Insolation and the Prediction of Maximum Temperatures

1941 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 95-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Neiburger
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Lapse Rate ◽  
Wave Radiation ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Total Solar Radiation ◽  
Atmospheric Layer ◽  
Long Wave ◽  
Maximum Temperatures ◽  
Long Wave Radiation

The amount of energy required to change the lapse rate of an atmospheric layer from one value to another is given by Q = (γ2 − γ1) QI whereis the energy required to change the layer of thickness zo and mean density ρm from isothermal to dry adiabatic conditions. The height to which a given amount of effective insolation will establish an adiabatic lapse rate may be found by means of this formula, given the temperature- height curve in the early morning, and from this the expected maximum temperature may be evaluated. Of the total solar radiation received at the ground, some is reflected, some goes to heat the earth's surface, some is sent back as long-wave radiation, some is used in evaporation, and the remainder is effective in heating the lower layers of the atmosphere. Estimates are made of the amounts used in the first four ways. These amounts subtracted from the average insolation received on clear days leave the effective insolation for changing the lapse rate near the ground. The effective insolation at Chicago is arrived at in this way. Using these values, the maximum temperature was computed for several days when advective change was expected to be slight. The agreement with observation was found to be excellent.

Transmission of the Total and the Infrared Component of Solar Radiation Through a Smoky Atmosphere

1943 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 201-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irving F. Hand
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Forest Fires ◽  
Solar Spectrum ◽  
Normal Incidence ◽  
Wave Radiation ◽  
Free Atmosphere ◽  
Simultaneous Measurements ◽  
Long Wave ◽  
Minute Period ◽  
Long Wave Radiation

SUMMARY Immediately before and during the passage of a smoke cloud from forest fires, simultaneous measurements were made of total normal incidence solar radiation and that portion of the solar spectrum longer than 0.7μ. Calculations made of the relative amount of radiation that should be received for both the total and limited components checked closely with the ratios between measurements with a smoke-free atmosphere but showed variance with ratios obtained in the presence of smoke. The range between the maximum and minimum values of total radiation during a ten-minute period in the presence of smoke was 2.3 times as great as the range between the maximum and minimum values of infrared radiation; from which we conclude, as theory implies, that long-wave radiation passes much more freely through an atmosphere containing particles slightly less than one micron in diameter than does the shorter, or visible and ultraviolet radiation.

The influence of radiative forcing on permafrost temperatures in Arctic rock walls

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juditha Schmidt ◽  
Sebastian Westermann ◽  
Bernd Etzelmüller ◽  
Florence Magnin
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Short Wave ◽  
Latitudinal Gradients ◽  
Wave Radiation ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Permafrost Degradation ◽  
Long Wave ◽  
Hourly Data ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Long Wave Radiation

<p>Climate change has a strong impact on periglacial regions and intensifies the degradation of mountain permafrost. This can result in instabilities of steep rock walls as rock- and ice-mechanical properties are modified. Besides altitude and the related air temperature, latitude is a crucial factor, as solar radiation has a strong impact on the energy transfer processes from the atmosphere to the ground. It can differ significantly in intensity and time over latitudinal positions and exposures of frozen rock slopes.</p><p>In this project, we suggest improving the parametrization of short-wave and long-wave radiation in thermal models for permafrost degradation. To achieve this, we will analyze temperature data of surface temperature loggers from Southern Norway to Svalbard. In total, 37 loggers were installed between 2010 and 2017. The field sites display enormous latitudinal gradients as well as topographic settings. Furthermore, they provide hourly data, allowing us to set up short-stepped time series for examination of solar radiation angles at varying latitudes.</p><p>The data is used to set up a transient heat-flow model (CryoGrid) to simulate the local thermal regime. The model takes into account varying input of short-wave radiation due to aspect, slope angle and time as well as long-wave radiation under different sky-view factors. Finally, the influence of solar radiation on permafrost degradation in steep rock walls is investigated.</p>

A NEW BASIC ONE-DIMENSIONAL ONE-LAYER MODEL OBTAINS EXCELLENT AGREEMENT WITH THE OBSERVED EARTH TEMPERATURE

2011 ◽  
Vol 22 (05) ◽  
pp. 449-455
Author(s):  
RAINER LINK ◽  
HORST-JOACHIM LÜDECKE
Keyword(s):  
Excellent Agreement ◽  
Energy Budget ◽  
Wave Radiation ◽  
Atmospheric Layer ◽  
Layer Model ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Global Circulation Models ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Long Wave ◽  
Long Wave Radiation

The Earth radiation and energy budget is calculated by a manifold of rather complex Global Circulation Models. Their outcome mostly cannot identify integral radiation or energy budget relations. Therefore it is reasonable to look at more basic models to identify the main aspects of the model results. The simplest one of all of those is a one-dimensional one-layer model. However, most of these models — two are discussed here — suffer the drawback that they do not include essential contributions and relations between the atmospheric layer and the Earth. The one-dimensional one-layer model presented here integrates sensible and latent heat, the absorption of solar radiation and the direct emission of the long wave radiation to space in addition to the standard correlations. For the atmospheric layer two different long wave fluxes are included, top of atmosphere to space and bulk emission to Earth. The reflections of long wave radiation are taken into account. It is shown that this basic model is in excellent agreement with the observed integrated global energy budget.

