The Murderers’ Social Situation and Mental State

2012 ◽  
pp. 24-33
Keyword(s):  
Mental State ◽  
Social Situation

scholarly journals A design of a multi-agent recommendation system using ontologies and rule-based reasoning: pandemic context

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 515
Author(s):  
Amina Ouatiq ◽  
Kamal ElGuemmat ◽  
Khalifa Mansouri ◽  
Mohammed Qbadou
Keyword(s):  
Mental State ◽  
Adaptive Systems ◽  
Recommendation System ◽  
Unified Modeling Language ◽  
Social Situation ◽  
Personalized Learning ◽  
Learning Objects ◽  
Learning System ◽  
Holistic View ◽  
Rule Based

Learners attend their courses in remote or hybrid systems find it difficult to follow one size fits all courses. These difficulties have increased with the pandemic, lockdown, and the stress they cause. Hence, the role of adaptive systems to recommend personalized learning resources according to the learner's profile. The purpose of this paper is to design a system for recommending learning objects according learner's condition, including his mental state, his COVID-19 history, as well as his social situation and ability to connect to the e-learning system on a regular basis. In this article, we present an architecture of a recommendation system for personalized learning objects based on ontologies and on rule-based reasoning, and we will also describe the inference rules required for the adaptation of the educational content to the needs of the learners, taking into account the learner’s health and mental state, as well as his social situation. The system designed, and validated using the unified modeling language (UML). It additionally allows teachers to have a holistic view of learners’ progress and situations.

scholarly journals Cultural development of empathy-identification and empathy-modeling

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 3-17
Author(s):  
Veronika V. Nourkova
Keyword(s):  
Mental State ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Social Situation ◽  
Role Playing ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Cultural Development ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Joint Activities ◽  
Dynamic Representation

Background. The article develops the concept of the originality of the functions, structure and genesis of empathy-identification (EI) and empathy-modeling (EM). EI is viewed as a psychological tool for organizing joint activities such as a mono-role coalition, which has developed in anthropogenesis, and consists in the ability to appropriate the emotional states of another person. In contrast, EM is a cultural technology for maintaining joint activity such as poly-role coordination, which requires the subject of activity to create and maintain in consciousness a dynamic representation of the mental state of another person while maintaining the authenticity of awareness of his own mental state. A consequence of the conceptual separation of EO and EM is the provision of two non-matching lines of their development in ontogenesis. Objective. The aim of the article is to explicate the qualitative uniqueness of EI and EM as higher mental functions in relation to the social situation of their development and the arsenal of ideal forms, cultural means and technologies that set the content and trajectory of this development. Design. From the standpoint of cultural-evolutionary and activity-based approaches, a conceptual analysis of literature relevant to the connotative field of the proposed constructs of EI (affective empathy, emotional contamination, emotional mimicry, imitation) and EM (theory of the mental, everyday psychology, mentalization, emotional intelligence) as well as the analysis of EI and EM constructs from the point of view of cultural determination of their development in ontogenesis was performed. Results. It has been substantiated that EI is formed in the process of dyadic joint experience with an adult of various mental states, which an adult presents first in a visual way, and then verbally. Further development of EI takes place in play activities that include imagination. EI rarely reaches the level of complete voluntary regulation and needs to rely on external cultural means. EM is derived from the dialogical nature of human thinking. In ontogeny, EM is formed along two converging lines. On the one hand, mastering the mental vocabulary serves as the basis of “emotional literacy”, and, on the other hand, EM is the result of the interiorization of a specific social and communicative position — the autonomization of an adult as a mental agent in the third person. The role-playing game with the subjective “animation” of the toy is of particular importance for the development of EM. At an older age, various forms of dramatization, in particular theatrical activity, act as cultural practices for the development of EM. Conclusions. The results of the work showed that EI and EM have different sources, driving forces, ideal forms and socio-cultural technologies of formation. The originality of the lines of cultural determination of the development of EI and EM is associated with the difference in their functional role in organizing joint activities.

scholarly journals Scientific approaches to the study of psychological safety in domestic and foreign research

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Svetlana Gamova ◽  
Tatyana Krasova ◽  
Zhanna Chuikova
Keyword(s):  
Mental State ◽  
Psychological Health ◽  
Psychological Safety ◽  
Social Situation ◽  
Educational Environment ◽  
The Social ◽  
Classical Philosophy ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Pedagogical Literature

In this article, the authors analyze and summarize the scientific approaches of foreign and domestic researchers on the problem of studying psychological safety. The need for security is an urgent need for a modern personality, a factor, a basic component that ensures the harmonious mental and physical development of a growing person. This problem acquires particular urgency during the period of the initial formation of the child’s personality, in connection with a change in the social situation of development, increased mental tension, and the appearance of direct threats to the child’s personal health. The authors of the article analyzed scientific approaches to such definitions as “security”, “psychological security”, “psychological health” in the writings of Western European philosophers of the 17th-18th centuries, German classical philosophy of the 19th century (T. Hobbes, D. Locke, J.J. Russo, B. Spinoza, I. Kant, G. Hegel, L. Feuerbach and others), in studies of representatives of psychoanalytic, behaviorist and humanistic theory. Of particular interest are the studies of modern domestic and foreign scientists, revealing the concept of "psychological safety" at the macrosocial, mesosocial, microsocial levels, the conditions of psychological safety of adolescents; the formation of psychological immunity as an important component that ensures a healthy mental state of a person in a situation of stress. Based on the analysis of philosophical, sociological psychological and pedagogical literature, the authors identified a number of unresolved issues in the study of psychological safety: the influence of the psychological parameters of the educational environment on the mental state of children, the study of the mechanisms of psychological safety, the development of psychological technologies for the work of a teacher-psychologist with the educational environment, etc. The results of the study will contribute to improving the efficiency and improving the modern system of psychological safety of the individual.

