Alcyonium bursa Linnaeus, 1758 is not a sponge

Zootaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4951 (1) ◽  
pp. 193-200
Author(s):  
ROB W.M. VAN SOEST ◽  
ALEXANDER PLOTKIN
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Type Species ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Marine Organisms ◽  
Zoological Nomenclature ◽  
The Third ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Paragorgia Arborea ◽  
The 19Th Century

In the 10th edition of the Systema Naturae (Linnaeus, 1758), which is the starting point of the Code for Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN Art. 3), Linnaeus named three species of the genus Alcyonium, A. arboreum, A. digitatum, and A. bursa. The genus name Alcyonium was based on the 16th and 17th century pre-Linnaean use for a diversity of marine organisms, including cnidarians, sponges, bryozoans, and algae. In the first valid presentation of the genus name, Linnaeus narrowed this down to comprise two clear cnidarians (A. arboreum, currently Paragorgia arborea, and A. digitatum, still accepted under this name and subsequently assigned as type species), but the pre-Linnaean diversity perhaps explains why the third species, A. bursa, was not recognized as a cnidarian. Linnaeus defined it as ‘Alcyonium acaule pulposum subglobosum. Habitat in O. Europaea.’ (translated as: Alcyonium without stalk, fleshy, semiglobular. From the European Ocean).’ Attempts to fix its identity among contemporary authors at the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th century followed a checkered course, with opinions varying from algae to tunicates and sponges. 

scholarly journals Huygens: lost – regained – revised. De literair-historische receptie van Constantijn Huygens in de eerste helft van de 19e eeuw

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 117-127
Author(s):  
Przemysław Paluszek
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Literary Studies ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Literary Historiography ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Phase ◽  
Historical Figure ◽  
Dutch Literature ◽  
The 19Th Century

Huygens: lost ‒ regained ‒ revised. De literair-historische receptievan Constantijn Huygens in de eerste helftvan de 19e eeuwFrom the beginning of professional Dutch Studies M. Siegenbeek’s inauguration as professor elo­quentiae hollandicae extraordinarius, 1797 the 17th century Dutch writers P.C. Hooft and Joost van den Vondel are present in Dutch literary studies and literary historiography. The position of ConstantijnHuygens, whom the contemporary literary scholars also include in the Grote Vijf Great Five of the 17th-century Dutch literature besides Vondel, Hooft, Cats and Bredero, was gradually changing dur­ing the 19th century. This article postulates that the reception of Huygens in literary historiography of the first half of the 19th century can be divided into three phases. In the first phase Huygens’ works practically disappeared from the Dutch literary landscape. The second phase encompasses growing interest for Huygens as an important historical figure. In the third phase it is possible to observe a shift in critical reception of Huygens: from Huygens as a historical person to Huygens as a poet.

scholarly journals Zwermen mensen en véél water – Tsjechen over het Nederlandse landschap

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 105-118
Author(s):  
Wilken Engelbrecht
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
The Third ◽  
Karel Capek ◽  
The 19Th Century

Swarms of people and lots of water – Czech people on the Dutch landscapeThe paper concerns the image of Dutch scenery in several travel messages of Czech people from the 17th through the 20th centuries. The paper starts with the presentation of two diaries written in the 17th century by the Counts Sternberg and the Protestant Hartmann. One of the first real Czech tourists of the 19th century Josef Štolba is the third author discussed in this study. Then, the paper focuses on the better-known writer Karel Čapek and ends with the discussion of two 20th-century travellers. The paper aims to show which elements are constant in the Czech picture of the Dutch landscape throughout the centuries.

scholarly journals Buddhist Priyatti Education Systems in Myanmar

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (5S3) ◽  
pp. 353-361
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Education System ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Education Systems ◽  
The Third ◽  
Monastic Communities ◽  
The Government ◽  
The 19Th Century

“As regards Buddhist Priyatti education system in Myanmar, since the 17th century, the PāliPathamapyan exam have always been conducted by the government and consequently been known as government examinations. Also considered are various formal examination boards and their curricula, such as the Sakyasīha, Cetiyaṅgaṇa, ant the Sāmaṇekyaw introduced by non-governmental Buddhist organizations during the 19th century; the stat eDhammācariya examinations, introduced by the government in 1946, and the first Tipiṭaka selection examination provided in 1948.Now a day, not only developed government Priyatti education systems, but also developed non-government Priyatti education and Buddhist University in Myanmar. Theaim of this paper will approach four stapeses of study; the first one is that how to learn and way of life of monks and novices in Myanmar Priyatti monasteries; the second will be explorationthe government Priyatti education systems; the third will mentionnon-government educations; and the last onewill discover the condition of Priyatti Buddhist University in modern Myanmar and record the attitude of monastic communities by doing questionnaires survey.”

