides increased growth, as well as an eventual reduction in stem wood density. Measurements of basic density, ring width, cell wall thickness, and vessels are analyzed for 20 birch trees. Bark to pith radial sections are analyzed using a light microscope and the freeware ImageJ to compare treatments and ages. The results show that trees with fertilizer treatment have wider growth rings and thinner cell wall thickness compared to unfertilized trees. The fertilized trees also have a lower cambium age at the same height and the same diameter, and a slightly lower stem mean density (420 kg m−3) than the unfertilized stems (460 kg m−3). Fertilizer is a significant determinant of density and cell wall thickness in nonlinear models. The fertilized trees have increased growth and reached a fixed diameter earlier. The age difference between the trees likely explains some of the differences in cell wall thickness. This study supports the use of fertilizer as a silvicultural option for increasing the growth rate of silver birch for a relatively small reduction of wood density.

scholarly journals Evaluation of physical, anatomical, and biometric characteristics of Citrus sinensis trees in longitudinal and transverse axes of stem

BioResources ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 5696-5709
Author(s):  
Ali Hassanpoor Tichi ◽  
Habibollah Khademieslam ◽  
Mojtaba Rezanezhad Divkolae
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Citrus Sinensis ◽  
Fiber Length ◽  
Fiber Diameter ◽  
Basic Density ◽  
Cell Wall Thickness ◽  
Lumen Diameter ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Significant Difference

Three healthy Citrus sinensis (orange) trees in Babol, Iran, were randomly selected and cut. Two discs of 5 cm thickness were prepared along the tree (breast height and crown). In the transverse direction, the test specimens were cut 2 × 2 cm to 3 cm from the pith to the bark sequentially and examined. The biometric and physical properties were measured, and microscopic sections of wood near the bark were studied using light microscopy according to the International Association of Wood Anatomists’ (IAWA) List. Anatomical examination of the C. sinensis wood showed that the species was a diffuse porous hardwood, with indistinct growth rings, simple perforation plates, alternate intervessel pits, and banded parenchyma. The basic density and oven-dry density increased from the pith towards the tree bark and from the bottom of the tree towards the crown. There was a significant difference in both the transverse and longitudinal directions of the C. sinensis tree in terms of fiber length, fiber lumen diameter, fiber diameter, and cell wall thickness. The mean fiber length, fiber diameter, fiber lumen diameter, and cell wall thickness were 0.76 mm, 23.64 µm, 9.23 µm, and 14.41 µm, respectively.

Radial Variation of Anatomical Characteristics in Paraserianthes Falcataria Planted in Indonesia

IAWA Journal ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 343-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Ishiguri ◽  
T. Hiraiwa ◽  
K. Iizuka ◽  
S. Yokota ◽  
D. Priadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Wood Fiber ◽  
Basic Density ◽  
Cell Wall Thickness ◽  
Radial Variation ◽  
Cell Diameter ◽  
Wood Fibers ◽  
Paraserianthes Falcataria ◽  
Anatomical Characteristics

Radial variation in anatomical characteristics of five 13-year-old Paraserianthes falcataria (L.) Nielsen (syn. Albizia falcataria (L.) Fosberg), an important commercial tree species in Indonesia, were investigated in order to obtain basic information regarding breeding for wood quality. Both cell wall thickness in wood fibers and vessel percentage showed an almost constant value up to 10 cm from the pith and then increased toward the bark. In contrast, wood fiber percentage decreased from 10 cm toward the bark. The cell wall percentage was lower towards the pith and higher towards the bark. In the five sample trees, significant differences were found in the cell diameter of wood fibers, wood fiber percentage, axial parenchyma percentage, and cell wall percentage. Basic density was affected by the cell wall thickness of wood fibers, but not the vessel percentage and fiber percentage.

scholarly journals Comparative studies on the mechanical properties and microstructures of outerwood and corewood in Pinus radiata D. Don

2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming-yue Li ◽  
Hai-qing Ren ◽  
Yu-rong Wang ◽  
Ying-chun Gong ◽  
Yong-dong Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Crystallite Size ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Cell Wall Thickness ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Relative Crystallinity

AbstractTwenty-year-old Pinus radiata trees imported from New Zealand were investigated, and a comparison was made between the outerwood (rings 16–20) and corewood (rings 4–6) in terms of mechanical properties, anatomical characteristics, microfibril angle (MFA), relative crystallinity, crystallite size and lignin content to determine the relationship between their mechanical properties and microstructures. The results demonstrated that the mechanical properties of the Pinus radiata outerwood were significantly better than those of the corewood. The outerwood had a modulus of rupture (MOR) of 106 MPa, a modulus of elasticity (MOE) of 11.4 GPa, and compressive strength parallel to the grain of 38.7 MPa, and the MOR, MOE and compressive strength parallel to the grain of the corewood were 78.9 MPa, 7.12 GPa and 29.3 MPa, respectively. The observed microstructures of the Pinus radiata outerwood and corewood were different, mainly due to differences in cell wall thickness, MFA, and relative crystallinity. The double wall thickness of the tracheid cells of the corewood and outerwood were 3.65 and 5.02 µm, respectively. The MFA data indicated that the average MFA of the outerwood was 14.0°, which was smaller than that of the corewood (22.3°). With X-ray diffraction, the relative crystallinity of the corewood was determined to be 35.7%, while that of the outerwood was 40.2%. However, the crystallite size of the outerwood cell wall shows no obvious difference from that of the corewood. Imaging FTIR spectroscopy showed a slightly higher relative content of lignin in the cell wall of the outerwood. The correlation between the microstructures and mechanical properties showed that the corewood with a thin cell wall, large MFA and low relative crystallinity had poor mechanical properties, while the outerwood with a thicker tracheid, smaller MFA and higher relative crystallinity had better mechanical properties. This means that the MFA, relative crystallinity and cell wall thickness synergically affect the mechanical properties of Pinus radiata in different radial locations.

