scholarly journals Testing, Implementation, and Evolution of Seeding Concepts—A Review

1986 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 139-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
William R. Cotton
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Randomized Experiments ◽  
Response Variable ◽  
Testing Procedures ◽  
Seeding Strategy ◽  
Physical Response ◽  
Orographic Clouds ◽  
Static Seeding ◽  
Single Response ◽  
Physical Responses

Abstract In this paper, testing, implementation, and evolution of both static and dynamic seeding concepts are reviewed. A brief review of both waterspray and hygroscopic seeding is first presented. This is followed by reviews of static seeding of stable orographic clouds and supercooled cumuli. We conclude with a review of dynamic seeding concepts with particular focus on the Florida studies. It is concluded that it is encouraging that our testing procedures have evolved from single-response-variable “blackbox” experiments to randomized experiments that attempt to test a number of components in the hypothesized chain of physical responses to seeding. It is cautioned, however, that changes in the seeding strategy to optimize detection of a physical response (in any of the intermediate links in the hypothesized chain of responses) can have an adverse effect upon rainfall on the ground.

scholarly journals BELIEFS SURROUNDING THE PAIN AND DEPRESSION CYCLE AMONG OLDER AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN: FINDINGS FROM FOCUS GROUPS

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S606-S606
Author(s):  
Emerald Rivers ◽  
Brittany Drazich ◽  
Sarah Szanton ◽  
Manka Nkimbeng ◽  
Janiece Taylor
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Focus Groups ◽  
African American Women ◽  
Functional Limitations ◽  
General Function ◽  
Comorbid Conditions ◽  
American Women ◽  
Older African American Women ◽  
Physical Response ◽  
Physical Responses

Abstract Older African American women experience high rates of comorbid conditions and functional limitations that put them at risk of experiencing a cycle of pain and depressive symptoms. This cycle is often shaped by individual’s behaviors, emotions, physical responses, and thoughts. Increased pain severity is associated with comorbid pain and depression making it essential for older African American women to communicate their experiences with these conditions. Hence, we explored older adult African American women’s relevant beliefs, and identified strategies to address them in adapting the intervention, Get Busy Get Better. In three focus groups, we found that older African American women (mean age 60.7, n=11): (1) relied on companionship (emotions), (2) used physical activity strategies for pain and depression relief (behaviors), (3) had a general function reduction from pain (physical response), and (4) saw connections between depression and pain (thoughts). Thus, when adapting the intervention, strategies incorporate these four elements.

scholarly journals Double Barreled Questions: An Analysis of the Similarity of Elements and Effects on Measurement Quality

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 855-886
Author(s):  
Natalja Menold
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Measurement Invariance ◽  
Latent Variables ◽  
Single Stimulus ◽  
The Other ◽  
Not Given ◽  
Randomized Experiments ◽  
Impact Measurement ◽  
Response Latencies ◽  
Measurement Quality

AbstractIn double barreled questions (DBQs) respondents provide one answer to two questions. Assumptions how respondents treat DBQs and how DBQs impact measurement quality are tested in two randomized experiments. DBQs are compared with revisions in which one stimulus was retained while the other stimulus was skipped. The observed means and parameters when modeling latent variables differed among the versions. Metric and scalar measurement invariance was not given among the versions, and at least one single stimulus version was found to be associated with a higher validity. Response latencies did not differ among versions or respondents needed less time to respond to DBQs. The author concludes that respondents may understand the stimuli in a DBQ differently, and access one of them while disregarding the other, which can have an adverse effect on validity.

scholarly journals Multi-response Regression Modeling for an Agricultural Experiment

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Nawzad M. Ahmed ◽  
Handren A. Taher
Keyword(s):  
Regression Model ◽  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Multiple Regression Model ◽  
Kurdistan Region ◽  
Response Variable ◽  
Building Model ◽  
Response Data ◽  
Linear Dependency ◽  
Agricultural Experiment ◽  
Single Response

During building model process, it is difficult to construct a multiple regression model (MRM) while the response variable(Y) is proposed as a vector of (r.v), (Y1,Y2,Y3,…..,Yn) in an experiment. So that a single response (MRM) is not able to perform multi-response data (MRD) separately (one for each response), this is because of the linear dependency (LD) among responses, then (MRRM) which was proposed by (Len Beirman, & Freidman 1997) has better performance to detect effects and patterns for the factors, (Explanatory) (X1 , X2, X3 ,…..Xk )that are introduced to the (MRRM) system on the (r.v) altogether. This Study was applied (MRRM) on an agricultural experiment through (450m2) in west Sulaimani- Kurdistan Region-Iraq.

