Temporal Variations in Rainfall Volume in the Southwest of Western Australia

2021 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-32
Author(s):  
P. Philip ◽  
B. Yu
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Daily Rainfall ◽  
Southern Annular Mode ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Rainfall Depth ◽  
Rainfall Volume ◽  
A Minor ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractRainfall in the southwest of Western Australia (SWWA) has decreased significantly over recent decades. Previous studies documented this decrease in terms of the change in rainfall depth or decrease in the frequency of rainfall events for selected sites. Although rainfall volume is of vital importance to determine water resources availability for a given region, no study has yet been undertaken to examine the change in rainfall volume in SWWA. The aim of this study is to examine the spatiotemporal changes in rainfall volume and to attribute this change to the changes in wet area and rainfall depth. Gridded daily rainfall data at 0.05° resolution for the period from 1911 to 2018 were used for an area of 265 952 km2 in SWWA. For the whole region and most zones, rainfall volume decreased, which was mostly due to a decrease in the wet area, despite an increase in the mean rain depth. In the regions near the coast with mean annual rainfall ≥ 600 mm, 84% of the decrease in rainfall volume could be attributed to a decrease in the wet area, whereas the decrease in rainfall depth only played a minor role. The regions near the coast with a higher number of rain days showed a decreasing trend in wet area, and the regions farther inland with a lower number of rain days showed an increasing trend in wet area. On the coast, the rate of decrease in rainfall has been reduced, and heavy rainfall, in fact, has increased over the past 30 years, although there was no concurrent change in the southern annular mode (SAM). This suggests that the relationship between SAM and rainfall could have changed and that other climate drivers could also be responsible for the recent rainfall trend and variations in the coastal regions of SWWA.

Change in the Relationship between the Southern Subtropical Dipole Modes and the Southern Annular Mode in the Mid-1980s

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (23) ◽  
pp. 9235-9249
Author(s):  
Li Yan ◽  
Gen Li
Keyword(s):  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Austral Summer ◽  
Summer Rainfall ◽  
Southern Annular Mode ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Annular Mode ◽  
Decadal Shift ◽  
Subtropical Highs ◽  
A Minor ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The southern subtropical dipole modes (SSDMs) and southern annular mode (SAM) are important climate modes, which are dominant in the southern middle and high latitudes, respectively, with considerable regional climatic impacts. However, the relationship between the two modes remains unclear. A close inspection reveals that the SAM was significantly correlated with the SSDMs during the austral summer before the mid-1980s. However, the correlations have degraded since then. This decadal shift in the relationship between these two southern dominant modes is due to a weakened connection between the SAM and the subtropical highs that control the SSDMs. This decadal change could be traced back to a poleward shift in the southern westerly belt. El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) typically plays a moderate role in influencing the precipitation in Australia and a minor role in influencing the precipitation in Africa and South America. Nevertheless, the two southern modes could still affect the austral summer rainfall in the midlatitudes, even though the ENSO signal is absent. All these links between the two southern modes and southern land precipitation may be attributable to the associated transport of moisture in the lower-level circulation.

Impact of changing rainfall conditions on surface and groundwater resources in an experimental watershed in Greece

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-125
Keyword(s):  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Annual Runoff ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Rainfall Regime ◽  
Winter Rainfall ◽  
Rainfall Depth ◽  
Rainfall Volume ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Groundwater Reserves ◽  
The Impact

The present study concerns the impact of a change in the rainfall regime on surface and groundwater resources in an experimental watershed. The research is conducted in a gauged mountainous watershed (15.18 km2) that is located on the eastern side of Penteli Mountain, in the prefecture of Attica, Greece and the study period concerns the years from 2003 to 2008. The decrease in the annual rainfall depth during the last two hydrological years 2006-2007, 2007-2008 is 10% and 35%, respectively, in relation to the average of the previous years. In addition, the monthly distribution of rainfall is characterized by a distinct decrease in winter rainfall volume. The field measurements show that this change in rainfall conditions has a direct impact on the surface runoff of the watershed, as well as on the groundwater reserves. The mean annual runoff in the last two hydrological years has decreased by 56% and 75% in relation to the average of the previous years. Moreover, the groundwater level follows a declining trend and has dropped significantly in the last two years.

Defense Acquisition, Public Administration, and Pragmatism

2019 ◽  
pp. 774-792
Author(s):  
Keith F. Snider
Keyword(s):  
Public Administration ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Defense Acquisition ◽  
Philosophical Pragmatism ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Administrative Theory ◽  
Acquisition Professionals

This chapter explores the relationship of U.S. defense management to public administration. It argues that public administration, as a field of study, plays a minor role in defense acquisition, because acquisition has unique characteristics that separate it from the mainstream of the field. The tenuous connections between acquisition and public administration have led to an issue of academic legitimacy in that the discipline has failed to respond to the needs of acquisition professionals. The chapter then presents a discussion and illustration of philosophical pragmatism as a potential contribution of administrative theory to acquisition practice, and it concludes with thoughts on the potential for acquisition to adopt pragmatism as a guiding way for thought and practice.