scholarly journals Influência da radiação de onda longa incidente no fechamento do balanço de radiação no modelo SIB2: Estimativas para pastagem no bioma Pampa

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 235
Author(s):  
Daniele Morgenstern Aimi ◽  
Maria Eduarda Oliveira ◽  
Tamíres Zimmer ◽  
Gisele Cristina Rubert ◽  
Vanessa De Arruda Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Surface Radiation ◽  
Wave Radiation ◽  
Radiation Balance ◽  
Estimation Equations ◽  
Long Wave ◽  
Energy Gains ◽  
Gains And Losses ◽  
Long Wave Radiation

The balance of radiation represents the energy gains and losses on the surface, and can be estimated by summing the four components of surface radiation (incident and reflected solar radiation, radiation emitted by the surface and emitted by the atmosphere). The SiB2 model represents ecosystems and provides estimates of surface energy changes. In this work, five different incident long wave estimation equations were tested to verify the influence of this component on the closure of the radiation balance for the SiB2 model. The results show the underestimation of the radiation balance of the SiB2 model when compared to the experimental data. Thus, it is inferred the need for calibration of incident long-wave radiation equations for use in models for local simulations.

scholarly journals The Influence of Cloudiness on The Net Radiation Balance of A Snow Surface with High Albedo

1974 ◽  
Vol 13 (67) ◽  
pp. 73-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Ambach
Keyword(s):  
Greenland Ice Sheet ◽  
Short Wave ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Wave Radiation ◽  
Radiation Balance ◽  
Net Radiation ◽  
Long Wave ◽  
Energy Excess ◽  
Overcast Sky ◽  
Long Wave Radiation

The short-wave and long-wave radiant fluxes measured in the accumulation area of the Greenland ice sheet during a mid-summer period are discussed with respect to their dependence on cloudiness. At a cloudiness of 10/10, a mean value of 270 J/cm2 d is obtained for the daily totals of net radiation balance, whereas a mean value of only 75 J/cm2 d is observed at 0/10. The energy excess of the net radiation balance with overcast sky is due to the significant influence of the incoming long-wave radiation and the high albedo of the surface (average of 84%). High values of net radiation balance are therefore correlated with high values of long-wave radiation balance and low values of short-wave radiation balance.

scholarly journals Prediction of Radiation Frost Using Support Vector Machines Based on Micrometeorological Data

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 283
Author(s):  
Yongzong Lu ◽  
Yongguang Hu ◽  
Pingping Li ◽  
Kyaw Tha Paw U ◽  
Richard L. Snyder
Keyword(s):  
Yangtze River ◽  
Prediction Accuracy ◽  
Short Wave ◽  
Yangtze River Delta ◽  
Wave Radiation ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Short Wave Radiation ◽  
Long Wave ◽  
Vector Machines ◽  
Long Wave Radiation

Radiation frost happens frequently in the Yangtze River Delta region, which causes high economic loss in agriculture industry. It occurs because of heat losses from the atmosphere, plant and soil in the form of radiant energy, which is strongly associated with the micrometeorological characteristics. Multidimensional and nonlinear micrometeorological data enhances the difficulty in predicting the radiation frost. Support vector machines (SVMs), a type of algorithms, can be supervised learning which widely be employed for classification or regression problems in research of precision agriculture. This paper is the first attempt of using SVMs to build prediction models for radiation frost. Thirty-two kinds of micrometeorological parameters, such as daily mean temperature at six heights (Tmean0.5, Tmean1.5, Tmean2.0, Tmean3.0, Tmean4.5 and Tmean6.0), daily maximum and minimum temperatures at six heights (Tmax0.5, Tmax1.5, Tmax2.0, Tmax3.0, Tmax4.5 and Tmax6.0, and Tmin0.5, Tmin1.5, Tmin2.0, Tmin3.0, Tmin4.5 and Tmin6.0), daily mean relative humidity at six heights (RH0.5, RH1.5, RH2.0, RH3.0, RH4.5 and RH6.0), net radiation (Rn), downward short-wave radiation (Rsd), downward long-wave radiation (Rld), upward long-wave radiation (Rlu), upward short-wave radiation (Rsu), soil temperature (Tsoil) and soil heat flux (G) and daily average wind speed (u) were collected from November 2016 to July 2018. Six combinations inputs were used as the basis dataset for testing and training. Three types of kernel functions, such as linear kernel, radial basis function kernel and polynomial kernel function were used to develop the SVMs models. Five-fold cross validation was conducted for model fitting on training dataset to alleviate over-fitting and make prediction results more reliable. The results showed that an SVM with the radial basis function kernel (SVM-BRF) model with all the 32 micrometeorological data obtained high prediction accuracy in training and testing sets. When the single type of data (temperature, humidity and radiation data) was used for the SVM without any functions, prediction accuracy was better than that with functions. The SVM-BRF model had the best prediction accuracy when using the multidimensional and nonlinear micrometeorological data. Considering the complexity level of the model and the accuracy of prediction, micrometeorological data at the canopy height with the SVM-BRF model has been recommended for radiation frost prediction in Yangtze River Delta and probably could be applied in elsewhere with the similar terrains and micro-climates.

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