scholarly journals Lamina Cell Shape and Cell Wall Thickness Are Useful Indicators for Metal Tolerance—An Example in Bryophytes

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 274
Author(s):  
Katharina Petschinger ◽  
Wolfram Adlassnig ◽  
Marko S. Sabovljevic ◽  
Ingeborg Lang
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Cell Shape ◽  
Metal Tolerance ◽  
Heavy Metal Tolerance ◽  
Cell Wall Thickness ◽  
Pleurozium Schreberi ◽  
Sensitive Species ◽  
Good Marker

Bryophytes are widely used to monitor air quality. Due to the lack of a cuticle, their cells can be compared to the roots of crop plants. This study aimed to test a hypothetical relation between metal tolerance and cell shape in biomonitoring mosses (Hypnum cupressiforme, Pleurozium schreberi, Pseudoscleropodium purum) and metal sensitive species (Physcomitrium patens, Plagiomnium affine). The tolerance experiments were conducted on leafy gametophytes exposed to solutions of ZnSO4, ZnCl2, and FeSO4 in graded concentrations of 1 M to 10−8 M. Plasmolysis in D-mannitol (0.8 M) was used as a viability measure. The selected species differed significantly in lamina cell shape, cell wall thickness, and metal tolerance. In those tested mosses, the lamina cell shape correlated significantly with the heavy metal tolerance, and we found differences for ZnSO4 and ZnCl2. Biomonitoring species with long and thin cells proved more tolerant than species with isodiametric cells. For the latter, “death zones” at intermediate metal concentrations were found upon exposure to ZnSO4. Species with a greater tolerance towards FeSO4 and ZnSO4 had thicker cell walls than less tolerant species. Hence, cell shape as a protoplast-to-wall ratio, in combination with cell wall thickness, could be a good marker for metal tolerance.

Does thinning intensity affect the tracheid dimensions of Norway spruce?

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (11) ◽  
pp. 2685-2697 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuula Jaakkola ◽  
Harri Mäkinen ◽  
Matti-P Sarén ◽  
Pekka Saranpää
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Cell Wall Thickness ◽  
Lumen Diameter ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Average Cell ◽  
Thinning Intensity ◽  
Forestry Practice

The effect of thinning intensity on the growth rate and tracheid dimensions of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) was studied in two long-term thinning experiments (Heinola and Punkaharju) in southeastern Finland. The stand age was 86 and 67 years in Heinola and Punkaharju, respectively. Thinning intensities in this study were lower and higher than recommended in the 1960s for forestry practice in Finland. An increase in tree growth rate (31% in Heinola and 37% in Punkaharju) caused by the high thinning intensity resulted in slightly shorter tracheids (9% in Heinola and 4% in Punkaharju) than with the low thinning intensity. Increased growth rate had no pronounced effect on tracheid cell wall thickness and lumen diameter. A faster growth rate slightly decreased the average cell wall thickness of an annual ring, but the changes in average lumen diameter were small. The effect of thinning intensity was similar in earlywood and latewood. Variation in fiber properties between and within individual trees and annual rings was large. In conclusion, the current thinning intensities used in Finnish forestry practice enhance growth rate but have a rather small effect on tracheid dimensions.

Properties of Gliricidia Wood (Gliricidia sepium) lntercropped with Cocoa (Theobroma cocoa) in Malaysia

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
Mohd Helmy Ibrahim ◽  
Mohd Nazip Suratman ◽  
Razali Abd Kader
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Gliricidia Sepium ◽  
Cell Wall Thickness ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Lumen Diameter ◽  
Significant Difference

Trees planted from agroforestry practices can become valuable resources in meeting the wood requirements of many nations. Gliricidia sepium is an exotic species introduced to the agricultural sector in Malaysia mainly for providing shade for cocoa and coffee plantations. This study investigates its wood physical properties (specific gravity and moisture content) and fibre morphology (length, lumen diameter and cell wall thickness) of G. sepium at three intervals according to age groups ( three, five and seven years of ages). Specific gravity (0.72) was significantly higher at seven years ofage as compared to five (0.41) and three (0.35) years age group with a mean of 0.43 (p<0.05). Mean moisture content was 58.3% with no significant difference existing between the tree age groups. Fibre diameter (22.4 mm) was significantly lower (p<0.05) for the trees which were three years of age when compared to five and seven years age groups (26.6 mm and 24. 7 mm), respectively. Means of fibre length, lumen diameter and cell wall thickness were 0.83 mm, 18.3 mm, and 6.2 mm, respectively, with no significant differences detected between trees in all age groups. Further calculation on the coefficient of suppleness and runkel ratio suggest that wood from G.sepium may have the potential for insulation board manufacturing and paper making. However, future studies should experiment the utilisation of this species for these products to determine its full potential.

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