scholarly journals Languages in contact and conflict on the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL)

2015 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 19-39
Author(s):  
Leszek Bednarczuk
Keyword(s):  
Language Contact ◽  
Linguistic Community ◽  
Languages In Contact ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Polish Language ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
19Th And 20Th Century ◽  
Language Conflict ◽  
Grand Duchy

Languages in Contact and Conflict on the Territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL)Professor Uriel Weinreich, born and raised in Wilno / Vilnius, in his famous work Languages in contact (1953/1970), apart from some remarks concerning Slavic influences on the North-East variety of Yiddish, in fact does not mention the linguistic contacts on the territory of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania. He does, however, rightly observe that a particular brand of language loyalty can be made subservient to aggressive purposes and lead to conflict – not just language conflict at that. As an example of this, Weinreich quotes a ban on the use of the words pan ‘mister, sir’ and Żyd ‘Jew’, introduced by the Soviet authorities in Polish-language press after 1939. Outside-forces-inspired conflict of the 19th and 20th century notwithstanding, the former GDL has always been a territory of language contact, and its inhabitants have for centuries formed a multilingual community, akin to the Balkan Language League.The article deals with: (1) questions of terminology; (2) the ethnolinguistic situation on the territory of the GDL; (3) the functional distribution of the languages and dialects used therein; (4) examples of inter-lingual transpositions; and (5) the linguistic community of the GDL.Языковые контакты и конфликты на территории Великого княжества Литовского (ВКЛ)Виленский уроженец, профессор Уриел Вейнраих, в своей знаменитой книге о языковых контактах (1953/1970), кроме заметок о славянском влиянии на северо-восточный вариант диалекта идиш, не упоминает о языковых контактах на землях бывшего ВКЛ, но справедливо указывает, что особо пони­маемая языковая лояльность может привести к агрессии и конфликтам, причём не только языковым. В качестве примера учёный приводит запрет на использование в польскоязычной советской прессе, издаваемой после 1939 года, слов pan / ‘господин’ и żyd / ‘еврей’. Несмотря на инспирируемые внешними силами языковые конфликты в девятнадцатом и двадцатом веках, жители бывшего ВКЛ всегда находились во взаимных языковых контактах, образуя с древних времён до наших дней многоязычную общность, напоминающую по своей структуре балканскую языковую лигу.В статье рассматриваются: 1) вопросы терминологии, 2) этнолингви­сти­чес­кая ситуация на территории ВКЛ, 3) функциональное распределение ис­поль­зуе­мых языков и диалектов, 4) примеры языковых транспозиций между ними, и 5) коммуникативное сообщество ВКЛ.

scholarly journals Polszczyzna kilku wsi z okolic Dociszek na tle polszczyzny północnokresowej

2015 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 383-406
Author(s):  
Jadwiga Kozłowska-Doda
Keyword(s):  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Joint Research ◽  
Remote Areas ◽  
The North ◽  
Study Results ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Polish Language ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Historical Periods ◽  
Grand Duchy

