Composition of Oil after Hydrothermal Treatment of Cabonate-Siliceous and Carbonate Domanic Shale Rocks

The hydrocarbon compositions of shale oils, generated from two different lithological–facial Domanic deposits of the Tatarstan Republic (Russia), were studied under hydrothermal impact with 30% of water addition in a 350 °С and CO2 environment. The samples were extracted from carbonate–siliceous rocks of the Semiluky–Mendym deposits of the Berezovskaya area, and carbonate deposits of the Dankovo–Lebedyan horizon of the Zelenogorskaya area of the Romashkino oil field. The distinctive features of rocks are in the composition and content of organic matter (OM), its thermal stability, as well as the structural-group composition of the shale oil products. The hydrothermal treatment of the rock samples increased the content of saturates and decreased the content of aromatics, resins and asphaltenes in the composition of crude oil. The decomposition of the polymer-like kerogen structure and destruction processes of high-molecular compounds, such as resins and asphaltenes, are accompanied with the formation of substances highly rich in carbons—carbenes and carboids. The contents of n-alkanes and acyclic isoprenoids increase in the composition of saturated hydrocarbons. According to the chemical classification of Al. A. Petrov, the character of the molecular mass distribution of such substances corresponds to oil type A1, which is considered paraffinic. The contents of dibenzothiophene, naphthalene and phenanthrene are increased in the composition of aromatic hydrocarbons, while the contents of tri-methyl-alkyl-benzene and benzothiophene are decreased. The increase in the aryl isoprenoid ratio (AIR = С13–С17/С18–С22) and maturity parameter (4-MDBT/1-MDBT) under the influences of hydrothermal factors indicates the increasing thermal maturity degree of the hydrocarbon system. The differences in the distribution behavior of saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons—biomarkers in rocks of various lithological-facies types, which are reasoned by different conditions of initial organic matter transformation as well as under the impact of hydrothermal factors—were revealed.

Application of Hyperspectral Imaging for Maturity and Soluble Solids Content Determination of Strawberry With Deep Learning Approaches

Maturity degree and quality evaluation are important for strawberry harvest, trade, and consumption. Deep learning has been an efficient artificial intelligence tool for food and agro-products. Hyperspectral imaging coupled with deep learning was applied to determine the maturity degree and soluble solids content (SSC) of strawberries with four maturity degrees. Hyperspectral image of each strawberry was obtained and preprocessed, and the spectra were extracted from the images. One-dimension residual neural network (1D ResNet) and three-dimension (3D) ResNet were built using 1D spectra and 3D hyperspectral image as inputs for maturity degree evaluation. Good performances were obtained for maturity identification, with the classification accuracy over 84% for both 1D ResNet and 3D ResNet. The corresponding saliency maps showed that the pigments related wavelengths and image regions contributed more to the maturity identification. For SSC determination, 1D ResNet model was also built, with the determination of coefficient (R2) over 0.55 of the training, validation, and testing sets. The saliency maps of 1D ResNet for the SSC determination were also explored. The overall results showed that deep learning could be used to identify strawberry maturity degree and determine SSC. More efforts were needed to explore the use of 3D deep learning methods for the SSC determination. The close results of 1D ResNet and 3D ResNet for classification indicated that more samples might be used to improve the performances of 3D ResNet. The results in this study would help to develop 1D and 3D deep learning models for fruit quality inspection and other researches using hyperspectral imaging, providing efficient analysis approaches of fruit quality inspection using hyperspectral imaging.

Influence of Berry Ripening Stages over Phenolics and Volatile Compounds in Aged Aglianico Wine

The harvest time of grapes is a major determinant of berry composition and of the wine quality, and it is usually established through empirical testing of main biochemical parameters of the berry. In this work, we studied how the ripening stage of Aglianico grapes modulates key secondary metabolites of wines, phenolics and volatile compounds. Specifically, we analyzed and compared four berry ripening stages corresponding to total soluble solids of 18, 20, 22, and 25 °Brix and related aged wines. Wine color intensity, anthocyanins level and total trans-resveratrol (free + glycosidic form) increased with grape maturity degree. Wines obtained from late-harvested grapes significantly differed from the others for a higher content of aliphatic alcohols, esters, acetates, a-terpineol and benzyl alcohol. The content of glycosidic terpene compounds, such as nerol, geraniol and a-terpineol, was higher in wines obtained with grapes harvested at 25 °Brix compared to the earlier harvests. Our work indicated that the maturity of the grape is a determining factor in phenolic and volatile compounds of red Aglianico wines. Moreover, extending grape ripening to a sugar concentration higher than 22 °Brix improves the biochemical profile of aged wine in terms of aroma compounds and of phytochemicals with known health-related benefits.

