Moisture sources of heavy precipitation in Xinjiang characterized by meteorological patterns

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shibo Yao ◽  
Dabang Jiang ◽  
Zhongshi Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Dispersion Model ◽  
Source Region ◽  
Heavy Precipitation ◽  
Particle Dispersion ◽  
Tianshan Mountains ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Moisture Source ◽  
Kunlun Mountains ◽  
South Central

AbstractIn this study, the FLEXible PARTicle dispersion model (FLEXPART) is applied to determine the moisture source of heavy precipitation in Xinjiang in the wet season (April–September) from 1979 to 2018. This is investigated for different meteorological patterns of heavy precipitation categories based on the self-organizing maps (SOM) method. The SOM results suggest that there are four main meteorological patterns (N1, N2, N3 and N4) for heavy precipitation in Xinjiang. These match the strength and position of geopotential height anomalies at middle-high levels over Central Asia and indicate the anomalous activities of the Central Asia trough and vortex. Further analysis shows that the heavy precipitation is centered at the Tianshan Mountains and the Kunlun Mountains in the N1 and N3 patterns and around the Tianshan Mountains in the N2 and N4 patterns. There are four moisture source regions that contribute to each of the four meteorological patterns for heavy precipitation in Xinjiang, which are listed in descending order of their contribution rates: southern Xinjiang (29–37%), North–Central Asia (19–27%), northern Xinjiang (14–19%), and South–Central Asia (13–16%). The contribution of each source to the heavy precipitation in Xinjiang varies with the meteorological pattern. Additionally, the contribution rates of each source region match well with the precipitation-related particle aggregation before heavy precipitation days. These results help us better understand the moisture source of the heavy precipitation in Xinjiang.

scholarly journals An Analysis of Moisture Sources of Torrential Rainfall Events over Xinjiang, China

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 2109-2122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-shu Zhou ◽  
Ze-ming Xie ◽  
Xin Liu
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Dispersion Model ◽  
Source Area ◽  
Particle Dispersion ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Moisture Source ◽  
Moisture Sources ◽  
North Asia ◽  
Torrential Rainfall

Abstract Water vapor is a primary rainfall source for the development of torrential rainfall events. By using a Lagrangian flexible particle dispersion model (FLEXPART), the water vapor transports associated with torrential rainfall over Xinjiang, China, during April–September of 2008–15 are examined in this study. The results show that water vapor related to torrential rainfall events is mostly transported by westerly winds. The moisture sources for the development of torrential rainfall over four areas (Altay, Ili Valley, Hami, and Aksu-Kashgar) are mainly from Xinjiang and central Asia. The north Asia area and the Mediterranean/Black/Caspian Sea region are also important contributors to moisture source over the Altay area. Over Ili Valley, both the central Asia area and Xinjiang contribute 40% of water vapor to rainfall sources. Over the Hami area, 70% of the moisture source is from the Xinjiang. Over the Aksu-Kashgar area, the central Asia region is the most important moisture source area.

scholarly journals Moisture Transport and Sources of the Extreme Precipitation Over Northern and Southern Xinjiang in the Summer Half-Year During 1979–2018

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qin Hu ◽  
Yong Zhao ◽  
Anning Huang ◽  
Pan Ma ◽  
Jing Ming
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Extreme Precipitation ◽  
Arabian Sea ◽  
Dispersion Model ◽  
Particle Dispersion ◽  
Source Areas ◽  
Northern Xinjiang ◽  
Moisture Source ◽  
Summer Half ◽  
Southern Xinjiang