scholarly journals Spontaneous Mentalizing Predicts the Fundamental Attribution Error

2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 569-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph M. Moran ◽  
Eshin Jolly ◽  
Jason P. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Mental State ◽  
Social Situation ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Situational Factors ◽  
Personality Characteristics ◽  
Fundamental Attribution Error ◽  
Dispositional Attributions ◽  
Attribution Error ◽  
Medial Pfc ◽  
State Inference

When explaining the reasons for others' behavior, perceivers often overemphasize underlying dispositions and personality traits over the power of the situation, a tendency known as the fundamental attribution error. One possibility is that this bias results from the spontaneous processing of others' mental states, such as their momentary feelings or more enduring personality characteristics. Here, we use fMRI to test this hypothesis. Participants read a series of stories that described a target's ambiguous behavior in response to a specific social situation and later judged whether that act was attributable to the target's internal dispositions or to external situational factors. Neural regions consistently associated with mental state inference—especially, the medial pFC—strongly predicted whether participants later made dispositional attributions. These results suggest that the spontaneous engagement of mentalizing may underlie the biased tendency to attribute behavior to dispositional over situational forces.

Mini-Mental-State

2009 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Kaiser ◽  
Renate Gusner-Pfeiffer ◽  
Hermann Griessenberger ◽  
Bernhard Iglseder
Keyword(s):  
Mental State ◽  
Mini Mental State Examination ◽  
Oder Nicht ◽  
State Examination

Im folgenden Artikel werden fünf verschiedene Versionen der Mini-Mental-State-Examination dargestellt, die alle auf der Grundlage des Originals von Folstein erstellt wurden, sich jedoch deutlich voneinander unterscheiden und zu unterschiedlichen Ergebnissen kommen, unabhängig davon, ob das Screening von erfahrenen Untersuchern durchgeführt wird oder nicht. Besonders auffällig ist, dass Frauen die Aufgaben «Wort rückwärts» hoch signifikant besser lösten als das «Reihenrechnen». An Hand von Beispielen werden Punkteunterschiede aufgezeigt.

Zur Anwendung der CES-D bei älteren Menschen: Dimensionsstruktur und Meßartefakte

Diagnostica ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herbert Matschinger ◽  
Astrid Schork ◽  
Steffi G. Riedel-Heller ◽  
Matthias C. Angermeyer
Keyword(s):  
Mental State ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
Mini Mental State Examination ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Partial Credit ◽  
Examination Score ◽  
State Examination

Zusammenfassung. Beim Einsatz der Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) stellt sich das Problem der Dimensionalität des Instruments, dessen Lösung durch die Konfundierung eines Teilkonstruktes (“Wohlbefinden”) mit Besonderheiten der Itemformulierung Schwierigkeiten bereitet, da Antwortartefakte zu erwarten sind. Dimensionsstruktur und Eignung der CES-D zur Erfassung der Depression bei älteren Menschen wurden an einer Stichprobe von 663 über 75-jährigen Teilnehmern der “Leipziger Langzeitstudie in der Altenbevölkerung” untersucht. Da sich die Annahme der Gültigkeit eines partial-credit-Rasch-Modells sowohl für die Gesamtstichprobe als auch für eine Teilpopulation als zu restriktiv erwies, wurde ein 3- bzw. 4-Klassen-latent-class-Modell für geordnete Kategorien berechnet und die 4-Klassen-Lösung als den Daten angemessen interpretiert: Drei Klassen zeigten sich im Sinne des Konstrukts “Depression” geordnet, eine Klasse enthielt jene Respondenten, deren Antwortmuster auf ein Antwortartefakt hinwiesen. In dieser Befragtenklasse wird der Depressionsgrad offensichtlich überschätzt. Zusammenhänge mit Alter und Mini-Mental-State-Examination-Score werden dargestellt. Nach unseren Ergebnissen muß die CES-D in einer Altenbevölkerung mit Vorsicht eingesetzt werden, der Summenscore sollte nicht verwendet werden.

The Need to Belong and the Relationship Between Loneliness and Health

2014 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 194-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Freda-Marie Hartung ◽  
Britta Renner
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Social Isolation ◽  
Social Situation ◽  
First Year ◽  
Health State ◽  
Need To Belong ◽  
First Year University ◽  
Perceived Social Isolation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Humans are social animals; consequently, a lack of social ties affects individuals’ health negatively. However, the desire to belong differs between individuals, raising the question of whether individual differences in the need to belong moderate the impact of perceived social isolation on health. In the present study, 77 first-year university students rated their loneliness and health every 6 weeks for 18 weeks. Individual differences in the need to belong were found to moderate the relationship between loneliness and current health state. Specifically, lonely students with a high need to belong reported more days of illness than those with a low need to belong. In contrast, the strength of the need to belong had no effect on students who did not feel lonely. Thus, people who have a strong need to belong appear to suffer from loneliness and become ill more often, whereas people with a weak need to belong appear to stand loneliness better and are comparatively healthy. The study implies that social isolation does not impact all individuals identically; instead, the fit between the social situation and an individual’s need appears to be crucial for an individual’s functioning.

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