Organo-Mineral Interactions Involved in Herbicide Sorption on Soil Amended with Peats of Different Maturity Degree

The sorption of three herbicides (alachlor, atrazine and linuron) on samples from six peats of progressive degree of maturity (fibric, hemic or sapric types) and soil samples (dryland agricultural Calcic Luvisol amended with the peats) was determined. The extent of the sorption was examined in terms of peat maturity (up to 220 analytical descriptors of the peat material). In most cases, a sorption enhancement effect was observed in the peat–soil system compared with the sum of the sorption in peat and soil alone, i.e., a positive interaction leading to an increase in soil matrix reactive sites. The analytical characteristics of humic and bitumen peat subfractions were useful in forecasting sorption performance. This was the case for high molecular weight hydrophobic fractions, the extent of the alkyl domain in humic substances and oxygen-containing groups. Correspondence analysis illustrated how different characteristics of the peats played a distinct role in sorption in the herbicide–peat system or in the soil–peat–herbicide system. In the former system, there was a relevant bearing of parameters indicating low peat maturity, whereas in the second the sorption was mainly explained by peat colloidal properties, including the concentration and base saturation of oxygen-containing functional groups.

Assessment of the influence of foliar treatment on productivity and phenolic maturity of grapes

An urgent task of today for grape growers is to find effective ways to achieve the compliance of conditional parameters to phenolic ripeness of grapes while maintaining high cropping capacity. In this study the influence of foliar treatment of grapes with nitrogen-containing preparations "Siamino Pro 500" on productivity and phenolic maturity of ‘Cabernet-Sauvignon’ grape variety was investigated. Studies were carried out during 2018-2019. Grape maturity degree was assessed by the Glories method, based on the determining of the total and extractable anthocyanin potential of grapes. It was shown that, as a result of the experimental scheme of processing, the cropping capacity increased by 10- 14%, as well as the bunch weight - by 13 - 16%. Use of the preparation contributed to the onset of technical maturity of grapes at the earlier period compared to the control. The content of anthocyanins extracted from the skins was 49- 56%. Experimental grape samples were characterized by a higher content of titratable acids (by 1.4 and 1.2 g/l) and a lower sugar accumulation (by 9 and 16 g/l). Positive influence of the experimental scheme of processing on organoleptic properties of wines was observed.

Eco-design as a sign of environmental maturity of manufacturing enterprises: the vivisection of the agricultural machinery industry

Eco-design, a new stage in product development, has been gaining in importance for some years already. Against this backdrop, a series of studies was conducted aimed principally to assess envi- ronmental maturity of enterprises reflected in considering environmental aspects at early stages of product design when decisions are made, inter alia, as to materials that will be used, production technologies, and product durability. With regard to the above stated goal, the following actions have been recommended as necessary: at the theoretical level, identifying prerequisites against which we can assess the degree of environmental maturity using the reconstruction methodology and subject-matter literature review; at the project level, developing a research tool in the form of an evaluation sheet as a product of the exploration of writings and discussions held by a purpose- fully selected group of experts; and at the empirical level, identification of the eco-maturity degree of agricultural machinery manufacturers. In the context of the above stated goal, it seems justified to plan the studies based on literature review, expert knowledge, creative discussion, and direct interviews with selected representatives of the industry covered by the research. To managers, these studies having solid theoretical foundations should provide grounds for evaluation and inspire them to build their own eco-design strategies.

