scholarly journals Toward an Integrated Set of Surface Meteorological Observations for Climate Science and Applications

2017 ◽  
Vol 98 (12) ◽  
pp. 2689-2702 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. W. Thorne ◽  
R. J. Allan ◽  
L. Ashcroft ◽  
P. Brohan ◽  
R. J. H Dunn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Scales ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Climate Science ◽  
Climate Services ◽  
Meteorological Observations ◽  
High Level ◽  
Stakeholder Needs ◽  
Community Input ◽  
Research Analysis

Abstract Observations are the foundation for understanding the climate system. Yet, currently available land meteorological data are highly fractured into various global, regional, and national holdings for different variables and time scales, from a variety of sources, and in a mixture of formats. Added to this, many data are still inaccessible for analysis and usage. To meet modern scientific and societal demands as well as emerging needs such as the provision of climate services, it is essential that we improve the management and curation of available land-based meteorological holdings. We need a comprehensive global set of data holdings, of known provenance, that is truly integrated both across essential climate variables (ECVs) and across time scales to meet the broad range of stakeholder needs. These holdings must be easily discoverable, made available in accessible formats, and backed up by multitiered user support. The present paper provides a high-level overview, based upon broad community input, of the steps that are required to bring about this integration. The significant challenge is to find a sustained means to realize this vision. This requires a long-term international program. The database that results will transform our collective ability to provide societally relevant research, analysis, and predictions in many weather- and climate-related application areas across much of the globe.

scholarly journals Robust prediction of hourly PM2.5 from meteorological data using LightGBM

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junting Zhong ◽  
Xiaoye Zhang ◽  
Ke Gui ◽  
Yaqiang Wang ◽  
Huizheng Che ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Missing Values ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Spatial Effects ◽  
Predictive Capability ◽  
Physical Processes ◽  
Predictive Capacity ◽  
Spatial Features ◽  
Meteorological Observations ◽  
Robust Prediction

Abstract Retrieving historical PM2.5 data is key for evaluating the long-term impacts of PM2.5 on the environment, human health, and climate change. Satellite-based aerosol optical depth has been used to estimate PM2.5, but estimations have largely been undermined by massive missing values, low sampling frequency, and weak predictive capability. Here, using a novel feature engineering approach to incorporate spatial effects from meteorological data, we developed a robust LightGBM model that predicts PM2.5 at an unprecedented predictive capacity on hourly (R2 = 0.75), daily (R2 = 0.84), monthly (R2 = 0.88), and annual (R2 = 0.87) timescales. By taking advantage of spatial features, our model can also construct hourly gridded networks of PM2.5. This capability would be further enhanced if meteorological observations from regional stations were incorporated. Our results show that this model has great potential in reconstructing historical PM2.5 datasets and real-time gridded networks at high spatial-temporal resolutions. The resulting datasets can be assimilated into models to produce long-term reanalysis that incorporates interactions between aerosols and physical processes.

Thermal behaviour of vented roofs

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 411-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D'Orazio ◽  
C. Di Perna ◽  
F. Stazi
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Roof Tile ◽  
Geometric Ratio ◽  
Ventilation Ducts ◽  
One Year ◽  
High Level ◽  
Ventilation Duct

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present the results of an experimental study aimed at analysing the effect of the roof tile air permeability on the thermal performances of ventilation ducts in the roof. The main reason underlying this study is the fact that the theoretical reference assumed for the manufacture and sizing of ventilation ducts (the accepted theory on roof ventilation) is clearly limited when applied to ducts which are not perfectly airtight (Hens) and results in an oversizing of the ventilation ducts.Design/methodology/approachA section of roof is built, covered with different tiles and environmental and meteorological data collected. The data are analysed statistically.FindingsThe results show that the permeability of the layer of tiles determines heat losses which are in addition to those connected with the stack effect in a perfectly airtight duct with the same features. The results also confirm the correlation which has already been demonstrated between the geometric ratio of the length of the duct divided by its height and the amount of heat dissipated by the roof (Sandberg and Moshfeg).Originality/valueThis study analyses the performance of the roofs only during the summer season. The research is therefore continuing with a long‐term (one year) analysis of the roofs characterised by a high level of roof tile permeability so as to understand the consequences that the presence of a ventilation duct in systems with air permeable roofing may have on the thermal efficiency of the roof.

