Resilience in agroecosystems: an index based on a socioecological systems approach

2022 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Systems Approach ◽  
Multicriteria Analysis ◽  
Climate Change Impacts ◽  
Continuous Variable ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Socioecological Systems ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Rio Grande Basin ◽  
Resilience Index ◽  
High Degree

Abstract This article presents an agroecosystem resilience index (ARI) relative to two types of exogenous drivers: biophysical and socioeconomic threats. The ARI is based on a theoretical framework of socioecological systems and draws upon multicriteria analysis. The multicriteria consists of variables related to natural, productive, socioeconomic, and institutional systems that are weighted and grouped through expert judgment. The index was operationalized in the Rio Grande Basin (RGB), in the Colombian Andes. The ARI was evaluated at the household level using information from 99 RGB households obtained through workshops, individual semistructured interviews, and surveys. The ARI is a continuous variable that ranges between zero and one and results in five categories of resilience: very low, low, medium, high, and very high. When faced with climate change impacts, 19% of households showed low resilience, 64% medium resilience, and 16% high resilience according to the ARI. When faced with price fluctuations, 23% of households showed low resilience, 65% medium resilience, and 11% high resilience. Key variables associated with high resilience include the diversity of vegetation cover, households that have forests on their properties, a high degree of connectivity with other patches of forest, diversification of household economic activities, profitability of economic activities, availability of water sources, and good relationship with local institutions.

scholarly journals Spatial-Planning-Based Ecosystem Adaptation (SPBEA): A Concept and Modeling of Prone Shoreline Retreat Areas

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 176
Author(s):  
Dewayany Sutrisno ◽  
Mulyanto Darmawan ◽  
Ati Rahadiati ◽  
Muhammad Helmi ◽  
Armaiki Yusmur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Planning ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Model Development ◽  
Multicriteria Analysis ◽  
Climate Change Impacts ◽  
Coastal Protection ◽  
Adaptation To Climate Change ◽  
Shoreline Retreat ◽  
Tidal Waves ◽  
Central Java

Ecosystem-based adaptation to climate change impacts, such as shoreline retreat, has been promoted at the international, national, and even local levels. However, among scientists, opinions about how to implement it in spatial-planning practices are varied. Science-based environmental factors, human wellbeing, and sustainable development can be strengthened by developing spatial-planning-based ecosystem adaptations (SPBEAs). Therefore, this article aims to assess how the SPBEA model can be developed within an area prone to shoreline retreat. A coastal area of the Sayung subdistrict in Central Java, Indonesia, was selected as a study area because it has experienced a massive shoreline retreat. A multicriteria analysis (MCA) method was employed for developing the model by using the geographic information system (GIS) technique of analysis, divided into three steps: the fishpond zone determination, which involved the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) method in the process of model development; the fishpond site determination; SPBEA fishpond site development. The results show that the SPBEA model is the best practice solution for combatting shoreline retreat because of tidal waves and/or sea-level rise. The spatial site management should empower the coastal protection zone and the sustainable fishpond zone by implementing a silvofishery approach.

scholarly journals Co-exploring the effects of COVID-19 pandemic on the livelihood of persons with disabilities in Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adity Shayontony Das ◽  
Fatema Akter Bonny ◽  
Arifa Bente Mohosin ◽  
Sabina Faiz Rashid ◽  
Md Tanvir Hasan
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
World Health ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Formal Sector ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Persons With Disabilities ◽  
Household Level ◽  
The Government ◽  
Health Organization

Background: According to World Health Organization (WHO), vulnerable groups such as persons with disabilities are facing severe impacts of the pandemic. There has always been significant challenges and hurdles in terms of achieving adequate and equitable inclusivity of persons with disabilities in all sections of social life. Education and employment of persons with disabilities were least focused which created more marginalization for the community. The long term impact of these marginalization has also led to the lack of jobs and social security of persons with disabilities, which is very clear now given the crisis in place. In low and middle income countries like Bangladesh the situation is even worse. To better understand the conditions of persons with disabilities in this crisis situation, the present study was initiated to explore the dimensions of livelihood with respect to income and wellbeing of persons with disabilities and to generate evidence for developing policies around these issues.Methods: A qualitative study was undertaken among 30 persons with disabilities from 8 different geographical divisions of Bangladesh. The interviews were conducted through telephone calls due to the existing COVID-19 crisis and mobility restrictions. The respondents were purposively selected based on gender, type of disability, area of resident (urban, rural) and their ability to communicate, therefore most (25/30) respondents were persons with physical disability. Thematic analysis was conducted to generate the findings of the study.Findings: Study findings revealed that majority of the respondents were involved in informal jobs. Predominantly males were daily wage-earners and often the sole breadwinner of the families, very few females were involved in economic activities. Since they had no stable income, the economic shock from the COVID-19 pandemic had affected them badly even leading to household level famine. The study identifies low level of education and informal job security as the primary causes of socio-economic insecurity among persons with disabilities, resulting in challenges in ensuring a stable livelihood during crisis situations, such as COVID-19.Conclusion: Constant alienation of persons of disabilities from the formal sector results in the deterioration of their livelihood standards which even worsen during any emergency crisis such as COVID-19. The study pinpoints that only aided services are not adequate to ensure persons with disabilities' rights rather there is an urgent need of disability inclusion in formal job sector and livelihood training for persons with disabilities. To achieve the Sustainable Development Goals 2030 and to irradiate the inequality towards persons with disabilities in the society it is important for the Government and concern bodies to focus on the inclusiveness with better implementation and monitoring strategies.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Pandemic and Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs): Policy Response for Revival