The Polish speech of several villages in the neighborhood of Doсishki compared with the north-eastern peripheral dialectThe scientific studies on the Polish language on the territory of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania have focused mainly on specific regions and historical periods. Despite the large number of the recorded materials and their analyses, scientists were unable to establish joint research programs and perform regular investigations; they also failed to create a map of different settlements, so as to develop a holistic picture of the languages of the region. Today, it is difficult to compare the study results of dialectologists and other scholars, because there is no comprehensive analysis of the peripheral Polish dialects.The paper compares the features of the Polish dialect from the area of Docishki with Polish ethnic dialects, as well as with other eastern peripheral dialects. Some other phonetic and morphological features are characterized by the resulting substrate and linguistic contacts. The differences in the Polish dialect of Voronovo district in Belarus are also presented.The analysis of the material has yielded that the Polish speech in the neighbourhood of  Doсishki is closely related to the north-eastern peripheral dialects, known as polszczyzna kresowa ‘borderland Polish’. It is mostly characterized by the same features as the Polish language of the area around Vilnius (including a part of the present-day Belarus). However, certain features of the local Polish dialect in villages near Doсishki are not attested in the neighbouring towns, but they are present in a few remote areas, such as the Kaunas region and only a complete description of a dialect will enable linguists to detect such features. Польская речь нескольких деревень в окрестностях Дотишек на фоне северо-восточного периферийного диалектаИсследования польского языка на территории былого ВКЛ проводились до сих пор нерaвномерно как во времени, так и в пространстве. Несмотря на большое количество записанных и проанализированных материалов, учёным не удалось выработать совместных программ и методoлогии исследований, не получилось также разработать сетку населённых пунктов с целью представить в итоге целостную языковую картину региона. Сегодня трудно сопоставить результаты исследований диалектологов и других специалистов в связи с нехваткой комплексных анализов периферийных польских говоров. Автором сравниваются особенности польского говора с окрестностей Дотишек с польскими этническими говорами, а также другими восточными периферийными говорами; характеризуются некоторые фонетические и морфологические черты, обусловленные субстратом, а также языковыми контактами; сделана попытка показать различия в польской речи на территории Вороновщины на Беларуси. Как показывает анализ материала, польская речь в окрестностях Дотишек тесно вплетена в контекст северо-восточного периферийного диалекта, известного как „польшчызна крэсова”. Её характеризуют в основном те же особенности, что и польский язык исторической Виленщины (включая и часть современной Беларуси). Однако определённые языковые черты местного польского говора в расположенных вблизи Дотишек деревнях не были зафиксированы в соседних ареалах, зато известны на несколько отдалённой территории, напр. в районе Каунаса, и только полная характеристика языковой системы речи позволяет такие черты выявить.

scholarly journals Verbal nouns abstracts with the suffix -imas / -ymas in the catechism of M. Petkevičius (1598): the formation and translation

2016 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Anželika Smetonienė
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Rare Type ◽  
Verbal Nouns ◽  
Verbal Noun ◽  
Formation Type ◽  
Polish Language ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Grand Duchy

The catechism of M. Petkevičius (1598) is the first book in Lithuanian language by Reformers in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the second book in Lithuanian language in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the first hymnal in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, however, there are only few studies of it. In this article verbal nouns abstracts, derivatives with suffix -imas / -ymas from verbs, are analysed. The aim is to determinate whether such abstract making type in the sixteenth century was most numerous, as is it today, and is some rare type of making such derivative abstracts recorded in the catechism of M. Petkevičius. Also, it was fond what Polish words were translated to Lithuanian language as verbal nouns abstracts. In order to achieve the aim, from the catechism of M. Petkevičius were elected all such abstracts: 220 different abstracts with suffix -imas / -ymas, that was used a total of 780 times. In conclusion it can be said that already in the catechism of M. Petkevičius derivatives from verbs with the suffix -imas / -ymas significantly prevails, although there are recorded a different pattern of verbal abstract derivatives (eg. mėgumas). Moreover, at the end of a sixteenth century the formation of verbal abstracts with suffix -imas / -ymas was established and little different from the formation of such abstracts in the current Lithuanian language. Also, there is some correlation between most numerous verbal noun formation type (-imas / -ymas derivatives) in the Lithuanian language and most numerous verbal noun formation type (-anie, -enie, -cie derivatives) in the Polish language: all Polish nomina actionis with suffixes -anie, -enie, -cie were translated to the Lithuanian language as verbal abstracts with suffix -imas / -ymas.

scholarly journals Współistnienie języków na ziemiach byłego Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego w świetle prac Jana Karłowicza

2015 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 41-51
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Koniusz
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
The Social ◽  
Linguistic Interference ◽  
History Of ◽  
Polish Language ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Bilingualism And Multilingualism ◽  
Grand Duchy