Based on the output data from the Lagrangian flexible particle dispersion model (FLEXPART), we analyze the pathways of moisture to identify the moisture source areas for extreme precipitation in the summer half-year (April–September) over northern and southern Xinjiang, respectively. For both northern and southern Xinjiang, the local evaporation plays a decisive role for extreme precipitation in the summer half-year, of which contribution ratio accounts for 24.5% to northern Xinjiang and 30.2% to southern Xinjiang of all identified source areas. In addition, central Asia and northwestern Asia are the major moisture source areas as well and contribute similarly to extreme precipitation relative to local evaporation. For northern Xinjiang, central Asia surpasses northwestern Asia, and each of them contributes 24.1 and 18.8%, whereas northwestern Asia is somewhat more crucial than central Asia for southern Xinjiang, accounting 22.1 and 19.1%, respectively. Note that the three top-ranked moisture source areas make up a large proportion of total sources. Regarding the remaining source areas that also provide moisture, the contributions are entirely different for southern and northern Xinjiang. Originating from the North Atlantic Ocean, Europe, and the Mediterranean Sea, some water vapor enters northern Xinjiang and converge to precipitate, while this process is barely detectable for extreme precipitation over southern Xinjiang, which is affected by the westerly flow. On the contrary, the Arabian Sea, the Arabian Peninsula, and the Indian Peninsula contribute, even though slightly, to extreme precipitation over southern Xinjiang, which indicates that the meridional transport pathways from the Arabian Sea can carry moisture to this inland region.

scholarly journals A review of sea-spray aerosol source functions using a large global set of sea salt aerosol concentration measurements

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 1277-1297 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Grythe ◽  
J. Ström ◽  
R. Krejci ◽  
P. Quinn ◽  
A. Stohl
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Source Function ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Dispersion Model ◽  
Cloud Condensation Nuclei ◽  
Source Region ◽  
Particle Dispersion ◽  
Sea Spray ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
Best Fit

Abstract. Sea-spray aerosols (SSA) are an important part of the climate system because of their effects on the global radiative budget – both directly as scatterers and absorbers of solar and terrestrial radiation, and indirectly as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) influencing cloud formation, lifetime, and precipitation. In terms of their global mass, SSA have the largest uncertainty of all aerosols. In this study we review 21 SSA source functions from the literature, several of which are used in current climate models. In addition, we propose a~new function. Even excluding outliers, the global annual SSA mass produced spans roughly 3–70 Pg yr−1 for the different source functions, for particles with dry diameter Dp < 10 μm, with relatively little interannual variability for a given function. The FLEXPART Lagrangian particle dispersion model was run in backward mode for a large global set of observed SSA concentrations, comprised of several station networks and ship cruise measurement campaigns. FLEXPART backward calculations produce gridded emission sensitivity fields, which can subsequently be multiplied with gridded SSA production fluxes in order to obtain modeled SSA concentrations. This allowed us to efficiently and simultaneously evaluate all 21 source functions against the measurements. Another advantage of this method is that source-region information on wind speed and sea surface temperatures (SSTs) could be stored and used for improving the SSA source function parameterizations. The best source functions reproduced as much as 70% of the observed SSA concentration variability at several stations, which is comparable with "state of the art" aerosol models. The main driver of SSA production is wind, and we found that the best fit to the observation data could be obtained when the SSA production is proportional to U103.5, where U10 is the source region averaged 10 m wind speed. A strong influence of SST on SSA production, with higher temperatures leading to higher production, could be detected as well, although the underlying physical mechanisms of the SST influence remains unclear. Our new source function with wind speed and temperature dependence gives a global SSA production for particles smaller than Dp < 10 μm of 9 Pg yr−1, and is the best fit to the observed concentrations.

scholarly journals Tracing biomass burning plumes from the Southern Hemisphere during the AMMA 2006 wet season experiment

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (14) ◽  
pp. 3951-3961 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. H. Mari ◽  
G. Cailley ◽  
L. Corre ◽  
M. Saunois ◽  
J. L. Attié ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Dispersion Model ◽  
Intraseasonal Variability ◽  
Active Phase ◽  
Particle Dispersion ◽  
Gulf Of Guinea ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Break Phase ◽  
Active Fire ◽  
Multidisciplinary Analysis

