Caudal region (tail) | ScienceGate

AbstractThe type species of the genus Butlerius, viz., B. butleri Goodey, 1929, is redescribed and illustrated from specimens collected in South Korea. Additional information is provided for the cuticle, stoma structure, female reproductive system and the male caudal region. The Korean population is 1336-1857 μm long, a = 33.9-43.5, b = 5.41-6.34, c = 3.38-4.20, c′ = 14.13-19.0 and V = 40-45%. Males have spicules 39-49 μm long and a gubernaculum 25-33 μm long. There are nine pairs of genital papillae, three pairs precloacal and six pairs postcloacal. The v5,6,7 clusters are widely separated, one group situated just posterior to the phasmids and the other group at level of pd. Although there are some differences in morphometrics as compared with the type population, the species is easily identified by the similarities in the structure of the stoma, pharynx, spicules and gubernaculum. Butlerius singularis and B. filicaudatus are proposed as synonyms of the type species.

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An Ichthyosaurus breviceps collected by Mary Anning: new information on the species

Geological Magazine ◽

10.1017/s0016756813000241 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 151 (1) ◽

pp. 21-28 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

JUDY A. MASSARE ◽

DEAN R. LOMAX

Keyword(s):

Nineteenth Century ◽

Lower Jurassic ◽

Pelvic Girdle ◽

Caudal Region ◽

New Information ◽

Six Elements

AbstractAn ichthyosaur in the collections of the Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge (CAMSMX.50187) was collected in the nineteenth century by the renowned fossil collector Mary Anning, but has never been adequately described in the literature. As an Anning specimen, it is certainly from the Lower Jurassic of Lyme Regis, west Dorset. The near complete presacral skeleton is lying on its left side and includes a complete skull, one complete and one partial forefin, pectoral bones, all six elements of the pelvic girdle, and both hindfins. The centra in the anterior caudal region, however, are from another individual and may have replaced the original ones. The specimen is identified as Ichthyosaurus based on the morphology of the humerus and forefin. It is assigned to I. breviceps on the basis of the relatively short snout, large eye, and tall neural spines. This is the only known specimen of I. breviceps to preserve a complete pelvis. Notably, the ilium is longer than the pubis and ischium, and the pubis is longer than the ischium. This individual is the largest I. breviceps reported in the literature, with jaw length of 33.5 cm and estimated length from snout to tail bend of 1.6 m.

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Induction de la maturation sexuelle chez la Planaire scissipare Dugesia gonocephala (Turbellarié, Triclade)

Development ◽

10.1242/dev.32.1.159 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 32 (1) ◽

pp. 159-168

Author(s):

Th. Lender ◽

C. Briançon

Keyword(s):

Genital Pore ◽

Sexual Maturity ◽

Caudal Region ◽

Genital Apparatus ◽

Experimental Induction

Induction of sexual maturity in a fissiparous Planarian, Dugesia gonocephala The planarian Dugesia gonocephala reproduces either sexually, or asexually by fission, according to the presence or absence of a genital apparatus. The experimental induction of sexual maturity in a fissiparous planarian can be obtained by grafting a piece of a planarian with a genital pore containing mature testes, whether they are testes existing in the graft before the operation (grafts of testes) or testes differentiated in the piece after grafting (grafts of ovaries). Grafts of cephalic or caudal region, and pieces of a planarian without genital pore, cannot induce this maturation and cannot differentiate testes. The induction of testicular structures seems to be dependent on hormones. The development of a genital apparatus in a planarian without genital pore is accompanied by the disappearance of fission.

