scholarly journals RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RING SHAKE INCIDENCE AND EARLYWOOD VESSEL CHARACTERISTICS IN CHESTNUT WOOD

IAWA Journal ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Fonti ◽  
Otto-Ulrich Bräker ◽  
Fulvio Giudici
Keyword(s):  
Castanea Sativa ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Cell Lumina ◽  
Earlywood Vessel ◽  
Earlywood Vessels ◽  
Chestnut Wood

This paper investigates whether in Chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) a relationship exists between anatomical features of earlywood vessels, which may contribute to weakening the wood, and the incidence of ring shake. The study compared two groups of 30 wood discs with and without ring shake, collected in three coppice stands in Southern Switzerland. Shake-prone stems are not characterised by more numerous and wider earlywood vessel lumina than the shake-free ones. Hence the hypothesis that ring shake is favoured by the weakening effect of earlywood cell lumina is rejected.

RING-POROSITY AND EARLYWOOD VESSELS: A REVIEW ON EXTRACTING ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION THROUGH TIME

IAWA Journal ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ignacio García-González ◽  
Manuel Souto-Herrero ◽  
Filipe Campelo
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Continuous Series ◽  
Environmental Signals ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Physiological Relevance ◽  
Selection Of Variables ◽  
Build Time ◽  
Earlywood Vessel ◽  
Common Signal ◽  
Earlywood Vessels

Many anatomical features in trees result from their reaction to fluctuating environmental conditions, and some can be measured and dated. Recently, quantitative wood anatomy has been used to build time series, and consequently to study the responses of trees through time. This involves the application of dendrochronological techniques, although some methodological adaptations are necessary when using anatomical variables. Until now, the study of continuous anatomical series has proven to be very promising when applied to the earlywood vessels of ring-porous trees, due to their great physiological relevance.In this paper, we review the main aspects that must be considered when building continuous series of earlywood vessel features of ring-porous trees as compared to ‘classical’ dendrochronology. We first discuss the procedures for building individual series and chronologies, starting with the selection of variables, examining their statistical properties, and assessing how crossdating and detrending should be adapted. We also show that time series of earlywood vessels usually exhibit a low common signal, but in contrast are strongly related to climate, and often reveal responses not recorded by the classical dendrochronological variables.In addition, we deal with the optimization of environmental signals, by first evaluating multiple potential variables to be used, and indicate how to reduce their number according to the relations among them. As earlywood variables are basically determined by vessel number or vessel size, we discuss the search for the most appropriate variable to characterize vessel number, as well as the advantage of progressively selecting earlywood vessels attending to their size and position.Finally, we extend the application of these methodologies to diffuse-porous species as compared to ring-porous trees, and show that the climatic signal contained in their anatomical features is also relevant, provided that vessels are carefully selected upon their location within the ring.

scholarly journals Extraction Methods and Their Influence on Yield When Extracting Thermo-Vacuum-Modified Chestnut Wood

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 73
Author(s):  
Maurizio D’Auria ◽  
Marisabel Mecca ◽  
Maria Roberta Bruno ◽  
Luigi Todaro
Keyword(s):  
Catalyst Support ◽  
Castanea Sativa ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Extraction Technique ◽  
Extraction Techniques ◽  
Surface Color ◽  
Ms Analysis ◽  
Castanea Sativa Mill ◽  
Molybdenum Catalysts ◽  
Chestnut Wood

Improvements in the yield and solubility of chestnut wood extractives, by using different extraction methods and molybdenum catalysts as support, have rarely been reported in literature. Many studies focus on the different parts of trees, except for the chemical characteristics of the remaining extractives achieved from thermally modified (THM) chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill) wood. This research seeks to better understand the effects of extraction techniques and catalysts on the yield and solubility of extractives. GC-MS analysis of the chloroform soluble and insoluble fractions was also used. Accelerated Solvent Extraction (ASE) 110 °C, Soxhlet, and autoclave extraction techniques were used to obtain extractives from untreated and thermally modified (THM) chestnut wood (170 °C for 3 h). Ethanol/H2O, ethanol/toluene, and water were the solvents used for each technique. A polyoxometalate compound (H3PMo12O40) and MoO3 supported on silica were used as catalysts. The THM induced a change in the wood’s surface color (ΔE = 21.5) and an increase in mass loss (5.9%), while the equilibrium moisture content (EMC) was reduced by 17.4% compared to the control wood. The yields of the extractives and their solubility were always higher in THM and mainly used ASE as the technique. GC-MS analysis of the extractives, without catalyst support, showed different results for each extraction technique and type of wood (untreated and THM). Ultimately, the amount of extractive compound dissolved in each solvent will differ, and the choice of extraction technique will depend on the intended final application of the extracted chemical product.

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CHESTNUT WOOD QUALITY (CASTANEA SATIVA MILL.)