Abstract. The Lagrangian particle dispersion model FLEXPART coupled with daily active fire products provided by the MODIS instrument was used to forecast the intrusions of the southern hemispheric fire plumes in the Northern Hemisphere during the AMMA (African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis) fourth airborne campaign from 25 July to 31 August 2006 (Special Operation Period SOP2_a2). The imprint of the biomass burning plumes over the Gulf of Guinea showed a well marked intraseasonal variability which is controlled by the position and strength of the southern hemispheric African Easterly Jet (AEJ-S). Three different periods were identified which correspond to active and break phases of the AEJ-S: 25 July–2 August (active phase), 3 August–8 August (break phase) and 9 August–31 August (active phase). During the AEJ-S active phases, the advection of the biomass burning plumes out over the Atlantic ocean was efficient in the mid-troposphere. During the AEJ-S break phases, pollutants emitted by fires were trapped over the continent where they accumulated. The continental circulation increased the possibility for the biomass burning plumes to reach the convective regions located further north. As a consequence, biomass burning plumes were found in the upper troposphere over the Gulf of Guinea during the AEJ-S break phase. Observational evidences from the ozonesounding network at Cotonou and the carbon monoxide measured by MOPITT confirmed the alternation of the AEJ-S phases with low ozone and CO in the mid-troposphere over the Gulf of Guinea during the break phase.

scholarly journals Source identification of short-lived air pollutants in the Arctic using statistical analysis of measurement data and particle dispersion model output

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 19879-19937 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Hirdman ◽  
H. Sodemann ◽  
S. Eckhardt ◽  
J. F. Burkhart ◽  
A. Jefferson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Forest Fires ◽  
Dispersion Model ◽  
Source Region ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Particle Dispersion ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Substantial Contribution ◽  
Northern Eurasia ◽  
Southern Asia ◽  
Ozone Concentrations

Abstract. As a part of the IPY project POLARCAT (Polar Study using Aircraft, Remote Sensing, Surface Measurements and Models, of Climate Chemistry, Aerosols and Transport), this paper studies the sources of equivalent black carbon (EBC), sulphate, light-scattering aerosols and ozone measured at the Arctic stations Zeppelin, Alert, Barrow and Summit during the years 2000–2007. These species are important pollutants and climate forcing agents, and sulphate and EBC are main components of Arctic haze. To determine where these substances originate, the measurement data were combined with calculations using FLEXPART, a Lagrangian particle dispersion model. The climatology of atmospheric transport from surrounding regions on a twenty-day time scale modelled by FLEXPART shows that the stations Zeppelin, Alert and Barrow are highly sensitive to surface emissions in the Arctic and to emissions in high-latitude Eurasia in winter. Emission sensitivities over southern Asia and southern North America are small throughout the year. The high-altitude station Summit is an order of magnitude less sensitive to surface emissions in the Arctic whereas emissions in the southern parts of the Northern Hemisphere continents are more influential relative to the other stations. Our results show that for EBC and sulphate measured at Zeppelin, Alert and Barrow, northern Eurasia is the dominant source region. For sulphate, Eastern Europe and the metal smelting industry in Norilsk are particularly important. For EBC, boreal forest fires also contribute in summer. No evidence for any substantial contribution to EBC from sources in southern Asia is found. For ozone, the results show that transport from the stratosphere, even though it is slow in the Arctic, has a pronounced influence on the surface concentrations. European air masses are associated with low ozone concentrations in winter due to titration by nitric oxides, but are associated with high ozone concentrations in summer due to photochemical ozone formation. There is also a strong influence of ozone depletion events in the Arctic boundary layer on measured ozone concentrations in spring and summer. These results will be useful for developing emission reduction strategies for the Arctic.

scholarly journals Analysis of Precipitation Extremes in the Source Region of the Yangtze River during 1960–2016

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1691 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baojia Zhou ◽  
Chuan Liang ◽  
Peng Zhao ◽  
Qiong Dai
Keyword(s):  
Extreme Precipitation ◽  
Yangtze River ◽  
Source Region ◽  
Heavy Precipitation ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Annual Maximum ◽  
The Yangtze River ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Daily Precipitation Data ◽  
Increasing Trends

