scholarly journals Carbon Dioxide Exchange in an Irrigated Agricultural Field within an Oasis, Northwest China

2011 ◽  
Vol 50 (11) ◽  
pp. 2298-2308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xi-Bin Ji ◽  
Wen-Zhi Zhao ◽  
Er-Si Kang ◽  
Zhi-Hui Zhang ◽  
Bo-Wen Jin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Net Ecosystem Exchange ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Northwest China ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Exchange ◽  
Agricultural Field ◽  
Maize Field ◽  
Flux Measurements ◽  
Eddy Covariance Measurements ◽  
Annual Nee

AbstractContinuous eddy covariance measurements of CO2, water vapor, and heat fluxes were obtained from a maize field within an oasis in northwest China from 1 May 2008 to 30 April 2009. The experimental setup used was shown to provide reliable flux estimates on the basis of cross-checks made using various quality tests of the flux data. Results show that the highest half-hourly CO2 fluxes (Fc) were −55.7 and 6.9 μmol m−2 s−1 during the growing and nongrowing seasons, respectively. The daily net ecosystem exchange of carbon (NEE) ranged from −14.7 to 2.2 g C m−2 day−1 during the growing season; however, the daily NEE fell to between 0.2 and 2.1 g C m−2 day−1 during the nongrowing season. The annual NEE calculated by integrating flux measurements and filling in missing and spurious data was about −487.9 g C m−2. The total NEE during the growing season (−692.9 g C m−2) and the annual NEE were in the middle of the range, when compared with results obtained for maize fields in different studies and regions, whereas the differences between the off-season NEE from this study (205.0 g C m−2) and those defined in previous studies were very small. In addition, the seasonal variations in energy balance and evapotranspiration over the maize field were also addressed.

scholarly journals Ecosystem fluxes of hydrogen: a comparison of flux-gradient methods

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 2787-2805 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. K. Meredith ◽  
R. Commane ◽  
J. W. Munger ◽  
A. Dunn ◽  
J. Tang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eddy Covariance ◽  
Forest Canopy ◽  
Trace Gases ◽  
Gradient Methods ◽  
Net Ecosystem Exchange ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Sensible Heat ◽  
Flux Gradient ◽  
Harvard Forest ◽  
Flux Measurements

Abstract. Our understanding of biosphere–atmosphere exchange has been considerably enhanced by eddy covariance measurements. However, there remain many trace gases, such as molecular hydrogen (H2), that lack suitable analytical methods to measure their fluxes by eddy covariance. In such cases, flux-gradient methods can be used to calculate ecosystem-scale fluxes from vertical concentration gradients. The budget of atmospheric H2 is poorly constrained by the limited available observations, and thus the ability to quantify and characterize the sources and sinks of H2 by flux-gradient methods in various ecosystems is important. We developed an approach to make nonintrusive, automated measurements of ecosystem-scale H2 fluxes both above and below the forest canopy at the Harvard Forest in Petersham, Massachusetts, for over a year. We used three flux-gradient methods to calculate the fluxes: two similarity methods that do not rely on a micrometeorological determination of the eddy diffusivity, K, based on (1) trace gases or (2) sensible heat, and one flux-gradient method that (3) parameterizes K. We quantitatively assessed the flux-gradient methods using CO2 and H2O by comparison to their simultaneous independent flux measurements via eddy covariance and soil chambers. All three flux-gradient methods performed well in certain locations, seasons, and times of day, and the best methods were trace gas similarity for above the canopy and K parameterization below it. Sensible heat similarity required several independent measurements, and the results were more variable, in part because those data were only available in the winter, when heat fluxes and temperature gradients were small and difficult to measure. Biases were often observed between flux-gradient methods and the independent flux measurements, and there was at least a 26% difference in nocturnal eddy-derived net ecosystem exchange (NEE) and chamber measurements. H2 fluxes calculated in a summer period agreed within their uncertainty and pointed to soil uptake as the main driver of H2 exchange at Harvard Forest, with H2 deposition velocities ranging from 0.04 to 0.10 cm s−1.

