Residential Right in the Course of Time: Changes in the Legal Institution of the Inkolat in the Bohemian Crown Lands

Astérisque ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 416 ◽  
pp. 253-299
Author(s):  
Giovanni FORNI ◽  
Adam KANIGOWSKI
Keyword(s):  

Author(s):  
Janusz Adam Frykowski

SUMMARYNon-city starosty of Tyszowce was located in the province of Belz and received the status of royal land in 1462. Its territory included the town of Tyszowce and villages: Mikulin, Perespa, Klatwy and Przewale. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries the starosty suffered from a significant increase of various negative phenomena. The crown lands had bitterly tasted devastating fires, epidemics, contributions, requisitions, robberies and field devastations. All these disasters were caused mainly by war and military activities. Marches of soldiers and quartering of troops greatly contributed to the situation and were usually associated with the need of maintaining the soldiers. The requisitions of food, alcohol, cattle, horses and poultry were particularly burdensome for the people. The greatest economic devastation as regards the resources of the starosty and its people was caused by monetary contributions, usually several times higher than the financial capacity of the town and its inhabitants. This work focuses on damages to the starosty caused by the royal cavalry. According to the literature, it is clear that the behavior of the troops in Tyszowce Starosty was not different from the behavior of soldiers in other areas of Poland. It must be admitted that the reprehensible behavior of the army was influenced by many conditions, from the recruitment of people from backgrounds often involving conflict with law, as well as foreigners, to the accommodation system under which the soldiers were forced to supply themselves “on their own.”


2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-130
Author(s):  
Péter HIDVÉGI ◽  
◽  
Andrea Puskás LENTÉNÉ ◽  
József Márton PUCSOK ◽  
Melinda BÍRÓ ◽  
...  

In the past decades, the harmony of body and soul was getting more and more important,the balance, the self-confidence, and the positive-being, which is supported mostly by health tourism,so this section is improving with huge steps to serve the increasing needs fluently. For the effect of the consecutive social changes, the rules of genders have also changed. At the same time changes could be realized in the consumption habits of different genders. The resource took place from September to December 2018. It happened with a questionnaire survey; we asked the customers of hotels in the Northern Great Plain Region, and the answering was optional – they do it on their own choice. We investigated the participants' data through different dimensions and look for the answer to the question along these dimensions that which specifies had the service customers.


2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 74
Author(s):  
Miswardi Miswardi

<p align="center"> </p><p><em>In line with the increasing demands of the business in the era of globalization, especially related to the resolution of business conflicts, business people have tried to find alternative dispute resolution methods other than justice. This is because the judicial institution as a legal institution that should be able to play its role in efforts to resolve various kinds of business conflicts, is in reality not as expected by business people. There is support for normative formalities. Therefore alternative dispute resolution institutions can be used as a very possible choice. This alternative institution is considered more effective in various aspects of business dispute resolution, in response to the demands of very fierce business competition. Some economic benefits gained from choosing a solution through ADR (Alternative Despute Resolution) are that this model is not formal, saves more time and also minimize costs in dispute resolution.</em></p><p> </p>


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent van de Ven ◽  
Moritz Jaeckels ◽  
Peter De Weerd

We tend to mentally segment a series of events according to perceptual contextual changes, such that items from a shared context are more strongly associated in memory than items from different contexts. It is also known that temporal context provides a scaffold to structure experiences in memory, but its role in event segmentation has not been investigated. We adapted a previous paradigm, which was used to investigate event segmentation using visual contexts, to study the effects of changes in temporal contexts on event segmentation in associative memory. We presented lists of items in which the inter-stimulus intervals (ISIs) ranged across lists between 0.5 and 4 s in 0.5 s steps. After each set of six lists, participants judged which one of two test items were shown first (temporal order judgment) for items that were either drawn from the same list or from consecutive lists. Further, participants judged from memory whether the ISI associated to an item lasted longer than a standard interval (2.25s) that was not previously shown. Results showed faster responses for temporal order judgments when items were drawn from the same context, as opposed to items drawn from different contexts. Further, we found that participants were well able to provide temporal duration judgments based on recalled durations. Finally, we found temporal acuity, as estimated by psychometric curve fitting parameters of the recalled durations, correlated inversely with within-list temporal order judgments. These findings show that changes in temporal context support event segmentation in associative memory.