2008 ◽  
pp. 147-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.L. Louzada ◽  
M.E. Silva ◽  
S.B. Castro ◽  
S.P. Oliveira ◽  
J. Morais
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Castanea Sativa ◽  
Castanea Sativa Mill ◽  
Chestnut Wood

scholarly journals Dietary effects of oregano (Origanum vulgaris L.) plant or sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) wood extracts on microbiological, chemical-physical characteristics and lipid oxidation of cooked ham during storage

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
David Ranucci ◽  
Dino Miraglia ◽  
Massimo Trabalza-Marinucci ◽  
Gabriele Acuti ◽  
Michela Codini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Castanea Sativa ◽  
Microbial Count ◽  
B Values ◽  
Sweet Chestnut ◽  
Cooked Ham ◽  
Chestnut Wood

The aim of this study was to evaluate the dietary effect of feeding pigs with diets enriched with sweet chestnut wood (<em>Castanea sativa</em> Mill.) or oregano (<em>Origanum vulgaris</em> L.) extract on the microbiological and chemical characteristics of cooked pork ham. Three groups of 10 pigs were fed with a control diet (CTRL), with the CTRL diet enriched with 0.2% of oregano extract (OR) and with the CTRL diet enriched with 0.2% of sweet chestnut wood extract (SCW), respectively. Six cooked hams per group were produced, sliced and packaged under a modified atmosphere (N2:CO2=80:20) and stored at refrigeration temperature (4±1°C). Three packages per cooked ham were sampled for analyses at three different storage times (0, 10 and 20 days). At day 0 time, antioxidant capacity of the products (ORACFL assay) and chemical composition were performed. At each sampling time, from all the samples the following analyses were performed: Total Microbial Count (TMC), Lactic Acid Bacteria count (LAB), <em>Enterobacteriaceae</em> count, <em>Listeria monocytogenes</em>, pH value, colour coordinates (L*, a*, b*), total basic volatile nitrogen (TBVN) and thio-barbituric reactive substances (TBARs) determinations. No differences in TMC, LAB and <em>Enterobacteriaceae</em> count, pH, TBVN, chemical composition and L* values were registered between the three groups at all the sampling times considered. No <em>Listeria monocytogenes</em> was detected in the samples tested. Significant differences were registered for ORACFL at 0 days, a* and b* values and TBARs value at 10 and 20 days of storage, with higher values for ORAC<sub>FL</sub>, a* and b* values and lower values for TBARs in SCW and OR than CTRL. No antimicrobial effect could be recorded for OR and SCW but a higher oxidative stability, also highlighted by the colour maintenance, was observed in both OR and SCW.

scholarly journals A tomographic approach to assessing the possibility of ring shake presence in standing chestnut trees

2020 ◽  
Vol 78 (6) ◽  
pp. 1137-1148
Author(s):  
Andrea R. Proto ◽  
Maria F. Cataldo ◽  
Corrado Costa ◽  
Salvatore F. Papandrea ◽  
Giuseppe Zimbalatti
Keyword(s):  
Wood Quality ◽  
Castanea Sativa ◽  
Widespread Phenomenon ◽  
Applied Approach ◽  
Tomographic Data ◽  
Local Company ◽  
Tropical Climates ◽  
Tomographic Measurement ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Chestnut Wood

Abstract Ring shake is a widespread phenomenon affecting a great number of species of both softwood and hardwood and is found in trees grown in temperate and tropical climates. Chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) represents one of the most important hardwood timbers that is very often affected by ring shake. This defect seems to be the only real limit to the spread and use of chestnut wood worldwide on a scale closer to the availability of this wood. The aim of this study was to examine the potential of tomographic measurement as a non-destructive method for predicting the possibility of the presence of ring shake in standing chestnut trees. For this reason, the experiments were carried out in a chestnut coppice stand where one hundred chestnut standards were monitored using an acoustic tomographic device, and subsequently harvested by a local company and cross-sectioned corresponding to the acoustic tests. This work proposed an applied approach to predicting and determining wood quality (sound wood vs. defective wood) from tomographic data. The model, based on a non-linear approach, showed that sonic tomography can identify ring shake in a tree trunk without affecting its biological activity, overcoming the difficulties of predicting ring shake using only visual inspection.

Influence of Botanical Species and Geographical Origin on the Content of Low Molecular Weight Phenolic Compounds of Woods Used in Portuguese Cooperage

Holzforschung ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 255-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Canas ◽  
M. Conceição Leandro ◽  
M. Isabel Spranger ◽  
A. Pedro Belchior
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Geographical Origin ◽  
Castanea Sativa ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Botanical Species ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Chestnut Wood

Summary The influence of botanical species (Quercus and Castanea sativa) and geographical origin (Portugal—three different sites, France and North America) on the qualitative and quantitative content of some extractable low molecular weight phenolic compounds was assessed by HPLC. Chestnut wood had the highest total content of low molecular weight phenolic compounds, followed by the Portuguese oaks and the French oaks, whereas the American oak had the lowest content of these compounds. The contents of phenolic acids, phenolic aldehydes, scopoletin and umbelliferone were significantly different among the studied woods. Both the botanical species and the geographical origin affect the content of low molecular weight organic compounds of woods used in Portuguese cooperage. The results also show that the botanical species seem to be more important than the geographical origin to explain the difference in the wood phenolic composition. So, the separation of trees according to their origin is of considerable interest for coopers and winemakers to choose wisely the woods for the ageing of brandies.