scholarly journals Sensitivity Analysis of Extreme Daily Rainfall Depth in Summer Season on Surface Air Temperature and Dew-Point Temperature

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 771 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inkyeong Sim ◽  
Okjeong Lee ◽  
Sangdan Kim
Keyword(s):  
Climate Models ◽  
Surface Air Temperature ◽  
Daily Rainfall ◽  
Extreme Rainfall ◽  
Summer Season ◽  
Dew Point ◽  
Dew Point Temperature ◽  
Rainfall Depth ◽  
Future Data ◽  
The Relationship

Looking at future data obtained from global climate models, it is expected that future extreme rainfall will increase in many parts of the world. The Clausius-Clapeyron equation provides a physical basis for understanding the sensitivity of rainfall in response to warming, but the relationship between rainfall and temperature is still uncertain. The purpose of this study is to analyze the sensitivity of extreme daily rainfall depth during the summer season (June–September) to climate change in Korea. The relationship between the observed extreme daily rainfall depth and the surface air temperature (SAT) and dew-point temperature (DPT), which were observed in the 60 sites of the Korea Meteorological Administration, were analyzed. The same analysis was also performed using future data provided in various climate models. In addition, the future trends of extreme rainfall, SAT, and DPT were analyzed using future data obtained from climate models, and the effects of increasing SAT and DPT on future extreme rainfall changes were investigated. Finally, it has been confirmed that using changes in SAT and DPT to look at changes in future extreme rainfall can give more consistent future projection results than using future rainfall data directly.

Pain and Depression

1982 ◽  
Vol 141 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Pilowsky ◽  
D. L. Bassett
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Life Events ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Intractable Pain ◽  
Illness Behaviour ◽  
Conversion Reaction ◽  
Patient Groups ◽  
A Minor ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Pain Patients

SummaryThis paper explores the relationship between depression and chronic intractable pain in which somatic pathology is playing a minor role. In this study, 114 patients with chronic pain were compared with 53 patients with depression. Patients with chronic pain were older, more likely to be married, more frequently attributed difficulties in activity and sleep to pain, and reported greater impairment of motor functions. They had less dysphoria and an illness behaviour profile (on the Illness Behaviour Questionnaire) suggestive of a conversion reaction. Depressed patients recalled more life events in the year prior to presentation, whilst pain patients recalled more events of nine and ten years earlier. It is concluded that the two patient groups cannot be considered identical. It is argued that the concept of abnormal illness behaviour helps to distinguish the two groups.

scholarly journals A Comparison of Coverbal Gesture Use in Oral Discourse Among Speakers With Fluent and Nonfluent Aphasia

2017 ◽  
Vol 60 (7) ◽  
pp. 2031-2046 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Pak-Hin Kong ◽  
Sam-Po Law ◽  
Gigi Wan-Chi Chak
Keyword(s):  
Language Intervention ◽  
Multimedia Data ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Lexical Retrieval ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Culturally Specific ◽  
Nonfluent Aphasia ◽  
Fluent Aphasia ◽  
A Minor ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose Coverbal gesture use, which is affected by the presence and degree of aphasia, can be culturally specific. The purpose of this study was to compare gesture use among Cantonese-speaking individuals: 23 neurologically healthy speakers, 23 speakers with fluent aphasia, and 21 speakers with nonfluent aphasia. Method Multimedia data of discourse samples from these speakers were extracted from the Cantonese AphasiaBank. Gestures were independently annotated on their forms and functions to determine how gesturing rate and distribution of gestures differed across speaker groups. A multiple regression was conducted to determine the most predictive variable(s) for gesture-to-word ratio. Results Although speakers with nonfluent aphasia gestured most frequently, the rate of gesture use in counterparts with fluent aphasia did not differ significantly from controls. Different patterns of gesture functions in the 3 speaker groups revealed that gesture plays a minor role in lexical retrieval whereas its role in enhancing communication dominates among the speakers with aphasia. The percentages of complete sentences and dysfluency strongly predicted the gesturing rate in aphasia. Conclusions The current results supported the sketch model of language–gesture association. The relationship between gesture production and linguistic abilities and clinical implications for gesture-based language intervention for speakers with aphasia are also discussed.

Discussion about initial runoff and volume capture ratio of annual rainfall

2016 ◽  
Vol 74 (8) ◽  
pp. 1764-1772 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kun Zhang ◽  
Wu Che ◽  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Yang Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Pollution Control ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Capture Ratio ◽  
Design Rainfall ◽  
Rainfall Depth ◽  
Runoff Pollution Control ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Runoff Pollution

In recent years, runoff pollution from urban areas has become a major concern all over the world. But there exists a worldwide confusion about how much stormwater should be captured for the purpose of runoff pollution control. Furthermore, the construction cost and pollution control efficiency are closely linked with the size of stormwater facilities, which is then related to the first flush (FF) phenomenon and volume capture ratio of annual rainfall (VCRa). Based on this background, analysis of the random and changeable characteristics of the occurrence of FF was carried out first, which was proved to vary with catchment characteristics and pollutant types. Secondly, the distribution of design rainfall depth toward 85% VCRa in China and its causes have been analyzed. Thirdly, the relationship between initial runoff and VCRa has been studied at both conceptual and numerical levels, and the change rule of VCRa along with design rainfall depth in different regions has been studied. The limitation of initial runoff has been illustrated from the perspective of runoff characteristics of single rainfall events in the first part, and from the perspective of regional differences in the two subsequent parts.