The Resolution and Contrast in Biological Sections Determined by Inelastic and Elastic Scattering

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 224-225
Author(s):  
D. L. Misell
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Elastic Scattering ◽  
Inelastic Scattering ◽  
Amorphous Carbon ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Chromatic Aberration ◽  
Image Resolution ◽  
Quantitative Estimates ◽  
Elastic Ratio

In the electron microscopy of biological sections the adverse effect of chromatic aberration on image resolution is well known. In this paper calculations are presented for the inelastic and elastic image intensities using a wave-optical formulation. Quantitative estimates of the deterioration in image resolution as a result of chromatic aberration are presented as an alternative to geometric calculations. The predominance of inelastic scattering in the unstained biological and polymeric materials is shown by the inelastic to elastic ratio, I/E, within an objective aperture of 0.005 rad for amorphous carbon of a thickness, t=50nm, typical of biological sections; E=200keV, I/E=16.

Eligible or Ineligible: Determining Adverse Effect

2002 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 26-28
Author(s):  
Linda S. Bowman ◽  
C. Al Bowman ◽  
Rita L. Bailey
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect

The Effects of Questionnaire Length and Behavioral Consequences on Careless Responding

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 410-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony M. Gibson ◽  
Nathan A. Bowling
Keyword(s):  
Self Report ◽  
Randomized Experiments ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Buffering Effect ◽  
Careless Responding ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Limited Support ◽  
Report Data ◽  
Self Report Data ◽  
Consistent Support

Abstract. The current paper reports the results of two randomized experiments designed to test the effects of questionnaire length on careless responding (CR). Both experiments also examined whether the presence of a behavioral consequence (i.e., a reward or a punishment) designed to encourage careful responding buffers the effects of questionnaire length on CR. Collectively, our two studies found (a) some support for the main effect of questionnaire length, (b) consistent support for the main effect of the consequence manipulations, and (c) very limited support for the buffering effect of the consequence manipulations. Because the advancement of many subfields of psychology rests on the availability of high-quality self-report data, further research should examine the causes and prevention of CR.

The Sorting Paired Features Task

2009 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 329-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoav Bar-Anan ◽  
Brian A. Nosek ◽  
Michelangelo Vianello
Keyword(s):  
Discriminant Validity ◽  
Association Measures ◽  
Response Options ◽  
Convergent And Discriminant Validity ◽  
Attitude Measures ◽  
Stimulus Features ◽  
Single Response

The sorting paired features (SPF) task measures four associations in a single response block. Using four response options (e.g., good-Republicans, bad-Republicans, good-Democrats, and bad-Democrats), each trial requires participants to categorize two stimuli at once to a category pair (e.g., wonderful-Clinton to good-Democrats). Unlike other association measures, the SPF requires simultaneous categorization of both components of the association in the same trial. Providing measurement flexibility, it is sensitive to both focal, attended concepts and nonfocal, unattended stimulus features (e.g., gender of individuals in a politics SPF). Three studies measure race, gender, and political evaluations, differentiate automatic evaluations between known groups, provide evidence of convergent and discriminant validity with other attitude measures, and illustrate the SPF’s unique measurement qualities.

Optimal Experimental Design With Nesting of Persons in Organizations

2013 ◽  
Vol 221 (3) ◽  
pp. 145-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerard J. P. van Breukelen
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Optimal Number ◽  
Health Centers ◽  
Randomized Experiments ◽  
Optimal Sample ◽  
Treatment Conditions ◽  
Sampling Cost ◽  
Nested Designs ◽  
Simple Equations ◽  
Number Of Individuals

This paper introduces optimal design of randomized experiments where individuals are nested within organizations, such as schools, health centers, or companies. The focus is on nested designs with two levels (organization, individual) and two treatment conditions (treated, control), with treatment assignment to organizations, or to individuals within organizations. For each type of assignment, a multilevel model is first presented for the analysis of a quantitative dependent variable or outcome. Simple equations are then given for the optimal sample size per level (number of organizations, number of individuals) as a function of the sampling cost and outcome variance at each level, with realistic examples. Next, it is explained how the equations can be applied if the dependent variable is dichotomous, or if there are covariates in the model, or if the effects of two treatment factors are studied in a factorial nested design, or if the dependent variable is repeatedly measured. Designs with three levels of nesting and the optimal number of repeated measures are briefly discussed, and the paper ends with a short discussion of robust design.

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