scholarly journals Moist moss tundra on Kapp Linne, Svalbard is a net source of CO<sub>2</sub> and CH<sub>4</sub> to the atmosphere

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders Lindroth ◽  
Norbert Pirk ◽  
Ingibjörg S. Jónsdóttir ◽  
Christian Stiegler ◽  
Leif Klemedtsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Ecosystem Respiration ◽  
Net Ecosystem Exchange ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variability ◽  
Annual Nee ◽  
Greenness Index

Abstract. We measured CO2 and CH4 fluxes using chambers and eddy covariance (only CO2) from a moist moss tundra in Svalbard. The average net ecosystem exchange (NEE) during the summer (June–August) was −0.40 g C m−2 day−1 or −37 g C m−2 for the whole summer. Including spring and autumn periods the NEE was reduced to −6.8 g C m−2 and the annual NEE became positive, 24.7 gC m−2 due to the losses during the winter. The CH4 flux during the summer period showed a large spatial and temporal variability. The mean value of all 214 samples was 0.000511 ± 0.000315 µmol m−2s−1 which corresponds to a growing season estimate of 0.04 to 0.16 g CH4 m−2. We find that this moss tundra emits about 94–100 g CO2-equivalents m−2 yr−1 of which CH4 is responsible for 3.5–9.3 % using GWP100 of 27.9 respectively GWP20. Air temperature, soil moisture and greenness index contributed significantly to explain the variation in ecosystem respiration (Reco) while active layer depth, soil moisture and greenness index were the variables that best explained CH4 emissions. Estimate of temperature sensitivity of Reco and gross primary productivity showed that a modest increase in air temperature of 1 degree did not significantly change the NEE during the growing season but that the annual NEE would be even more positive adding another 8.5 g C m−2 to the atmosphere. We tentatively suggest that the warming of the Arctic that has already taken place is partly responsible for the fact that the moist moss tundra now is a source of CO2 to the atmosphere.

scholarly journals Ecosystem fluxes of hydrogen: a comparison of flux-gradient methods

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 2879-2928 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. K. Meredith ◽  
R. Commane ◽  
J. W. Munger ◽  
A. Dunn ◽  
J. Tang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eddy Covariance ◽  
Forest Canopy ◽  
Trace Gases ◽  
Gradient Methods ◽  
Net Ecosystem Exchange ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Sensible Heat ◽  
Flux Gradient ◽  
Harvard Forest ◽  
Flux Measurements

Abstract. Our understanding of biosphere-atmosphere exchange has been considerably enhanced by eddy-covariance measurements, however there remain many trace gases, such as molecular hydrogen (H2), for which there are no suitable analytical methods to measure their fluxes by eddy covariance. In such cases, flux-gradient methods can be used to calculate ecosystem-scale fluxes from vertical concentration gradients. The budget of atmospheric H2 is poorly constrained by the limited available observations, thus the ability to quantify and characterize the sources and sinks of H2 by flux-gradient methods in various ecosystems is important. We developed an approach to make nonintrusive, automated measurements of ecosystem-scale H2 fluxes both above and below the forest canopy at the Harvard Forest in Petersham, MA for over a year. We used three flux-gradient methods to calculate the fluxes: two similarity methods that do not rely on a micrometeorological determination of the eddy diffusivity, K, based on (1) trace gases or (2) sensible heat and one flux-gradient method that (3) parameterizes K. We quantitatively assessed the flux-gradient methods on CO2 and H2O by comparison to their simultaneous independent flux measurements via eddy covariance and chambers. All three flux-gradient methods performed well in certain locations, seasons, and times of day, and the best methods were trace gas similarity above and K parameterization below the canopy. Sensible heat similarity required several independent measurements and the results were more variable, in part because those data were only available in the winter when heat fluxes and temperature gradients were small and difficult to measure. Biases were often observed between flux-gradient methods and the independent flux measurements, including at least a 26% difference in nocturnal eddy-derived Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE) and soil chamber measurements. All flux-gradient methods used to calculate above and below canopy H2 fluxes pointed to soil uptake as the main driver of H2 exchange at Harvard Forest. H2 fluxes calculated in a summer period agreed within their uncertainty and indicated that H2 deposition velocities ranged from 0.04 to 0.1 cm s−1.

