The Timor Sea Treaty: An Australian Perspective

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-42
Author(s):  
Ben Huntley ◽  
Amelia Telec ◽  
Justin Whyatt
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Positive Outcome ◽  
Secretary General ◽  
Law Of The Sea ◽  
Successful Outcome ◽  
Timor Leste ◽  
Timor Sea ◽  
Gas Fields ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Important Milestone

Abstract In March 2018, Australia and Timor-Leste signed a treaty in a ceremony in New York, witnessed by the UN Secretary-General, which will permanently delimit their maritime boundaries and establish a special regime over the Greater Sunrise gas fields in the Timor Sea. Not only does this Treaty represent an important milestone in the relationship between the two States, it also marks the successful conclusion of the first-ever conciliation conducted under the dispute resolution provisions of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (unclos). How this untested process led to the ending of the long-running and complex dispute over maritime delimitation in the Timor Sea merits further consideration. This article will provide an Australian perspective on these historic proceedings, focussing on how the process led to a positive outcome for the Parties and the key features of the agreement reached. We will begin by outlining briefly the background to the dispute between Australia and Timor-Leste. We will then consider the nature of the conciliation provisions of unclos, and what makes them unique. We will then explore some of the procedural aspects of the Timor-Leste/Australia Conciliation which led to a successful outcome in the proceedings. Finally, we will outline the key elements of the agreement reached between the Parties.

scholarly journals The Timor Sea Conciliation: The Unique Mechanism of Dispute Settlement

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 321-344
Author(s):  
Dai Tamada
Keyword(s):  
Dispute Settlement ◽  
Economic Factor ◽  
Law Of The Sea ◽  
Dispute Settlement Mechanism ◽  
International Court ◽  
Maritime Boundary ◽  
Timor Sea ◽  
The Law ◽  
Gas Fields ◽  
Unique Mechanism

Abstract The maritime boundary dispute between Timor-Leste and Australia was submitted to the compulsory conciliation procedure under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). This is the first instance of conciliation, whether voluntary or compulsory, under UNCLOS. The Timor Sea conciliation led to the successful settlement of the long-standing deadlock between the parties that had hitherto not been settled by negotiation and had no possibility of being settled by litigation (within, for example, International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea or International Court of Justice proceedings) or arbitration (within the context of an UNCLOS Annex VII tribunal). This article aims to elucidate the unique mechanism of conciliation and, to this end, analyses both the procedural particularities of conciliation under UNCLOS and the substantive considerations in conciliation proceedings. The author places emphasis, in particular, on the fundamental importance of the economic factor in the Timor Sea maritime delimitation – namely, the sharing ratio of the natural resources in the Greater Sunrise gas fields. Being a definitive factor for the success of this conciliation, it was the economics of this dispute that incentivized the parties to compromise and settle. Furthermore, given that conciliation is a most elucidating piece in the rather complicated puzzle that is the UNCLOS dispute settlement mechanism, the Timor Sea conciliation offers valuable insights into this mechanism.

The Timor Sea Conciliation and Treaty: Timor-Leste’s Perspective

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-57
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Exposto
Keyword(s):  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Negotiation Process ◽  
Law Of The Sea ◽  
Timor Leste ◽  
Timor Sea ◽  
The Law

Abstract The delimitation of maritime boundaries between Timor-Leste and Australia was a historic process initiated under the compulsory conciliation mechanism in the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. The resulting Treaty between the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste and Australia Establishing their Maritime Boundaries in the Timor Sea (‘Timor Sea Treaty’) reflects a remarkable achievement for the young nation of Timor-Leste in securing its sovereign maritime rights. This contribution examines the historical context which led to the Timor Sea Treaty, the challenges faced during the negotiation process, and the significance of the Timor Sea Treaty to the renewed relationship between the two countries.