The source region of the Yangtze River (SRYR) on the central Tibetan Plateau has seen one of the most significant increases in temperature in the world. Climate warming has altered the temporal and spatial characteristics of precipitation in the SRYR. In this study, we analyzed the temporal trends and spatial distributions of extreme precipitation in the SRYR during 1960–2016 using 11 extreme precipitation indices (EPIs) derived from daily precipitation data collected at five meteorological stations in the region. The trends in the EPIs were estimated using the linear least squares method, and their statistical significance was assessed using the Mann–Kendall test. The results show the following. Temporally, the majority of SRYR EPIs (including the simple daily intensity index, annual maximum 1-day precipitation (RX1day), annual maximum 5-day precipitation (RX5day), very wet day precipitation, extremely wet day precipitation, number of heavy precipitation days, number of very heavy precipitation days, and number of consecutive wet days) exhibited statistically nonsignificant increasing trends during the study period, while annual total wet-day precipitation (PRCPTOT) and the number of wet days exhibited statistically significant increasing trends. In addition, the number of consecutive dry days (CDD) exhibited a statistically significant decreasing trend. For the seasonal EPIs, the PRCPTOT, RX1day, and RX5day all exhibited nonsignificant increasing trends during the wet season, and significant increasing trends during the dry season. Spatially, changes in the annual and wet season EPIs in the study area both exhibited significant differences in their spatial distribution. By contrast, changes in dry season PRCPTOT, RX1day, and RX5day exhibited notable spatial consistency. These three indices exhibited increasing trends at each station. Moreover, there was a statistically significant positive correlation between the annual PRCPTOT and each of the other EPIs (except CDD). However, the contribution of extreme precipitation to annual PRCPTOT exhibited a nonsignificant decreasing trend.

scholarly journals The Identification of Iran’s Moisture Sources Using a Lagrangian Particle Dispersion Model

Atmosphere ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mojtaba Heydarizad ◽  
Ezzat Raeisi ◽  
Rogert Sori ◽  
Luis Gimeno
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Persian Gulf ◽  
Arabian Sea ◽  
Dispersion Model ◽  
Particle Dispersion ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Moisture Sources ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The Persian Gulf

Iran has faced many water shortage crises in the past. Iran’s moisture sources for precipitation were identified by Lagrangian approach using the FLEXible PARTicle dispersion model (FLEXPART) v9.0 model. The results demonstrate that Iran receives its moisture from both continental and oceanic sources. During the wet season, moisture uptake from the Arabian Sea, the Persian Gulf, and the Mediterranean Sea is dominant, while during the dry season, the role of the Red Sea, the Caspian Sea, and the Persian Gulf is intensified. Studying drought conditions by comparing 1-month, 6-month, and 12-month standardized precipitation index (SPI) with (E-P) values of oceanic and continental moisture sources (E stands for the evaporation and P the precipitation) using multiregression model demonstrates that among oceanic sources the Arabian Sea, the Persian Gulf, the Mediterranean Sea, and the Indian Ocean affect SPI values and among continental sources, moisture from bare grounds and cultivated lands influences SPI values during wet season. However, no correlation exists between oceanic and continental (E-P) and SPI values during the dry season. The results obtained by this study can be used by meteorologists and hydrology scientists for future water management programmes in Iran.

scholarly journals Moisture Sources of Torrential Rainfall Events in the Sichuan Basin of China during Summers of 2009–13

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 1906-1917 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongjie Huang ◽  
Xiaopeng Cui
Keyword(s):  
Bay Of Bengal ◽  
Sichuan Basin ◽  
Dispersion Model ◽  
Source Region ◽  
Particle Dispersion ◽  
The Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Moisture Sources ◽  
Torrential Rainfall ◽  
The Sichuan Basin

Abstract Water vapor sources and transport paths associated with torrential rains are very important to research and forecasts. This study investigates the main moisture sources and transport paths related to torrential rainfall events in the Sichuan basin of China, which is located east of the Tibetan Plateau, using a Lagrangian flexible particle dispersion model (FLEXPART). Based on the analysis of the torrential rainfall distribution during 2009–13, four study areas are selected in the basin. Particles that have a great contribution to the torrential rainfall events within the four study areas are traced back for 10 days, and a quantitative analysis of the contributions from various moisture sources to the torrential rainfall events is also conducted. The results indicate that a large number of target particles start at the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal, land on the Indo-China Peninsula, and finally reach the study areas. This is an important moisture transport path for the torrential rainfall events within the four study areas. Another important path is from the neighborhood of the Sichuan basin. The total moisture supplies from all examined moisture sources within the whole atmospheric layer account for more than 90% of precipitation within the study areas. There are two major moisture sources, the Sichuan basin and the Bay of Bengal, and the South China Sea could be another important moisture source region for the torrential rains in the northeastern Sichuan basin.