scholarly journals Forest Evapotranspiration and Energy Flux Partitioning Based on Eddy Covariance Methods in an Arid Desert Region of Northwest China

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Xiaohong Ma ◽  
Qi Feng ◽  
Yonghong Su ◽  
Tengfei Yu ◽  
Hua Jin
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Energy Flux ◽  
Moisture Transfer ◽  
Sensible Heat Flux ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Northwest China ◽  
Soil Heat Flux ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Net Radiation ◽  
Flux Partitioning

In this study, the characteristics of energy flux partitioning and evapotranspiration of P. euphratica forests were examined in the extreme arid region of Northwest China. Energy balance closure of the ecosystem was approximately 72% (H + LE = 0.72 ∗ (Rn-G)+7.72, r2=0.79, n=12095), where Rn is the net radiation, G is the soil heat flux, H is the sensible heat flux, and LE is the latent heat flux. LE was the main term of energy consumption at annual time scale because of higher value in the growing season. The ratios of the latent (LE) and sensible (H) heat fluxes to net radiation were 0.47 and 0.28 throughout the year, respectively. Moreover, the yearly evapotranspiration of P. euphratica forests was 744 mm year−1. And the mean daily ET was 5.09 mm·d−1 in the vibrant growing season. In particular, a small spike in the actual evapotranspiration distribution occurred during the soil ablation period due to the higher temperature and sufficient soil moisture associated with soil thawing. This period is accompanied by a series of physical processes, such as moisture transfer and heat exchange.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Penman-Monteith model applied to a maize field in the arid area of Northwest China

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 461-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.-Z. Zhao ◽  
X.-B. Ji ◽  
E.-S. Kang ◽  
Z.-H. Zhang ◽  
B.-W. Jin
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Latent Heat ◽  
Latent Heat Flux ◽  
Aerodynamic Resistance ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Northwest China ◽  
Arid Area ◽  
Canopy Resistance ◽  
Time Step ◽  
Maize Field

Abstract. The Penman-Monteith (P-M) model has been applied to estimate evapotranspiration in terrestrial ecosystem widely in the world. As shown in many studies, bulk canopy resistance is an especially important factor in the application of P-M model. In this study, the authors used the Noilhan and Planton (N-P) approach and Jacobs and De Bruin (J-D) approach to express the bulk canopy resistance. The application of P-M mode to a maize field with two approaches in the arid area of Northwest China was evaluated by the measured half-hourly values from the eddy covariance system. The results indicate that the N-P approach underestimates slightly the bulk canopy resistance, while the J-D approach overestimates that. The estimation of bulk canopy resistance with N-P approach was then better and more consistent than that with J-D approach during the entire maize growing season. Correspondingly, the P-M model with J-D bulk canopy resistance slightly underestimated the latent heat flux throughout the maize growing season, but overestimated the latent heat flux during the dry period of the soil as compared to that with N-P approach. The good fitness of the simulated latent heat flux by the P-M model with N-P bulk canopy resistance approach to the measured one at a half-hour time step demonstrates the application of the approach is reasonable in the relative homogenous and not drought-stressed maize fields of the arid areas during the entire growing season. Further researches are discussed on enhancing the field observation, taking the correction for atmospheric stability into estimating aerodynamic resistance, to improve the performance of P-M model to simulate evapotranspiration in the cropped fields.