Co-existence of languages in the area of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the light of the works of Jan KarłowiczThe article discusses the issues of the co-existence of languages in the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the consequences of the phenomenon as documented in the works of Jan Karłowicz – the outstanding scholar of the second half of the nineteenth century, an expert and researcher of the “Lithuanian” version of Polish language. The article emphasizes the fact that the research on languages in the area of The Grand Duchy of Lithuania and results of their co-existence goes back to the second half of the nineteenth century and Jan Karłowicz was the pioneer of this research. He was the first to observe the following phenomena of their co-existence: interference; bilingualism and multilingualism; prioritization of co-existing languages with the unique role of the Polish language in focusing various functions in the history of The Grand Duchy of Lithuania; the diversity of Polish with sociolinguistic classification of its provincia­lisms and their division in the view of their origin; and the dangers to the Polish language in the period of Russification. Karłowicz struggled with the lack of terminology to describe the linguistic phenomena characteristic for the area. The article focuses on the classification of provincial qualities of the “Lithuanian” Polish language executed by Karłowicz in the social and ethnolinguistic area; and on the presentation of the phenomenon of linguistic interference visible in the provincial vocabulary in The Grand Duchy of Lithuania collected in “Dictionary of Polish dialects” by Karłowicz. Сосуществование языков на территории бывшего Великого княжества Литовского в свете произведений Яна КарловичаЦель данной статьи – показать сосуществование языков на землях бывшего Великого княжества Литовского (ВКЛ) и последствий этого явления, засвидетельствованных в работах Яна Карловича, видного ученого второй половины девятнадцатого века, знатока и исследователя „литовского” польского языка. Автор статьи указывает на то, что изучение языков в Великом княжестве Литовском, последствиям их сосуществования относятся ко второй половине девятнадцатого века, а их первым исследователем был Карлович. Им впервые были отмечены такие проявления этого сосуществования, как языковая интерференция, билингвизм и многоязычие, иерархия сосуществующих языков и диалектов. Выделена особая роль польского языка, объединившего целый ряд функций в истории ВКЛ, дифференциация внутри польского языка, социолингвистическая классификация его диалектизмов и их деление по происхождению, угрозы для польского языка в период сильной русификации. Особое внимание автор статьи сосредоточил на классификации провинциальных особенностей „литовского” польского языка, осуществлённой Карловичем в социальном и этнолингвистическом плане, а также на проявлениях интерференции в провинциальной лексике, ведущей своё происхождение из Великого княжества Литовского, собранной в „Словаре польских диалектов” Карловича.

scholarly journals High treason. The activity of The Communist Party of Western Belarus in Vilnius in 1930–1935

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-93
Author(s):  
SERGIUSZ ŁUKASIEWICZ
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Communist Party ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Second Republic ◽  
The North ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Production And Distribution ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
The City ◽  
Grand Duchy

The purpose of this paper is to attempt to explain the activities of the Communist Party of Western Belarus in Vilnius during the fi rst half of the thirties of the twentieth century. The author’s aim is to show the organisation, theory and practice of this illegal party. Further-more, the intention is to present the activities of Vilnius police towards communist sym-pathizers and activists. Founded in 1923 in Vilnius, the Communist Party of Western Belaruswas a branch of The Communist Party of Poland. This organization like the polish communist party was illegal. Its aim was to combat the Polish state and to perform electioneering for the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Although the name of the party could indicate a desire for independence of Belarus, in practice it was for the removal of the north eastern provinces of the Second Republic of Poland to the USSR. CPWB activity had a special dimension in Vilnius. As the region’s largest city and former capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Vilnus was home for many nations, religions and cultures. Moreover, Vil-nius was the most important fi eld for communist action. Given the number of inhabitants, industrialized multi-ethnic character, communists had the opportunity to develop wide subversive and conspiratorial work. In addition, the city was the great centre of production and distribution of communist publications, which allowed the spread of propaganda in both its administrative boundaries and in the Vilnius Voivodeship.

scholarly journals Analyzing the Role of English ‘Loan Lexis’ in the Process of Language Change in Contemporary Bodo Linguistic Community