scholarly journals JOAN OF ARC BY D. S. MEREZHKOVSKY: SOURCES AND IMAGERY

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 282-300
Author(s):  
Veronica Zuseva-Özkan
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Joan Of Arc ◽  
The Third ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article examines the eternal image of the warrior maid in the works of D. S. Merezhkovsky, its constant features and evolution. His later book Joan of Arc (1938) is compared in this aspect to his early poem “A Legend from T. Tasso” (1882). Special attention is heeded to the analysis of the sources of Joan of Arc and the interpretation of the heroine as a warrior maid in comparison with the preceding texts, on the one hand, and “A Legend from T. Tasso,” on the other hand. Merezhkovsky’s creative reception of the historiographic tradition depicting Joan of Arc combines the topoi of its different versions (he reproduces a number of ideas characteristic of the texts written for the rehabilitation trial of Joan; the heroic discourse of the Renaissance historiography; the position of the 17th-century historians with Providentialist views; the representation of Joan of Arc as a folk heroine, typical for the liberal historians of the 19th century), but this conglomerate is subject to his own concept of the Kingdom of the Third Testament. It is established that, although in Joan of Arc Merezhkovsky sticks closer to the prior texts than in “A Legend from T. Tasso” on the superficial level and seeks to create the impression of documental accuracy, in fact, he uses the same mythologization method, as in his earlier work. The direction of modifications made by the author to the historiographic canon depends on his religious, mystical, and historiosophical notions.

scholarly journals PRAWO NA LITWIE NA PRZEŁOMIE XVIII I XIX WIEKU

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sławomir Godek
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
Crucial Issue ◽  
The Third ◽  
Judicial Practice ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Comprehensive Study

LAW IN LITHUANIA AT THE TURN OF THE 19TH CENTURY Summary In the Polish and international literature, there is an almost complete absence of work which covers the issue of the history of the Third Statute of Lithuania after the Partitions of the Commonwealth directly, as a separate research problem. On this issue, there are only hints in papers of extremely different natures on the widest variety of specific questions. There is a long way to go before we have a reasonably complete image of the fate of the Statute in the post-Partition era. It would seem that papers on this question should move in a number of basic directions. The starting point should be a comprehensive study of the legal acts issued after the Partitions for the Lithuanian and Rus lands of the former Commonwealth, in order to track the changes which introduced them to the law of the time. One great challenge will be to understand judicial practice in the West and Northwest guberniyas in the Empire. It would also be worth looking more closely at the codification work conducted in the Białystok Region which gave rise to the drawing up of a project based on the Lithuanian Statute. In the same context, it is also worth studying the almost unknown Polish work on the Western Code drawn up in the years 1830-1837. One crucial issue which is still waiting for a researcher is the role of the Third Lithuanian Statute in legal teaching in the eastern territories of the former Commonwealth at the turn of the 19th century, and especially in centres like Vilnius, Krzemieniec and Połock.

CAPRICCIOʼS GENRE IN MANDOLIN MUSIC AT THE END OF THE 19th – THE EARLY OF THE 20th CENTURIES (for example of the concert pieces by С. Munier)

2019 ◽  
pp. 60-71
Author(s):  
N. V. Bashmakova ◽  
K. V. Kravchenko
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Analytical Methods ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Historical Approach ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Concert Works ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
The 19Th Century