scholarly journals Estimates of energy partitioning, evapotranspiration, and net ecosystem exchange of CO2 for an urban lawn and a tallgrass prairie in the Denver metropolitan area under contrasting conditions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas S. Thienelt ◽  
Dean E. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Tallgrass Prairie ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Net Ecosystem Exchange ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Energy Partitioning ◽  
Vegetation Development ◽  
Landcover Change ◽  
Net Uptake ◽  
Flux Measurements

AbstractLawns as a landcover change substantially alter evapotranspiration, CO2, and energy exchanges and are of rising importance considering their spatial extent. We contrast eddy covariance (EC) flux measurements collected in the Denver, Colorado, USA metropolitan area in 2011 and 2012 over a lawn and a xeric tallgrass prairie. Close linkages between seasonal vegetation development, energy fluxes, and net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of CO2 were found. Irrigation of the lawn modified energy and CO2 fluxes and greatly contributed to differences observed between sites. Due to greater water inputs (precipitation + irrigation) at the lawn in this semi-arid climate, energy partitioning at the lawn was dominated by latent heat (LE) flux. As a result, evapotranspiration (ET) of the lawn was more than double that of tallgrass prairie (2011: 639(±17) mm vs. 302(±9) mm; 2012: 584(±15) mm vs. 265(±7) mm). NEE for the lawn was characterized by a longer growing season, higher daily net uptake of CO2, and growing season NEE that was also more than twice that of the prairie (2011: −173(±23) g C m−2 vs. -81(±10) g C m−2; 2012: −73(±22) g C m−2 vs. -21(±8) g C m−2). During the drought year (2012), temperature and water stress greatly influenced the direction and magnitude of CO2 flux at both sites. The results suggest that lawns in Denver can function as carbon sinks and conditionally contribute to the mitigation of carbon emissions - directly by CO2 uptake and indirectly through effects of evaporative cooling on microclimate and energy use.

Diurnal and seasonal variations in carbon fluxes in bamboo forests during the growing season in Zhejiang province, China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liang Chen
Keyword(s):  
Forest Type ◽  
Ecosystem Respiration ◽  
Net Ecosystem Exchange ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Zhejiang Province ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Exchange ◽  
Bamboo Forest ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Control Factors ◽  
Bamboo Shoots

&lt;p&gt;Bamboo forest is an important forest type in subtropical China and is characterized by fast growth and high carbon sequestration capacity. However, the dynamics of carbon &amp;#64258;uxes during the fast growing period of bamboo shoots and their correlation with environment factors are poorly understood. We measured carbon dioxide exchange and climate variables using open-path eddy covariance methods during the 2011 growing season in a Moso bam-boo forest (MB, Phyllostchys edulis) and a Lei bamboo. forest (LB, Phyllostachys violascens) in Zhejiang province, China. The bamboo forests were carbon sinks during the growing season. The minimum diurnal net ecosystem exchange (NEE) at MB and LB sites were - 0.64 and - 0.66 mg C m-2 s-1, respectively. The minimum monthly NEE, ecosystem respiration (RE), and gross ecosystem exchange (GEE) were - 99.3 &amp;#177; 4.03, 76.2 &amp;#177; 2.46, and - 191.5 &amp;#177; 4.98 g C m-2 month-1, respectively, at MB site, compared with - 31.8 &amp;#177; 3.44, 70.4 &amp;#177; 1.41, and - 157.9 &amp;#177; 4.86 g C m-2 month-1, respectively, at LB site. Maximum RE was 92.1 &amp;#177; 1.32 g C m-2 month-1 at MB site and 151.0 &amp;#177; 2.38 g C m-2 month-1 at LB site. Key control factors varied by month during the growing season, but across the whole growing season, NEE and GEE at both sites showed similar trends in sensitivities to photosynthetic active radiation and vapor pressure de&amp;#64257;cit, and air temperature had the strongest correlation with RE at both sites. Carbon &amp;#64258;uxes at LB site were more sensitive to soil water content compared to those at MB site. Both on-year (years when many new shoots are produced) and off-year (years when none or few new shoots are produced) should be studied in bamboo forests to better understand their role in global carbon cycling.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Evaluation of Penman-Monteith model applied to a maize field in the arid area of northwest China