Rescue of Ukrainian early historical climatological data

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dmytro Boichuk ◽  
Jürg Luterbacher ◽  
Rob Allan ◽  
Olesya Skrynyk ◽  
Vladyslav Sidenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Extreme Events ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Hard Copy ◽  
Climate Services ◽  
Present Information ◽  
Control Procedures ◽  
Temperature Records ◽  
Meteorological Observations ◽  
The 19Th Century

<p>Modern climate applications and climate services are seeing the need for more data and information (including its historical part) on climate variability at high temporal and spatial resolution. Therefore, daily or even sub-daily meteorological data are required increasingly to feel this gap and provide the basis for climate research, extreme events analysis and impact studies.</p><p>The main objective of our work is to present information on results of data rescue (DARE) activity conducted recently in the Ukrainian Hydrometeorological Institute (UHMI, Kyiv, Ukraine) in close collaboration with several national and international partners. Our DARE activity was concentrated mainly on the original sub-daily, pre-1850 meteorological observations conducted at eight meteorological stations located in the territory of modern Ukraine, namely Kyiv, Kharkiv, Poltava, Kamyanets-Podilsky, Lugansk, Dnipro, Kherson and Odesa. These eight stations are the only ones, whose pre-1850 data have been found in an archive of the Central Geophysical Observatory (CGO), an observation institution of the Ukrainian Weather Service.</p><p>The data are contained in 38 special hard copy books. Before digitization, the book pages were photocopied to create a database of the images of all the paper sources. Its two copy versions are now stored at the UHMI and CGO, respectively. After the creation of the images database, the data were digitized manually by the authors. In total 291 103 values were digitized. These include 165 980 air temperature records (~57% of the total), 124 376 atmospheric pressure measurements (~42.7%) and 747 precipitation totals (~0.3%).</p><p>Quality control of the digitized data was conducted, including intercomparisons between the stations as well as comparisons with monthly temperature data that were digitized previously from other sources. The quality control procedures revealed a fairly good agreement among the rescued time series on the monthly time scale as well as a good accordance with the monthly data from other sources. However, several periods at some stations should be used with caution, due to relatively large discrepancies revealed. The rescued digital dataset can be used for different meteorological and climatological purposes, including the analysis of extreme events for the pre-1850 period in comparison with today’s climate, regional climatological studies, etc. The dataset is an important supplement to existing digitized archives of meteorological measurements that were performed in the first half of the 19th century.</p>

Monitoring Long-Term Air Temperature Regime in Banat (Romania)

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-83
Author(s):  
Andreea-Mihaela Dunca
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Temperature Regime ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Global Climate Changes ◽  
Average Annual Temperature ◽  
Meteorological Observations ◽  
One Year

Abstract Banat, a region situated in the western and south-western extremity of Romania, benefits from a defense network of meteorological stations in which a meteorological long-term monitoring activity of approximately 150 years is being carried out. Geographical position and diversity of physico-geographical conditions, under the influence of atmospheric circulation factors, determine both the major features of the climate in this region, as well as its local nuances. In order to analyze the spatial and temporal distribution of air temperature in Banat, we collected data strings and continuous meteorological observations from 14 weather stations in this area over a 35 years period (1979-2013). In Banat the air temperature regime presents a series of particularities and a patchy distribution as a result of the interaction of dynamic processes with the great diversity of these physicogeographical conditions. Analyzing the meteorological data strings one can observe that the air temperature varies in Banat, both spatially, from one meteorological station to another, and temporally from one year to another, from one semester to another, from one season to another but also from one month to the next due to the frequency and intensity of the advection of the different masses of air. The analysis of the air temperature and the thermal regime in Banat region confirms the moderate climate, with quite strong Oceanic influences from the western part of Europe and the weaker sub-Mediterranean influences, from the southwestern part of the continent. However, as a consequence of the global climate changes we are witnessing, at least in the last 50 years, there has also been a trend in Banat to increase the average annual temperature.