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Description of Crassolabium unicum sp. n. (Nematoda: Dorylaimida: Qudsianematidae) from Vietnam

Zootaxa ◽

10.11646/zootaxa.4970.1.11 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4970 (1) ◽

pp. 189-194

Author(s):

THI ANH DUONG NGUYEN ◽

REYES PEÑA-SANTIAGO

Keyword(s):

New Species ◽

Anterior Part ◽

Natural Habitat ◽

Genital System ◽

Neck Length ◽

Caudal Region ◽

Wide Aperture ◽

Female Genital System ◽

Female Genital

Crassolabium unicum sp. n., collected from a natural habitat in Vietnam, is described and illustrated. The new species is characterized by its 0.77–0.94 mm long body, three-layered cuticle, lip region offset by depression and 12–13.5 µm broad, odontostyle 13.5–15 µm long with wide aperture occupying 36–46% of its length, neck 235–260 µm long, pharyngeal expansion 117–131 µm long or occupying 47–52% of total neck length, anterior part of intestine presenting very distinct folds, female genital system didelphic-amphidelphic, uterus simple and 28–43 µm or 0.7–0.9 body diameters, vulva transverse (V = 45–52), prerectum bearing a blind postrectal sac, caudal region short and rounded (21–25 µm, c = 45–61, c’ = 0.6–0.8) with two (dorsal and ventral) lacunae between outer and intermediate cuticle layers, and male unknown. It is compared with the similar representatives of the genus.

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Evaluation of nutritional values of smoke cured riverine and marine hilsa (Tenualosa ilisha; Hamilton, 1882)

Bangladesh Journal of Zoology ◽

10.3329/bjz.v46i2.39051 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 46 (2) ◽

pp. 177-184

Author(s):

Sumon Debnath ◽

Gulshan Ara Latifa ◽

Mohajira Begum ◽

Md Abu Obaida

Keyword(s):

Head Region ◽

Nutritional Values ◽

Caudal Region ◽

Abdominal Region ◽

Before And After ◽

Tenualosa Ilisha ◽

High Level

Present study was conducted to evaluate nutritional values of smoked hilsa fish (Tenualosa ilisha; Hamilton, 1882) in relation to its raw condition. Smoking is one of the processes of fish preservation from ancient period of our country. The nutrients values of the hilsa from two different regions were significantly (p < 0.05) varied. The nutritional values were different before and after processing of hilsa. Riverine hilsa contains relatively more moisture (56.45 ± 0.51%) and protein (15.98 ± 0.50%) than marine hilsa. Fat (16.18 ± 0.45%) and salt (1.92 ± 0.18%) contents are higher in marine hilsa; whereas ash (8.34 ± 0.35%) content was higher in riverine hilsa. Minerals like iron (4.72 ± 0.08 mg/100 g) and calcium (481.77 ± 6.20 mg/100g) remain in large amount on marine hilsa but phosphorus (115.73 ± 4.36 mg/100 g) content remain high level in riverine hilsa. In addition, the protein (raw condition, 19.54 ± 0.47%, riverine; 17.12 ± 0.42%, marine and smoked condition, 29.64 ± 0.41%, riverine; 28.51 ± 0.51%, marine) and fat (raw condition, 16.41 ± 0.46%, riverine; 20.07 ± 0.39%, marine and smoked condition, 20.71 ± 0.47%, riverine; 23.31 ± 0.47%, marine) content were higher in abdominal region of riverine and marine hilsa both raw and smoked condition than head region (protein in raw condition, 11.21 ± 0.51%, riverine; 10.51 ± 0.53%, marine and smoked condition, 17.14 ± 0.42%, riverine; 15.69 ± 0.4%, marine; fat in raw condition, 9.04 ± 0.45%, riverine; 11.21 ± 0.51%, marine and smoked condition, 12.32 ± 0.44%, riverine; 14.56 ± 0.47%, marine) and caudal region (protein in raw condition17.21 ± 0.52%, riverine; 15.22 ± 0.66%, marine and smoked condition, 27.68 ± 0.44%, riverine; 26.73 ± 0.46%, marine; fat in raw condition, 14.05 ± 0.5%, riverine; 17.28 ± 0.47%, marine and smoked condition, 17.35 ± 0.43%, riverine; 19.18 ± 0.51%, marine). Bangladesh J. Zool. 46(2): 177-184, 2018