Study of phenolic potential of seasoned and toasted Portuguese wood species (Quercus pyrenaica and Castanea sativa)

OENO One ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucía Castro-Vázquez ◽  
Maria Elena Alañón ◽  
Jorge Manuel Ricardo-da-Silva ◽  
Maria Soledad Pérez-Coello ◽  
Olga Laureano
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Wood Species ◽  
Castanea Sativa ◽  
Alcoholic Beverages ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Quercus Pyrenaica ◽  
Oak Wood ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Chestnut Wood

<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Aim</strong>: The phenolic potential and suitability of seasoned and toasted Portuguese chestnut (<em>Castanea sativa</em> Mill) and oak wood (<em>Quercus pyrenaica</em>) as alternative cooperage materials were evaluated.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Methods and results</strong>: Low-molecular-weight phenols and ellagitannins from seasoned and toasted Portuguese wood species were analysed by HPLC. <em>C. sativa</em> was found to be richer in phenolic compounds than <em>Q. pyrenaica</em>. High concentrations of vescalagin and gallic acid were specific to <em>C. sativa</em>. Toasting significantly reduced the ellagitannin content in both wood types, albeit less markedly in <em>C.</em> <em>sativa</em>. As regards phenolic aldehydes, <em>C. sativa</em> contained substantially greater amounts of vanillic aldehyde, an odour-active compound, than <em>Q. pyrenaica</em>.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Conclusion</strong>: Both types of Portuguese wood are suitable for use as cooperage materials, although chestnut wood is better suited to the heat treatment involved in the coopering process.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Significance and impact of the study</strong>: Portuguese wood species provide an effective alternative to the oak wood species traditionally used for aging alcoholic beverages.</p>

scholarly journals Relationship Between Growth Stress, Mechanical-Physical Properties and Proportion of Fibre with Gelatinous Layer in Chestnut (Castanea Sativa Mill.)

Holzforschung ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Clair ◽  
J. Ruelle ◽  
B. Thibaut
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Castanea Sativa ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Growth Stress ◽  
Gelatinous Layer ◽  
Basic Model ◽  
Mechanical And Physical Properties ◽  
Castanea Sativa Mill ◽  
Chestnut Wood

Summary A range of mechanical and physical properties were determined for 96 specimens of chestnut wood and for wood types ranging from compression to tension wood; tests included (1) growth stress, (2) longitudinal Young's modulus in green and air-dried states (3) shrinkage in longitudinal and tangential directions. Anatomical observations permitted determination of the proportion of fibres with a gelatinous layer. The influence of these atypical fibres on macroscopic wood properties is examined and discussed. A basic model is proposed to determine their properties in theoretically isolated conditions.

scholarly journals A Multi-Technique Approach to Evaluate the Surface Properties of Heat-Treated Chestnut Wood Finished with a Water-Based Coating

Coatings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 706
Author(s):  
Claudia Pelosi ◽  
Gianluca Rubino ◽  
Giuseppe Capobianco ◽  
Luca Lanteri ◽  
Giorgia Agresti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Surface Properties ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Colour Change ◽  
Treated Wood ◽  
Castanea Sativa ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Water Based ◽  
Chestnut Wood ◽  
Thermally Treated

The aim of the present work is to investigate the surface properties and the effect of a water-based coating on chestnut wood (Castanea sativa Mill.), both untreated and thermally treated. Chestnut is very common throughout the Mediterranean region and its wood is widely used as timber, especially in Central Italy, to build window fixtures and doors which have to be decay-resistant, even in historical buildings. Traditional techniques have been used in combination with Hyperspectral Imaging which had never been used before to examine thermally treated wood. Specifically, colour, roughness, micro-hardness, wear and contact angle measurements have been performed on untreated and thermally treated chestnut wood, covered by a commercial water-based coating named Idrolinfo. Hyperspectral analysis has been demonstrated to be appropriate to discriminate the heat treatment and the presence of the water-based product. The applied techniques showed that the best performances are obtained with the 170 °C heat treatment. The water-based coating demonstrated its validity when applied to untreated and heat-treated wood at 140 °C and 170 °C. The main findings showed that chestnut wood increased or maintained its properties if treated at those temperatures without undergoing a major colour change, acquiring good hydrophobicity, both if uncoated or treated with the water-based coating.

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