scholarly journals Generation of a Test Reference Year for Alūksne, Latvia

2015 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mārtiņš Ruduks ◽  
Arturs Lešinskis
Keyword(s):  
Selection Process ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Building Energy ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Building Performance ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Meteorological Observations ◽  
Energy Simulations

Abstract Precise and reliable meteorological data are necessary for building performance analysis. Since meteorological conditions vary significantly from year to year, there is a need to create a test reference year (TRY), to represent the long-term weather conditions over a year. In this paper two different TRY data models were generated and compared: TRY and TRY-2. Both models where created by analysing every 3-hour weather data for a 30-year period (1984–2013) in Alūksne, Latvia, provided by the Latvian Environment Geology and Meteorology Centre (LEGMC). TRY model was generated according to standard LVS EN ISO 15927-4, but to create second model - TRY-2, 30 year average data were applied. The generated TRY contains typical months from a number of different years. The data gathered from TRY and TRY-2 models where compared with the climate data from the Latvian Cabinet of Ministers regulation No. 379, Regulations Regarding Latvian Building Code LBN 003-01. Average monthly temperature values in LBN 003-01 were lower than the TRY and TRY-2 values. The results of this study may be used in building energy simulations and heating-cooling load calculations for selected region. TRY selection process should include the most recent meteorological observations and should be periodically renewed to reflect the long-term climate change.

scholarly journals A decade of glaciological and meteorological observations in the Arctic (Werenskioldbreen, Svalbard)

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dariusz Sebastian Ignatiuk ◽  
Małgorzata Błaszczyk ◽  
Tomasz Budzik ◽  
Mariusz Grabiec ◽  
Jacek Adam Jania ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Arctic Climate ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Environmental Response ◽  
Arctic Amplification ◽  
Glacier Surface ◽  
Polar Environment ◽  
Meteorological Observations

Abstract. The warming of the Arctic climate is well documented, but the mechanisms of Arctic amplification are still not fully understood. Thus, monitoring of glaciological and meteorological variables and the environmental response to accelerated climate warming must be continued and developed in Svalbard. Long-term meteorological observations carried out in situ on glaciers in conjunction with glaciological monitoring are rare in the Arctic and significantly expand our knowledge about processes in the polar environment. This study presents the unique glaciological and meteorological data collected in 2009–2020 in southern Spitsbergen (Werenskioldbreen). The meteorological data are comprised of air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and direction, shortwave and longwave upwelling and downwelling radiation on 10 minutes, hourly and daily timescale (2009–2020). The snow dataset includes 49 sampling points from 2009–2019 with the snow depth, snow bulk density and SWE data. The glaciological data consist of point and surface annual winter, summer and net balance for 2009–2020. The paper also includes modelling of the daily glacier surface ablation (2009–2020) based on the presented data. The high-quality and long-term datasets are expected to serve as accurate forcing data in hydrological and glaciological models and validation of remote sensing products. The datasets are available from the and Polish Polar Database (https://ppdb.us.edu.pl/) and Zenodo (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5791748, Ignatiuk, 2021a; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5792168, Ignatiuk, 2021b).

Vivid Imagers Are Better at Detecting Salient Changes

2006 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 218-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Rodway ◽  
Karen Gillies ◽  
Astrid Schepman
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Change Detection ◽  
Visual Imagery ◽  
Detection Task ◽  
Level Of Detail ◽  
Detection Accuracy ◽  
Change Detection Task ◽  
Term Change ◽  
High Level

This study examined whether individual differences in the vividness of visual imagery influenced performance on a novel long-term change detection task. Participants were presented with a sequence of pictures, with each picture and its title displayed for 17  s, and then presented with changed or unchanged versions of those pictures and asked to detect whether the picture had been changed. Cuing the retrieval of the picture's image, by presenting the picture's title before the arrival of the changed picture, facilitated change detection accuracy. This suggests that the retrieval of the picture's representation immunizes it against overwriting by the arrival of the changed picture. The high and low vividness participants did not differ in overall levels of change detection accuracy. However, in replication of Gur and Hilgard (1975) , high vividness participants were significantly more accurate at detecting salient changes to pictures compared to low vividness participants. The results suggest that vivid images are not characterised by a high level of detail and that vivid imagery enhances memory for the salient aspects of a scene but not all of the details of a scene. Possible causes of this difference, and how they may lead to an understanding of individual differences in change detection, are considered.