scholarly journals Morbid Polarization: Exposure to COVID-19 and Partisan Disagreement about Pandemic Response

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristian Guillermo Rodriguez ◽  
Shana Kushner Gadarian ◽  
Sara W. Goodman ◽  
Thomas Pepinsky
Keyword(s):  
Control Measures ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Limited Evidence ◽  
Welfare Policies ◽  
Partisan Polarization ◽  
Pandemic Response ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Response Policy ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
National Control

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the lives of all Americans, but the severity of the pandemic has been experienced unevenly across space and time. Some states saw sharp rises in COVID-19 cases in early March, whereas case counts rose much later in the rest of the country. In this article, we examine the relationship between exposure to COVID-19 and citizens’ views on what type of measures are required to deal with the crises, and how experience with and exposure to COVID-19 is associated with greater partisan polarization. We find consistent evidence of partisan divergence in pandemic response policy preferences across the first six months of the COVID-19 pandemic: Republicans support national control measures whereas Democrats support welfare policies, and interparty differences grow over time. We find only limited evidence that exposure or experience moderates these partisan differences. Our findings are consistent with the view that Americans’ interpret the COVID-19 pandemic in fundamentally partisan manner, and that objective pandemic conditions play at most a minor role in shaping mass preferences.

scholarly journals Vitamin D and Autoimmune Thyroid Disease—Cause, Consequence, or a Vicious Cycle?

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2791
Author(s):  
Inês Henriques Vieira ◽  
Dírcea Rodrigues ◽  
Isabel Paiva
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Thyroid Disease ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroid Disease ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Vicious Cycle ◽  
Autoimmune Process ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroid ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Pleiotropic Expression ◽  
The Relationship

Vitamin D is a steroid hormone traditionally connected to phosphocalcium metabolism. The discovery of pleiotropic expression of its receptor and of the enzymes involved in its metabolism has led to the exploration of the other roles of this vitamin. The influence of vitamin D on autoimmune disease—namely, on autoimmune thyroid disease—has been widely studied. Most of the existing data support a relationship between vitamin D deficiency and a greater tendency for development and/or higher titers of antibodies linked to Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, Graves’ disease, and/or postpartum thyroiditis. However, there have also been some reports contradicting such relationships, thus making it difficult to establish a unanimous conclusion. Even if the existence of an association between vitamin D and autoimmune thyroid disease is assumed, it is still unclear whether it reflects a pathological mechanism, a causal relationship, or a consequence of the autoimmune process. The relationship between vitamin D’s polymorphisms and this group of diseases has also been the subject of study, often with divergent results. This text presents a review of the recent literature on the relationship between vitamin D and autoimmune thyroid disease, providing an analysis of the likely involved mechanisms. Our thesis is that, due to its immunoregulatory role, vitamin D plays a minor role in conjunction with myriad other factors. In some cases, a vicious cycle is generated, thus contributing to the deficiency and aggravating the autoimmune process.

Energetics of Shuttle Runs: The Effects of Distance and Change of Direction

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1033-1039 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paola Zamparo ◽  
Ivan Zadro ◽  
Stefano Lazzer ◽  
Marco Beato ◽  
Luigino Sepulcri
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Turning Angle ◽  
Change Of Direction ◽  
Maximal Speed ◽  
A Minor ◽  
The Relationship

Shuttle runs can be used to study the physiological responses in sports (such as basketball) characterized by sprints (accelerations/decelerations) and changes of direction.Purpose:To determine the energy cost (C) of shuttle runs with different turning angles and over different distances (with different acceleration/deceleration patterns).Methods:Nine basketball players were asked to complete 6 intermittent tests over different distances (5, 10, 25 m) and with different changes of direction (180° at 5 and 25 m; 0°, 45°, 90°, and 180° at 10 m) at maximal speed (v ≍ 4.5 m/s), each composed by 10 shuttle runs of 10-s duration and 30-s recovery; during these runs oxygen uptake (VO2), blood lactate (Lab), and C were determined.Results:For a given shuttle distance (10 m) no major differences where observed in VO2 (~33 mL · min−1 · kg−1), Lab (~3.75 mM), and C (~21.2 J · m−1 · kg−1) when the shuttle runs were performed with different turning angles. For a given turning angle (180°), VO2 and Lab were found to increase with the distance covered (VO2 from 26 to 35 mL · min−1 · kg−1; Lab from 0.7 to 7.6 mM) while C was found to decrease with it (from 29.9 to 10.6 J · m−1 · kg−1); the relationship between C and d (m) is well described by C = 92.99 × d0.656, R2 = .971.Conclusions:The metabolic demands of shuttle tests run at maximal speeds can be estimated based on the running distance, while the turning angle plays a minor role in determining C.

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