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Effects of 5-Aza-2’ Deoxycytidine on Proliferation and Differentiation of Embryonic Chick Caudal Region Chondrocytes in Culture

10.20944/preprints201608.0176.v1 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Samina Hyder Haq

Keyword(s):

Cellular Differentiation ◽

Rna Synthesis ◽

Optimum Concentration ◽

Embryonic Chick ◽

Caudal Region ◽

Cell Basis ◽

Hypertrophic Chondrocyte ◽

Epigenetic Factor ◽

Proliferation And Differentiation ◽

Differentiation Status

DNA methylation is one of the epigenetic mechanisms which have been implicated in cellular differentiation, ageing and disease development. The effect of hypomethylating drug 5-aza-2’ deoxycytidine (5-aza dC) on the biosynthetic profile of caudal region chondrocytes from chick sternum was studied in detail. The chondrocytes in culture were treated with varying doses of 5-aza dC for 48h and maintained subsequently without the treatment and harvested at selected time points for analysis of growth and differentiation status. 15µg/ml of 5-aza dC showed optimum Concentration at which there was a significant increase in DNA synthesis and RNA synthesis as per cell basis. There was also a significant increase in total protein synthesis and collagen synthesis as per cell basis at this concentration. This optimal concentration also showed to up regulate the gene expression of Type X collagen and alkaline phosphatase, which are the marker of hypertrophic chondrocyte expression. These results further support the notion that methylation is the major epigenetic factor controlling the differentiation and maturation of chondrocytes

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A recent record of Romanogobio antipai (Actinopterygii, Cyprinidae, Gobioninae) from the Danube River in Bulgaria

ZooKeys ◽

10.3897/zookeys.825.32434 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 825 ◽

pp. 105-122

Author(s):

Nina G. Bogutskaya ◽

Tihomir Stefanov ◽

Alexander M. Naseka ◽

Oleg A. Diripasko

Keyword(s):

Danube River ◽

Head Width ◽

Main Stream ◽

Type Specimens ◽

Morphological Examination ◽

Species Determination ◽

Voucher Specimen ◽

Caudal Region ◽

Caudal Vertebrae ◽

Horizontal Diameter

The Danube delta gudgeon, Romanogobioantipai, has been considered to be extinct because there were no reliable recent observations. The latest record confirmed by a voucher specimen dating from 1992. We report here on a specimen of R.antipai collected in 2016 in the Bulgarian sector of the Danube main stream using a bottom drift net at a depth of 8 m. The species determination is supported by morphological examination including discriminant and cluster analyses in comparison with three syntypes and five non-type specimens of R.antipai, samples of the R.kesslerii species complex and R.vladykovi. Romanogobioantipai most clearly differs from both R.kesslerii and R.vladykovi by proportional measurements (caudal peduncle depth, head width, eye horizontal diameter, and interorbital width), from R.kesslerii also by the number of scales above and below the lateral line (6 and 4, respectively, (vs. commonly 5 and 3), and from R.vladykovi, also by 8½ branched dorsal-fin rays (vs. 7½) and the vertebral caudal region longer than the abdominal vertebral region (abdominal+caudal vertebrae 19+21 or 20+21, vs. commonly 20+20 or variants with a caudal region shorter than the abdominal one). The possibility that R.antipai represents a deep-water cophenotype of either R.kesslerii or R.vladykovi, cannot be excluded. The new record demonstrates that R.antipai is still extant in the lower Danube but may be restricted to greater depths in the main channel and the deltaic branches.