DROUGHT OCCURRENCE UNDER LITHUANIAN CLIMATIC CONDITIONS

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laima TAPARAUSKIENĖ ◽  
Veronika LUKŠEVIČIŪTĖ
Keyword(s):  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Standardized Precipitation Index ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Precipitation Record ◽  
Calculation Step ◽  
Drought Conditions ◽  
The Standardized Precipitation Index ◽  
June July

This study provides the analysis of drought conditions of vegetation period in 1982-2014 year in two Lithuanian regions: Kaunas and Telšiai. To identify drought conditions the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) was applied. SPI was calculated using the long-term precipitation record of 1982–2014 with in-situ meteorological data. Calculation step of SPI was taken 1 month considering only vegetation period (May, June, July, August, September). The purpose of investigation was to evaluate the humidity/aridity of vegetation period and find out the probability of droughts occurrence under Lithuanian climatic conditions. It was found out that according SPI results droughts occurred in 14.5 % of all months in Kaunas region and in 15.8 % in Telšiai region. Wet periods in Kaunas region occurred in 15.8 %, and in Telšiai region occurrence of wet periods was – 18.8 % from all evaluated months. According SPI evaluation near normal were 69.7 % of total months during period of investigation in Kaunas and respectively – 65.5 % in Telšiai. The probability for extremely dry period under Lithuania climatic conditions are pretty low – 3.0 % in middle Lithuania and 2.4 % in western part of Lithuania.

SATELLITE DATA FOR INVESTIGATION OF RECENT STATE AND PROCESSES IN THE SIVASH BAY

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Shchurova ◽  
Ekaterina Shchurova ◽  
Rimma Stanichnaya ◽  
Rimma Stanichnaya ◽  
Sergey Stanichny ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Satellite Data ◽  
Water Exchange ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Azov Sea ◽  
Seasonal Wind ◽  
Ice Regime ◽  
Very High

Sivash bay is the shallow-water lagoon of the Azov Sea. Restricted water exchange and high evaporation form Sivash as the basin with very high salinity. This factor leads to different from the Azov Sea thermal and ice regimes of Sivash. Maine aim of the study presented to investigate recent state and changes of the characteristics and processes in the basin using satellite data. Landsat scanners TM, ETM+, OLI, TIRS together with MODIS and AVHRR were used. Additionally NOMADS NOAA and MERRA meteorological data were analyzed. The next topics are discussed in the work: 1. Changes of the sea surface temperature, ice regime and relation with salinity. 2. Coastal line transformation – long term and seasonal, wind impact. 3. Manifestation of the Azov waters intrusions through the Arabat spit, preferable wind conditions.

The Spread of Pollutants from Harbour Sludge Depots

1984 ◽  
Vol 16 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 623-633
Author(s):  
M Loxham ◽  
F Weststrate
Keyword(s):  
Time Scales ◽  
Molecular Diffusion ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Parameter Analysis ◽  
Migration Patterns ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Dilution Effects ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Harbour Sludge

It is generally agreed that both the landfill option, or the civil techniques option for the final disposal of contaminated harbour sludge involves the isolation of the sludge from the environment. For short time scales, engineered barriers such as a bentonite screen, plastic sheets, pumping strategies etc. can be used. However for long time scales the effectiveness of such measures cannot be counted upon. It is thus necessary to be able to predict the long term environmenttal spread of contaminants from a mature landfill. A model is presented that considers diffusion and adsorption in the landfill site and convection and adsorption in the underlaying aquifer. From a parameter analysis starting form practical values it is shown that the adsorption behaviour and the molecular diffusion coefficient of the sludge, are the key parameters involved in the near field. The dilution effects of the far field migration patterns are also illustrated.

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