The purpose of this article is process of analyzing in reference to concert capriccio by C. Munier for mandolin with piano («Bizzarria», op. 201, Spanish сapriccio, op. 276) from the point of view of their genre specificity. Methodology. The research is based on the historical approach, which determines the specifics of the genre of Capriccio in the music of the late 19th and early 20th centuries and in the work of C. Munier; the computational and analytical methods used to identify the peculiarities of the formulation and the performing interpretation of the original concert pianos for mandolins with piano that, according to the genre orientation (according to the composerʼs remarks), are defined as capriccio. Scientific novelty. The creation of Florentine composer,61mandolinist-vertuoso and pedagog C. Munier, which made about 300 compositions, is exponential for represented scientific vector. Concert works by C. Munier for mandolin and piano, created in the capriccio genre, were not yet considered in the art of the outdoors, as the creativity and composer’s style of the famous mandolinist. Conclusions. Thus, appealing to capriccio by С. Munier, which created only two works, embodied in them virtually all the evolutionary stages of the development of genre. In his opus of this genre there are a vocal, inherent in capriccio of the 17th century solo presentation, virtuosity, originality, which were embodied in the works of 17th – 18th centuries and the national color of the 19th century is clearly expressed. Thus, the Spanish capriccio is a kind of «musical encyclopedia» of national dance, which features are characteristic features of bolero, tarantella, habanera, and so forth. The originality of opus number 201 – «Bizzarria», is embodied in the parameters of shaping (expanded cadence of the soloist in the beginning) and emphasized virtuosity, which is realized in a wide register range, a variety of technical elements.

The Concept of “Zemsky Sobor” in the Interpretation of State Authority in Russia of the 19th Century: From Karamzin to Stepnyak-Kravchinsky

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 140-155
Author(s):  
Dmitry A. Badalyan
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Political Discourse ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
The Political ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
State Authority ◽  
The 19Th Century

“Zemsky Sobor” was one of the key concepts in Russian political discourse in the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries. It can be traced to the notion well-known already since the 17th century. Still in the course of further evolution it received various mew meaning and connotations in the discourse of different political trends. The author of the article examines various stages of this concept configuring in the works of the Decembrists, especially Slavophiles, and then in the political projects and publications of the socialists, liberals and “aristocratic” opposition.

Origine et diffusion des expressions romanes du type jaune paille

2021 ◽  
Vol 133 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-27
Author(s):  
Sara Matrisciano ◽  
Franz Rainer
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Romance Languages ◽  
Short Discussion ◽  
Colour Term ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
And Diffusion

All major Romance languages have patterns of the type jaune paille for expressing shades of colour represented by some prototypical object. The first constituent of this pattern is a colour term, while the second one designates a prototypical representative of the colour shade. The present paper starts with a short discussion of the controversial grammatical status of this pattern and its constituents. Its main aim, however, concerns the origin and diffusion of this pattern. We have not found hard and fast evidence that Medieval Italian pigment compounds of the type verderame influenced the rise of the jaune paille pattern, which first appears in French in the 16th century. This pattern continued to be a minority solution during the 17th century, but established itself during the 18th century. In the 19th century, Italian, Spanish and Portuguese adopted the pattern jaune paille, while it did not reach Catalan and Romanian before the 20th century.

Retro-Digitization of Croatian Pre-Standard Grammars

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 297-310
Author(s):  
Marijana Horvat ◽  
Martina Kramarić
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Web Portal ◽  
Printed Media ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
And Linguistics ◽  
Language Text

In this article, we will present the rich linguistic heritage of the Croatian language and our attempts to ensure its preservation and presentation to the general public by means of the "Retro-digitization and Interpretation of Croatian Grammar Books before Illyrism ‒ RETROGRAM" project. There is a long tradition of grammatical description in the history of the Croatian language. The first grammar book of the Croatian language was written at the beginning of the 17th century and the first grammar book written in Croatian was compiled in the middle of the 17th century. In later years, when literary and linguistic activity were transferred from the Dalmatian area to the northern and eastern part of Croatia, the Latin model for the description of the Croatian language was still present, even though German was also used. There were a large number of grammars written up to the second half of the 19th century, which are considered pre-standard Croatian grammars. They are the subject of research within the project "Pre-standard Croatian Grammars" at the Institute of Croatian Language and Linguistics. This research proposal "Retro-digitization and Interpretation of Croatian Grammar Books before Illyrism" aims to create a model for the retro-digitization of the chosen eight Pre-standard Croatian Grammars (written from the 17th until the 19th century). The retro-digitization of Croatian grammar books implies the transfer of printed media to computer-readable and searchable text. It also includes a multilevel mark-up of transcribed or translated grammar text. The next step of the project is the creation of a Web Portal of Pre-standard Croatian Grammars, on which both the facsimiles and the digitized text of the grammars will be presented. Our aim is to present to the wider and international public the attainments of the Croatian language and linguistics as an important part of Croatian culture in general. Keywords: pre-standard Croatian grammars, history of the Croatian language, retro-digitization, Extensible mark-up language, Text encoding initiative, web portal of pre-standard Croatian grammars

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