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 5527-5539
Author(s):  
Nobin Narzary
Keyword(s):  
Language Contact ◽  
Language Change ◽  
Linguistic Community ◽  
Loan Words ◽  
East Indian ◽  
North East ◽  
Close Observation ◽  
Tv Shows ◽  
Linguistic Communities ◽  
Edward Sapir

Language grows, evolves and develops over a period of time. Reading through old English writings even the native speakers of today would struggle understanding them. No language (including Bodo) is exempt from this fact. According to Edward Sapir an American Linguist, Language contact is one of the main reasons behind such change in a particular linguistic community. Darwin says that ‘languages tended to change in the direction of having shorter easier forms, and that it could be explained by natural selection.’ My close observation lead me to discover that there are numerous English ‘loan words that the ‘Bodos’ use in their conversations. This is a case not only of one linguistic community but of most North East Indian linguistic communities; we can’t deny the fact that English Loan words have found great usage in our conversations, TV shows, songs, films and functions. This practice has to a certain extent ushered in some changes in contemporary Bodo linguistic community. Edward Sapir talks about how one linguistic community borrows vocabulary from another in the process of cultural and social interaction; this he says has been a common phenomenon among linguistic communities in the history and continues to prevail as a common practice till today. In my paper I discuss the causes of such a practice and their possible pros and cons with special reference to Contemporary Bodo linguistic community.

A phonological investigation of Sanzari Boro

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ratul Mahela ◽  
Sweta Sinha
Keyword(s):  
Social Factors ◽  
Language Contact ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
The State ◽  
Phonological Processes ◽  
North East India ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Monosyllabic Words

Abstract This study attempts to investigate the phonological structures of Sanzari Boro (SB), a variety of Boro, a Tibeto-Burman language that is mainly spoken in the state of Assam in the North East India. This paper highlights the phonological processes in SB that have emerged due to geographical as well as social factors and language contact. This research is based on the data collected from 10 native speakers. The analysis of data reveals that although Standard Boro and SB have similarities in some features, they contain some evident differences too. A closer investigation of data establishes that SB has maximum number of phonemes as compared to any other variety of Boro and it has three distinct tones that have been observed in monosyllabic words. Declustering is facilitated through epenthesis. Phonological processes like deletion, insertion, assimilation, weakening and strengthening, metathesis and substitution are operational in formation of SB words.

Northeastern Neo-Aramaic and Language Contact

2020 ◽  
pp. 493-518
Author(s):  
Eleanor Coghill
Keyword(s):  
Language Contact ◽  
Language Family ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Languages In Contact ◽  
The North ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Turkic Languages ◽  
Aramaic Dialects

The North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic dialects form one of the surviving branches of the Aramaic language family. Extremely diverse, they are or were spoken by Christian and Jewish minorities originating in Iraq, Turkey, Syria and Iran. They have been in intense contact with other languages of the region, most notably Kurdish, but also Arabic, Turkic languages and Persian. As a result, they show a great deal of contact influence, not only in lexicon and phonology but also in morphology and syntax. The precise forms of the borrowings, as well as their behavior, usually reflect the local dialects of the donor language, showing how important fine-grained dialectal data is in a study of language contact. While some of the languages in contact, namely Kurdish, Turkish and Persian, are structurally very different to NENA, structural congruence or compatibility plays at best a fluctuating role in facilitating borrowings.

scholarly journals "Zapiski domowe" biskupa Macieja Wołonczewskiego jako przyczynek do poznania sytuacji społecznej i językowej na terenie dawnego Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego pod władzą carów

2015 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 65-83
Author(s):  
Zofia Sawaniewska-Mochowa
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
The State ◽  
Social Functions ◽  
Linguistic Research ◽  
The Social ◽  
Reliable Source ◽  
Polish Language ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Grand Duchy