2010 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 1353-1364 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.-Z. Zhao ◽  
X.-B. Ji ◽  
E.-S. Kang ◽  
Z.-H. Zhang ◽  
B.-W. Jin
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Latent Heat ◽  
Latent Heat Flux ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystem ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Northwest China ◽  
Arid Area ◽  
Consistent Estimate ◽  
Canopy Resistance ◽  
Maize Field

Abstract. The Penman-Monteith (P-M) model has been applied to estimate evapotranspiration in terrestrial ecosystem throughout the world. As shown in many studies, bulk canopy resistance is an especially important factor in the application of the P-M model. In this study, the authors used the Noilhan and Planton (N-P) approach and the Jacobs and De Bruin (J-D) approach to express the bulk canopy resistance. The P-M model was applied to a maize field using the two approaches in an arid area of northwest China and evaluated on the basis of measured half-hourly values from the eddy covariance system. The results indicate that the N-P approach slightly underestimates the bulk canopy resistance, while the J-D approach overestimates it. Over the entire maize growing season, the N-P approach yielded a more consistent estimate of bulk canopy resistance than did the J-D approach. Correspondingly, the P-M model with J-D bulk canopy resistance slightly underestimated the latent heat flux throughout the maize growing season, but overestimated the latent heat flux during the dry season as compared to the N-P approach results. The good fit between the simulated latent heat flux estimated by the P-M model using the N-P approach and the data measured at half-hour time steps demonstrates that the application of this approach is reasonable in relatively homogenous maize fields that are not drought-stressed. Further research to improve the performance of P-M model to simulate evapotranspiration in the cropped fields is discussed.

Ecosystem modeling of methane and carbon dioxide fluxes for boreal forest sites

2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 208-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Potter ◽  
Jill Bubier ◽  
Patrick Crill ◽  
Peter Lafleur
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Boreal Forest ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Net Primary Production ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Methane Flux ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Ecosystem Model ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Water Levels

Predicted daily fluxes from an ecosystem model for water, carbon dioxide, and methane were compared with 1994 and 1996 Boreal Ecosystem–Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) field measurements at sites dominated by old black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) (OBS) and boreal fen vegetation near Thompson, Man. Model settings for simulating daily changes in water table depth (WTD) for both sites were designed to match observed water levels, including predictions for two microtopographic positions (hollow and hummock) within the fen study area. Water run-on to the soil profile from neighboring microtopographic units was calibrated on the basis of daily snowmelt and rainfall inputs to reproduce BOREAS site measurements for timing and magnitude of maximum daily WTD for the growing season. Model predictions for daily evapotranspiration rates closely track measured fluxes for stand water loss in patterns consistent with strong controls over latent heat fluxes by soil temperature during nongrowing season months and by variability in relative humidity and air temperature during the growing season. Predicted annual net primary production (NPP) for the OBS site was 158 g C·m–2 during 1994 and 135 g C·m–2 during 1996, with contributions of 75% from overstory canopy production and 25% from ground cover production. Annual NPP for the wetter fen site was 250 g C·m–2 during 1994 and 270 g C·m–2 during 1996. Predicted seasonal patterns for soil CO2 fluxes and net ecosystem production of carbon both match daily average estimates at the two sites. Model results for methane flux, which also closely match average measured flux levels of –0.5 mg CH4·m–2·day–1 for OBS and 2.8 mg CH4·m–2·day–1 for fen sites, suggest that spruce areas are net annual sinks of about –0.12 g CH4·m–2, whereas fen areas generate net annual emissions on the order of 0.3–0.85 g CH4·m–2, depending mainly on seasonal WTD and microtopographic position. Fen hollow areas are predicted to emit almost three times more methane during a given year than fen hummock areas. The validated model is structured for extrapolation to regional simulations of interannual trace gas fluxes over the entire North America boreal forest, with integration of satellite data to characterize properties of the land surface.

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