Efecto del entrenamiento pliométrico en la fuerza explosiva de niñas puberes practicantes de voleibol (Effects of plyometric training on explosive strength in pubescent girls volleyball players)

El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar los efectos de un programa de entrenamiento pliométrico en la potencia muscular de niñas practicantes de voleibol (n=78; edad = 12,18±1,27 años). Las participantes fueron divididas subdividas de acuerdo con el grado de maduración en: grupo control (GC=48 con grado de maduración 2=11; 3=19; 4=19) y grupo de trabajo (GT=30 con grado de maduración 2=10; 3=10; 4=10). Ambos grupos realizaron 3 sesiones semanales de entrenamiento de voleibol, adicionando 3 sesiones de ejercicios pliométricos a GT que incluyeron salto en zigzag, lineales y profundidad. Para la evaluación pre y post entrenamiento se utilizó test Squat Jump, Saltos Movimiento, Drop Jump y Abalakov. La estadística prueba t student para significancia pre y post entrenamiento (p < 0,05) y también el análisis de la magnitud del efecto. Los resultados no reportaron diferencias significativas post entrenamiento a pesar de registrar pequeños y moderadas magnitudes de efecto. Se concluye que el entrenamiento polimétrico no genero efectos positivos en la saltabilidad de niñas púberes que practican voleibol. Abstract. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of plyometric training (PT) on muscle power (PR) of the lower limbs in girls volleyball players aged ( n=78; 12.18 ± 1.27years). Participants were divided according to the degree of maturation into control group (GC = 48 with maturity level 2 = 11; 3 = 19; 4 = 19) and working group (GT = 30 with maturity degree 2 = 10; 3 = 10; 4 = 10). held three sessions per week of volleyball and experimental group - EG n = 24, which held in addition of 3 weekly sessions of volleyball, more 3 weekly sessions of PT that comprised the multi jump, jump over hurdle and drop jumps. For pre- and post-training evaluation test was used Squat Jump, Counter Moviment Jump and Jump Drop Abalakov. The statistical student t test for significance Pre-post (p <0.05) and the analysis of the magnitude of the effect. The results reported no significant differences training post despite posting small to moderate effect sizes. It is concluded that the polymetric training did not generate positive effects on the saltability of pubertal girls who practice volleyball.

Selection of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merril) genotypes for cultivation in the Brazilian Brejo Paraibano

Soybeans have great commercial value and there are still regions with no indications of promising genotypes, such as Brejo Paraibano region. The objective of this study was to analyze the adaptability of 20 soybean genotypes selected with a relative maturity degree above 9. The genotypes used were: M8867RR, M8766RR, M9144RR, SYN1059 RR, M-SOY 9350, ST 920 RR, TMG1175RR, M8372IPRO, M8527RR, M8644IPRO, TOPAZIORR, UFV - 16 (Capinópolis) and UFVS: Berilo RR, 2013, 2012, 2010, 2005, QUARTZO, 2001, and 2008. A completely randomized experimental design was used with five replicates. The data were subjected to analysis of variance and Tukey test to compare the means. From the Mahalanobis generalized distance, it was possible to apply the Tocher and UPGMA tests. In addition, using the Singh method and canonical correlation, the quantification of the characteristics that contributed most to genetic divergence was evaluated. Only ten genotypes reached the physiological maturity, and the following variables were evaluated: hypocotyl length, leaf width and length, plant height, flower diameter, and seed width and length. The characteristics leaf width, flower diameter, and seed width were significant (P<0.05) and obtained values above 1 for the ratio between genotypic variation and environmental variation (CVG/CVE). The higher means for the significant characteristics were observed in the genotypes SYN1059 RR, UFVS: Berilo and 2013. The genotypes SYN1059 RR, M8766RR, M8867RR, UFVS: Berilo, 2012 and 2013 were selected as the most suitable parental material to use in breeding programs.

Specific hydrocarbon molecular markers in bottom sediments of Lake Baikal discharge zones