"The Domestic Notes" by Bishop Maciej Wołonczewski (Motiejus Valančius) as a contribution to the knowledge of the social and linguistic situation on the territory of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania under the rule of the tsarsThe article introduces the interesting, albeit controversial, figure of Maciej Wołonczewski (Motiejus Valančius), an important member of the nineteenth-century clergy, and his Polish-language legacy. The bishop of Samogitia’s "Domestic Notes" document persecutions of the Catholic Church in Lithuania after the November and January Uprisings at the hands of Russian Tzarist authorities, and reflect the state of Polish language and its social functions in this historical period.Valančius’ manuscripts, published in the volume edited by the historians Aldona Prašmantaitė and Jan Jurkiewicz [Motiejus Valančius, Namų užrašai (The Domestic Notes), Vilnius: Baltos Lankos, 2003], were subjected to the far-reaching standardization of spelling, thus they are not a reliable source for a linguistic research. A linguist, who would make the effort of describing the Polish language of the author, should therefore locate and take advantage the original sources, dispersed in various archives in Vilnius. "Домашние записки" епископа Матвея Волончевского. К вопросу о социальной и языковой обстановке на территории бывшего Великого княжества Литовского во время царского правленияСтатья приближает интересную, но спорную, личность священника XIX-го века и его письменное наследие на польском языке. Заметки епископа Матвея Волончевского документируют репрессии, применяемые царским правительством по отношению к Католической церкви в Литве после восстаний против царской власти, и – одновременно – отражают состояние тогдашнего польского языка и его общественные функции. Изданные в научной разработке историков: Альдоны Прашмантайте и Яна Юркевича рукописи Волончевского [Motiejus Valančius, Namų užrašai (Домашние заметки), Vilnius: Baltos lankos, 2003] сильно кодифицированы и не могут быть достоверным источником лингвистических исследований. Лингвист, который захочет изучить польский язык жемайтского автора, будет вынужден работать с подлинниками, разбросанными по разным вильнюсским архивным фондам.

scholarly journals Grand Duchy of Lithuania: institutional transplantation experience

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 424-431
Author(s):  
P. A. Barakhvostov
Keyword(s):  
The Political ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
Language Groups ◽  
Mass Conversion ◽  
Polish Language ◽  
To Come ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Grand Duchy ◽  
Institutional Transplantation

This paper analyzes the evolution of the institutional matrix of the GDL and establishes two stages in it. The first (pre­federative) is characterized by institutional diffusion, from the Kingdom of Poland in the first place, whereas the second is linked with the formation of the Commonwealth of Poland and Lithuania. It is shown that, as the formed federation united societies with distinct types of dominating institutions, institutional transplantation occurred from the more economically developed country to the other. Such integration leads not only to positive implications but also to the mutation of the transplanted institutions (strengthening of serfdom during the transition to the more progressive folwark agriculture). Transfer of the Western European system of fideicommissum inheritance turned out to be an institutional pitfall since the indivisible manors – ordynacii – presented a case of a state within a state, with their owners relying on the redistributive institutions at the microlevel (within their estates) and pursuing the market institutions at the macrolevel (within the country as a whole) in order to cement their economic position.Peculiarities of the political sphere conditioned the transformation of the socio­cultural subsystem of the GDL’s institutional matrix. Roman Catholicism expanded rapidly, undermining the religious tolerance that the Grand Duchy had hitherto been known for. The elements of subsidiary ideology, coming from Poland, were understood as giving exceptional rights only to the szlachta stratum; acquisition of the golden liberties was equated with conversion to Catholicism and the use of the Polish language.The consequences of these policies were the following: Polonization and mass conversion to Catholicism among the propertied classes; widespread resentment among the worse­off, morphing into popular uprisings in the XVII century; alignment of property, confession, and language groups in the society, which moved the social inequality issue into the ethnic dimension and contributed to interethnic strife in the lands of the former GDL in the centuries to come.The absence of efficient governmental management of institutional transplantation caused an institutional crisis, which, with the political elites being disunited, was the reason for the entire social system to disintegrate.

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