Die Konstruktion von Natur – Central Park neu besichtigt | The Construction of Nature – Central Park Revisited

2005 ◽  
Vol 156 (8) ◽  
pp. 288-296
Author(s):  
Vittorio Magnago Lampugnani
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Hudson River ◽  
The United States ◽  
Central Park ◽  
Housing Developments ◽  
Hudson River School ◽  
The North ◽  
Man And Nature ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Relationship

In the first half of the 19th century scientific philosophers in the United States, such as Emerson and Thoreau, began to pursue the relationship between man and nature. Painters from the Hudson River School discovered the rural spaces to the north of New York and began to celebrate the American landscape in their paintings. In many places at this time garden societies were founded, which generated widespread support for the creation of park enclosures While the first such were cemeteries with the character of parks, housing developments on the peripheries of towns were later set in generous park landscapes. However, the centres of the growing American cities also need green spaces and the so-called «park movement»reached a first high point with New York's Central Park. It was not only an experimental field for modern urban elements, but even today is a force of social cohesion.

The UN Secretary-General and the Security Council

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Security Council ◽  
United Nations Security Council ◽  
Secretary General ◽  
Organizational Relationships ◽  
Dynamic Relationship ◽  
International Mediation ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
The Relationship

The United Nations Secretary-General and the United Nations Security Council spend significant amounts of time on their relationship with each other. They rely on each other for such important activities as peacekeeping, international mediation, and the formulation and application of normative standards in defense of international peace and security—in other words, the executive aspects of the UN’s work. The edited book The UN Secretary-General and the Security Council: A Dynamic Relationship aims to fill an important lacuna in the scholarship on the UN system. Although there exists an impressive body of literature on the development and significance of the Secretariat and the Security Council as separate organs, an important gap remains in our understanding of the interactions between them. Bringing together some of the most prominent authorities on the subject, this volume is the first book-length treatment of this topic. It studies the UN from an innovative angle, creating new insights on the (autonomous) policy-making of international organizations and adding to our understanding of the dynamics of intra-organizational relationships. Within the book, the contributors examine how each Secretary-General interacted with the Security Council, touching upon such issues as the role of personality, the formal and informal infrastructure of the relationship, the selection and appointment processes, as well as the Secretary-General’s threefold role as a crisis manager, administrative manager, and manager of ideas.

scholarly journals Are Essential Women’s Healthcare Services Fully Covered? A Comparative Analysis of Policy Documents in Shanghai and New York City from 1978–2017

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 4261
Author(s):  
Qingyu Zhou ◽  
Qinwen Yu ◽  
Xin Wang ◽  
Peiwu Shi ◽  
Qunhong Shen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
Women's Health ◽  
York City ◽  
Healthcare Service ◽  
Healthcare Services ◽  
Coverage Rate ◽  
Policy Documents ◽  
Service Coverage ◽  
The Relationship

This study aimed to analyze the changes in the 10 major categories of women’s healthcare services (WHSs) in Shanghai (SH) and New York City (NYC) from 1978 to 2017, and examine the relationship between these changes and maternal mortality ratio (MMR). Content analysis of available public policy documents concerning women’s health was conducted. Two indicators were designed to represent the delivery of WHSs: The essential women’s healthcare service coverage rate (ESCR) and the assessable essential healthcare service coverage rate (AESCR). Spearman correlation was used to analyze the relationship between the two indicators and MMR. In SH, the ESCR increased from 10% to 90%, AESCR increased from 0% to 90%, and MMR decreased from 24.0/100,000 to 1.01/100,000. In NYC, the ESCR increased from 0% to 80%, the AESCR increased from 0% to 60%, and the MMR decreased from 24.7/100,000 to 21.4/100,000. The MMR significantly decreased as both indicators increased (p < 0.01). Major advances have been made in women’s healthcare in both cities, with SH having a better improvement effect. A common shortcoming for both was the lack of menopausal health service provision. The promotion of women’s health still needs to receive continuous attention from governments of SH and NYC. The experiences of the two cities showed that placing WHSs among policy priorities is effective in improving service status.