&lt;p&gt;Study of the molecular composition of the dispersed organic matter (OM) in bottom sediments of Lake Baikal was conducted (supported by RSF #19-17-00226). Sediments (11 gravity cores - 28 samples) were collected during research expeditions of the R/V &amp;#8220;G.U. Vereschagin&amp;#8221; (LIN SB RAS, Irkutsk) in 2016-2018.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Variations in composition and ratios of aliphatic and aromatic components reflect changes of OM sources. Most n-alkane profiles show the distinguishable predominance of terrigenous components C27-C31. The highest biodegradation degree and increased content of isoprenoids is detected near the Gorevoy cliff where the active oil discharge was observed. Biogenic hopanes (&amp;#946;&amp;#946;-hopanes and hopenes) predominate in most samples and diagenetic type of distribution is identified only in sediments with oil inclusions. Steranes are the minor components with ethylcholestanes as the main peaks attesting to the input of land plants. Increased values of perylene and phenanthrene in polycyclic aromatic HCs composition indicate the mixed biogenic-petrogenic nature of OM of the studied Lake Baikal sediments, while the oily samples contain only trace amounts of perylene.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The branched 2,7-dimethyl alkanes (m/z 127) have been identified in mudstone samples from the Vendian Marna Formation from the Sayan-adjacent Biryusa area and in Permian and Upper Carboniferous coal-bearing rocks from superdeep well SV-27 (Vilui syneclise) [1]. Their precursors most likely are the analogues of branched methylenated acids detected in lipids of modern bacteria (9,10-methylene hexadecane, 9,10-methylene octadecane, and 11,12-methylene octadecane acids). Decarboxylation of the methylenated acids branched at the second and seventh carbon atoms during diagenesis and catagenesis should have resulted in 2,7-dimethyl alkanes that were detected in all immersed sediments of the southern, central and northern parts of Lake Baikal.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Trace amounts of the other poorly studied group of compounds &amp;#8211; monoaromatic steroids (MAS) were identified in bottom sediments near the mud volcano Kedr in the southern part of the lake. These structures can be formed during diagenetic transformations of sediments at the contacts of OM with clays (catalyzers) together with the formation of regular steranes and diasteranes (C27-C29). They have been previously detected in apocatagenetic rocks of the East Siberian sedimentary basin (ultradeep hole SV-27 from the Middle Vilyui area of the Vilyui syneclise) [2]. The absence of the main fragmental ion m/z 253 in the analyzed samples points to the migration of methyl alternate from C-17 to C-23 alkyl-chain position and agrees with distribution of the similar structures (m/z 281, 309, 366) in rocks of the hole SV-27. The detected 17-desmethyl-23-methylmonoaromatic steroids appear and exist at high temperatures and pressures and are very thermodynamically stable.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Thus, the input of the OM of catagenetic maturity degree to the bottom sediments of Lake Baikal is likely associated with the deep fluid migration and mud volcanic breccia uplift to the surface.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;References&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;[1] Kashirtsev V.A. et al., 2009. New homologous series of biomarker molecules from Vendian deposits of the Sayan-adjacent Biryusa area. Russian Geology and Geophysics 50, 541&amp;#8211;545.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;[2] Kashirtsev V.A. et al., 2016. New monoaromatic steroids in organic matter of the apocatagenesis zone. Doklady Earth Sciences 469, 815&amp;#8211;818.&lt;/p&gt;

INFLUENСE OF SEASONAL FACTOR ON THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF PERSIMMON

Persimmon is one of the most popular and favorite fruits not only in Georgia, but also in other countries. People love it for its unique specific taste and high nutritional value. There are more than 500 types of persimmon, properties and tastes which depend on the persimmon growing conditions. The purpose of this project was to study the persimmon fruit chemical composition, the regularity in the quantity changes of the bioactive substances and technical-economical persimmon parameters during its storage and technological processing; to develop a highly profitable and efficient composite production technology for a new assortment of products and high quality beverages. Organoleptic and chemical tests of 12 persimmon fruit varieties were made. The content and composition of sugars, polyphenols, pectin, and tanning substances, were defined; and the relation of these parameters to the fruit maturity degree, the dynamics of their change in the ripening and storage process were determined. In addition, we determined the content of sugars ( inverted, total, saccharose), tanning substances (free, total), polyphenols and nitrogen through a spectrophotometric method, dry solids through a refractometric method, pectin (total, soluble, protopectin) and acidity through a potentiometric method, and cellulose through a chlorite method. The feasibility of the persimmon fruit industrial processing was established. Persimmon fruit of Khachia and Khiakume varieties were proved to be the best raw material for the industrial production of a fruit alcohol and beverages. It should be noted here that persimmon fruit must be harvested in November when they have a dark orange colouring and their dry solids content reaches 18%, inverted sugars make up 16-16.5%, and the acidity is 0.12%. For concentrate production, persimmon must be harvested in October when the fruit are yellow and their tanning and colouring substances reach 1.24%, and pectin substances make up 0.77%. The fruit sugars are glucose and fructose, generally in equal quantities. Tanning substances, leicoantocianes, in particular, are responsible for the tart taste; the lower their content is, the less the tart taste is felt, moreover, ripe fruit are less tart in flavour which is due to the tanning substances getting bound with high molecular substances. All the 12 persimmon varieties cultivated in Georgia can be used as raw material, including substandard and overripe fruit that are not marketable and do not have a long shelf life.