scholarly journals Source identification of short-lived air pollutants in the Arctic using statistical analysis of measurement data and particle dispersion model output

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 669-693 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Hirdman ◽  
H. Sodemann ◽  
S. Eckhardt ◽  
J. F. Burkhart ◽  
A. Jefferson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Forest Fires ◽  
Dispersion Model ◽  
Source Region ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Particle Dispersion ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Substantial Contribution ◽  
Northern Eurasia ◽  
Southern Asia ◽  
Ozone Concentrations

Abstract. As a part of the IPY project POLARCAT (Polar Study using Aircraft, Remote Sensing, Surface Measurements and Models, of Climate Chemistry, Aerosols and Transport), this paper studies the sources of equivalent black carbon (EBC), sulphate, light-scattering aerosols and ozone measured at the Arctic stations Zeppelin, Alert, Barrow and Summit during the years 2000–2007. These species are important pollutants and climate forcing agents, and sulphate and EBC are main components of Arctic haze. To determine where these substances originate, the measurement data were combined with calculations using FLEXPART, a Lagrangian particle dispersion model. The climatology of atmospheric transport from surrounding regions on a twenty-day time scale modelled by FLEXPART shows that the stations Zeppelin, Alert and Barrow are highly sensitive to surface emissions in the Arctic and to emissions in high-latitude Eurasia in winter. Emission sensitivities over southern Asia and southern North America are small throughout the year. The high-altitude station Summit is an order of magnitude less sensitive to surface emissions in the Arctic whereas emissions in the southern parts of the Northern Hemisphere continents are more influential relative to the other stations. Our results show that for EBC and sulphate measured at Zeppelin, Alert and Barrow, northern Eurasia is the dominant source region. For sulphate, Eastern Europe and the metal smelting industry in Norilsk are particularly important. For EBC, boreal forest fires also contribute in summer. No evidence for any substantial contribution to EBC from sources in southern Asia is found. European air masses are associated with low ozone concentrations in winter due to titration by nitric oxides, but are associated with high ozone concentrations in summer due to photochemical ozone formation. There is also a strong influence of ozone depletion events in the Arctic boundary layer on measured ozone concentrations in spring and summer. These results will be useful for developing emission reduction strategies for the Arctic.

scholarly journals Tracing biomass burning plumes from the Southern Hemisphere during the AMMA 2006 wet season experiment

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 17339-17366 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. H. Mari ◽  
G. Cailley ◽  
L. Corre ◽  
M. Saunois ◽  
J. L. Attié ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Dispersion Model ◽  
Intraseasonal Variability ◽  
Active Phase ◽  
Particle Dispersion ◽  
Gulf Of Guinea ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Break Phase ◽  
Active Fire ◽  
Fire Plumes

Abstract. The Lagrangian particle dispersion model FLEXPART coupled with daily active fire products provided by the MODIS instrument was used to forecast the intrusions of the southern hemispheric fire plumes in the Northern Hemisphere during the AMMA fourth airborne campaign from 25 July to 31 August 2006 (Special Operation Period SOP2_a2). The imprint of the biomass burning plumes over the Gulf of Guinea showed a well marked intraseasonal variability which is controlled by the position and strength of the southern hemispheric African Easterly Jet (AEJ-S). Three different periods were identified which correspond to active and break phases of the AEJ-S: 25 July–2 August (active phase), 3 August–8 August (break phase) and 9 August–31 August (active phase). During the AEJ-S active phases, the advection of the biomass burning plumes out over the Atlantic ocean was efficient in the mid-troposphere. During the AEJ-S break phases, pollutants emitted by fires were trapped over the continent where they accumulated. The continental circulation increased the possibility for the biomass burning plumes to reach the convective regions located further north. As a consequence, biomass burning plumes were found in the upper troposphere over the Gulf of Guinea during the AEJ-S break phase. Observational evidences from the ozonesounding network at Cotonou and the carbon monoxide measured by MOPITT confirmed the alternation of the AEJ-S phases with low ozone and CO in the mid-troposphere over the Gulf of Guinea during the break phase.

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