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Intrinsic and extrinsic factors in the mechanism of neurulation: effect of curvature of the body axis on closure of the posterior neuropore

Development ◽

10.1242/dev.117.3.1163 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 117 (3) ◽

pp. 1163-1172 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

H.W. van Straaten ◽

J.W. Hekking ◽

C. Consten ◽

A.J. Copp

Keyword(s):

Neural Tube ◽

The Body ◽

Body Axis ◽

Normal Closure ◽

General Mechanism ◽

Extrinsic Factors ◽

Caudal Region ◽

Posterior Neuropore ◽

Axial Curvature

Neurulation has been suggested to involve both factors intrinsic and extrinsic to the neuroepithelium. In the curly tail (ct) mutant mouse embryo, final closure of the posterior neuropore is delayed to varying extents resulting in neural tube defects. Evidence was presented recently (Brook et al., 1991 Development 113, 671–678) to suggest that enhanced ventral curvature of the caudal region is responsible for the neurulation defect, which probably originates from an abnormally reduced rate of cell proliferation affecting the hindgut endoderm and notochord, but not the neuroepithelium (Copp et al., 1988, Development 104, 285–295). This axial curvature probably generates a mechanical stress on the posterior neuropore, opposing normal closure. We predicted, therefore, that the ct/ct posterior neuropore should be capable of normal closure if the neuropore should be capable of normal closure if the neuroepithelium is isolated from its adjacent tissues. This prediction was tested by in vitro culture of ct/ct posterior neuropore regions, isolated by a cut caudal to the 5th from last somite. In experimental explants, the neuroepithelium of the posterior neuropore, together with the contiguous portion of the neural tube, were separated mechanically from all adjacent non-neural tissues. The posterior neuropore closed in these explants at a similar rate to isolated posterior neuropore regions of non-mutant embryos. By contrast, control ct/ct explants, in which the caudal region was isolated but the neuroepithelium was left attached to adjacent tissues, showed delayed neurulation. To examine further the idea that axial curvature may be a general mechanism regulating neurulation, we cultured chick embryos on curved substrata in vitro. Slight curvature of the body axis (maximally 1 degree per mm axial length), of either concave or convex nature, resulted in delay of posterior neuropore closure in the chick embryo. Both incidence and extent of closure delay correlated with the degree of curvature that was imposed. We propose that during normal embryogenesis the rate of neurulation is related to the angle of axial curvature, such that experimental alterations in curvature will have differing effects (either enhancement or delay of closure) depending on the angle of curvature at which neurulation normally occurs in a given species, or at a given level of the body axis.

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An integrative description of Pilatobius nuominensis sp. nov. (Tardigrada: Hypsibiidae) from China

Zootaxa ◽

10.11646/zootaxa.5026.1.2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5026 (1) ◽

pp. 65-76

Author(s):

XUE-LING SUN ◽

JING-YU ZHANG ◽

NING WANG ◽

MIN ZHAO ◽

XUE-GANG LUO

Keyword(s):

New Species ◽

18S Rrna ◽

Taxonomic Status ◽

First Record ◽

Nucleotide Sequences ◽

28S Rrna ◽

Dna Fragments ◽

Caudal Region ◽

Mitochondrial Coi ◽

Independent Verification

A newly identified tardigrade species from China, Pilatobius nuominensis sp. nov., belongs to the group of species with cuticle of the dorsal and lateral caudal region with evident irregular polygonal sculpture. Nucleotide sequences of two nuclear (18S rRNA, 28S rRNA) and one mitochondrial (COI) DNA fragments of the new species are provided, which allows an independent verification of the taxonomic status of the new species. This is the first record of the genus Pilatobius in the Great Hinggan Mountains.

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Comparative remarks on the development of the tail cord among higher vertebrates

Development ◽

10.1242/dev.32.2.355 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 32 (2) ◽

pp. 355-363

Author(s):

A. F. Hughes ◽

R. B. Freeman

Keyword(s):

Neural Tube ◽

Tail Bud ◽

Caudal Region ◽

Posterior Neuropore ◽

Irregular Growth

The development of the caudal region of the neural tube is compared in tailed mammals with that of the chick and human. In rat, mouse, opossum and pig, the lumen of the cord extends caudally in an even manner, whereas in the chick and in man the addition of small cavities to the lumen results in a phase of irregular growth. In mammals with unreduced tails, the site of closure of the posterior neuropore is at the tip of the tail, whereas in pig, man and in the chick closure occurs before the formation of the tail-bud. The teratological implications of these findings are discussed.

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