An Analysis of Affect and Expectancy Evaluations in Causal Attributions

1987 ◽  
Vol 60 (3_part_2) ◽  
pp. 1115-1120
Author(s):  
Hirotsugu Yamauchi
Keyword(s):  
High School Students ◽  
Junior High School ◽  
Elementary School Children ◽  
Causal Attributions ◽  
Paired Comparison ◽  
Junior High School Students ◽  
Successful Outcome ◽  
School Students ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Comparison Data

Two relationships were examined, the relationship between the achievement-related affect and causal attributions for success or failure and the relationship between the expectancy shift and causal ascriptions for success or failure. Subjects were 417 elementary school children, 459 junior high school students, and 175 college students. Two hypothetical boys or girls who received similar marks on an examination but who attributed the results to different causes (ability, effort or luck) were described in a booklet. Subjects were asked to judge which person feels more pleasant (or unpleasant) and which person should expect the same outcome on further similar exams. The method of dual scaling was applied to the paired-comparison data for each sample. Two-dimensional solutions were extracted in the positive affect with success, the expectancy of success after success and the expectancy of failure after failure. Whereas a unidimensional solution was extracted in the negative affect with failure. Developmental shifts were found for successful outcome.

Komponisten, Interpreten und Editoren debattieren über Notation

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-81
Author(s):  
Dörte Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
International Association ◽  
Contemporary Music ◽  
Second Step ◽  
John Cage ◽  
Musical Structure ◽  
New Developments ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The article discusses how new developments in the notation of contemporary music were negotiated within the framework of the Darmstadt Summer Courses and which interests and actors played a role in this. The first part examines the publications and publication projects that emerged in the context of the Notation conference in 1964. The focus is on the interests of institutions such as the International Music Council and the International Association of Music Libraries, in whose name the New York publisher Kurt Stone attempted to persuade the International Music Institute Darmstadt to cooperate and, following on from the debates there, to systematically record various forms of notation together. In a second step, the content of the debates at the conference is examined, with a particular focus on the different and sometimes conflicting perspectives of interpreters and composers. Numerous connections to fundamental aesthetic discussions of the time can be worked out, in particular to the relationship between the composer’s intention and interpretation, which was renegotiated in a form of notation that was individualized to the extreme. Finally, with a view to later discussions, this topic is pointed to the question of the relationship between morphology and musical structure, exemplified by positions of Wolfgang Rihm (1982), Klaus Huber (1988) and John Cage (1990).

scholarly journals Association between Friends’ Use of Nicotine and Cannabis and Intake of both Substances among Adolescents

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 695
Author(s):  
Rachel Herold ◽  
Rachel Boykan ◽  
Allison Eliscu ◽  
Héctor E. Alcalá ◽  
Maciej L. Goniewicz
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Peer Influence ◽  
Behavioral Problems ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Urinary Biomarker ◽  
Urinary Cotinine ◽  
Multivariable Analyses ◽  
Cannabis Smoking ◽  
The Relationship

Nicotine and cannabis use are common among adolescents and may be associated with behavioral problems, poor academic outcomes and use disorders. The goals of this analysis were the following: (1) Describe the influence of friends’ nicotine and cannabis smoking and vaping on self-reported use. (2) Describe the relationship between friends’ nicotine and cannabis use on participants’ urinary biomarkers of nicotine (cotinine) and cannabis (11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ⁹tetrahydrocannabinol=THC-COOH). This is a secondary analysis of survey and biomarker data collected in adolescents aged 12–21 between April 2017 and April 2018, in Long Island, New York. Bivariate and multivariable analyses were conducted using SPSS 26. A cutoff value of ≥10 ng/mL was used to signify recent usage for urinary cotinine and THC-COOH levels. Over one-third of the 517 surveyed adolescents reported using tobacco and one-third reported using cannabis. A significant relationship between friends’ substance use and self-use was found. For both tobacco and cannabis, over 90% (p < 0.01) of participants with urinary biomarker levels above cutoff had friends who used the respective substance. Friends’ nicotine and friends’ cannabis use were each independently associated with urinary biomarker levels for those substances (for nicotine, beta = 88.29, p = 0.03; for cannabis, beta = 163.58, p = 0.03). Friends’ use of nicotine and cannabis is associated with adolescents’ intake, as well as the physiological exposure to those substances. These findings underscore the importance of including peer influence in the discussion with adolescents about tobacco and cannabis use.

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