2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4(73)) ◽  
pp. 64-69
Author(s):  
A.V. Sosnin

The subject of the study establishes the nature of the legal profession, peculiarities of formation of the legal profession of the nineteenth century, and the conditions past development of the legal profession in the Russian Empire and the first steps in the reformation of jury legal profession, providing information on references to judicial representation in the oldest monuments of the Russian Empire of the XIX century. Some features of the judicial counter-reform of 1864, which served as the beginning of the emergence and appearance of the juried bar, are described. The problems worthy on the way of self-origin and improvement of legal Institute of bar, the developed aspects of the organization and work of bar in the course of its formation were revealed. The embodiment of the ancient and later foundations of independence, the legality of corporatism, self-government and equality of lawyers. The test of reconstruction of one of the first and important legal institutions of representation of judicial and source studies of the Russian Empire is carried out. The key conclusions that determined the practice of our time, state political work, which formed the basis of the judicial and legal system of the state, are established.


2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (9) ◽  
pp. 42-46
Author(s):  
G. T. PULATOVA ◽  
◽  
T. A. KADYROV ◽  

This article considers the direct connection of the state of living of the population with the structures of the economy. In this regard, it is noted that the territorial aspects of the structure of the economy are also factors in shaping the structure of people 's needs, despite the fact that the latter are poorly structured. The study showed that the extent of structural changes in the economy, apart from the needs of the population, is affected by such critical proportions as the ratio of production to consumption, the savings fund to consumption fund, industry and agriculture, growth of production and transport development, growth of cash incomes of the population and their commodity coverage. In total production theoretical analysis has also shown that structural changes in the economy depend on the level of change in the share of each sector of the economy At the same time, changes also affect economic growth and human well-being in different ways.


Author(s):  
Sailendra Bhuyan ◽  
Punita Borpuzari Deori

Achievement test is of very important assessment tool to evaluate the student’s current level of knowledge and skill acquired from classroom instruction. This test is designed to evaluate the student’s level of achievement in a particular subject for a particular class prescribed under the board or the university. In other words, to assess how much the pupils have achieved the educational objectives in teaching learning process at the end of the course and if achieved then to what extent, it has been achieved. Achievement tests are proved to be very helpful in various ways to the people who are involved in the field of education such as the teachers, the administrators, the planners, to the parents as well as for the students. The teacher very carefully develops and conduct achievement test in the class which enable the teacher to get an overall idea of the progress or the level of achievement of his students in the subject area. The teacher can determine the pupil’s strength and weakness in the subject area. So, based on this the teacher can take necessary remedial instructional strategies for the betterment of the pupil’s progress. In the same time, it also provides feedback for the teaching efficiency of the teacher.As with the time changes there have been many educational reforms taken place and in between syllabus had also been changed under different Boards of Studies. In order to maintain uniform standard of education the Government has formulated a policy to implement NCERT syllabus common to all School Boards throughout the country and accordingly the State Board of Secondary Education, Assam (SEBA) follow NCERT syllabus and to evaluate students’ achievement in terms of the policy formulated by the Board. Till now, no any standardized achievement test has been conducted for the secondary school students of Assam. Therefore, the investigators felt to construct and standardize an achievement test in the subject General Science which will definitely help in educational research.


Author(s):  
Roger W. Shuy

This chapter reviews the research of social science and linguistics on power, ambiguity, and deception when treated separately at the macro institutional level and at the micro non-institutional level, noting the lack of studies of macro institutional power employed in the same context with micro non-institutional individuals. The characteristics of institutional power, control, authority, domination, reinterpretation, inequality, and persuasion are transparent and non-negotiable in the legal arena, in contrast with their absence for the powerless persons with whom the legal institution interacts. In non-institutional individual contexts these characteristics are often negotiable. When institutional power interacts with individuals who lack that power, the government’s non-negotiable advantage would appear to be transparent, but this is not always true. This outwardly transparent power also can be realized through the use of ambiguity, which can contain deceptiveness. This chapter reprises the research on ambiguity and deception, in the contexts of both law and linguistics.


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