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 213-228
Author(s):  
Minaketan Behera ◽  
Sanghamitra Mishra ◽  
Niharika Mohapatra ◽  
Alok Ranjan Behera
Keyword(s):  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Fiscal Stimulus ◽  
Indian Economy ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Market Linkage ◽  
The Government ◽  
Medium Enterprises ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Relationship

The outburst of COVID-19 has not only distressed the economic and social activities of Indian economy but also the world economy as a whole. Out of different economic activities, the micro, small and medium Enterprises (MSMEs) affected a lot. This article attempts to measure the contribution of MSMEs towards Indian economy and also attempts to find out the challenges and problems in pre- and during COVID period. We have used different descriptive statistics to measure the impacts of MSMEs and also use of correlation and co-integration to measure the relationship among the variables such as number of MSMEs, investment amount, employment and output. This pandemic is an exceptional shock for MSMEs. It is evident that there is a high degree of significant positive correlation among the variables. Johansen’s co-integration analysis resulted in the rejection of the null hypothesis signifying the existence of long-run co-integrating relationship. Given the extensive COVID-19 chaos, the government needs to establish an ongoing monitoring system and declare urgent relief steps to improve the MSMEs sector’s confidence. E-market linkage for MSMEs should be promoted, and fiscal stimulus should increase for this sector. The Government of India should take various measures to improve Indian MSMEs and achieve the vision of Self-reliant India.

scholarly journals PLASTIC CARDS AS THE MAIN SECTOR OF CASHLESS PAYMENTS

2018 ◽  
pp. 76-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. O. Kushu ◽  
Y. A. Sobka
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Tax Base ◽  
Financial Condition ◽  
Motivational Aspect ◽  
Calculation Methodology ◽  
Single Strategy ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Impact

The article discusses the impact of plastic cards on minimizing the risks of the organization. Non-cash payments - is an integral part of the management of financial and economic activities of the banking sector within the framework of a single strategy of economic development, which is a process of systematic use of the optimal legal methods and methods to establish the desired future financial condition of the object in terms of limited resources and the possibility of their alternative use. The process of using plastic cards should be considered in a number of ways. The organizational aspect assesses the degree of formalization and regulation of the use of cashless payments. It is clear that the higher the degree of regulation of procedures, the higher the predictability and manageability of the process of cashless payments. Coordination is the degree of coordination among the participants. It is the result of a high degree of regulation of the process or effective operational work of the Department of non-cash payments. The methodology reflects the compliance of plastic cards calculation methodology adopted by the company, its production characteristics and financial and economic structure. The value of the motivational aspect of non-cash payments is that it makes it possible to stimulate the results of the work of the head, or the entire Department of non-cash payments. Stimulation is made by means of inclusion in the budget of division of the bonus Fund which can be used for payment of awards to employees of division and its head. The need to calculate Bank cards is inherent in the legislation itself, which provides for certain regimes for different situations, allows different methods for calculating the tax base and offers various benefits if they act in the desired directions to the authorities. In addition, the process of calculating plastic cards is due to the interest of the state in providing a number of advantages in order to stimulate any sphere of production, category, regulation of socio-economic development.

scholarly journals Exploring Challenges in Space Syntax Theory Building: The Use of Positivist and Hermeneutic Explanatory Models

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (17) ◽  
pp. 7133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akkelies van Nes ◽  
Claudia Yamu
Keyword(s):  
Urban Space ◽  
Critical Realism ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Space Syntax ◽  
Explanatory Models ◽  
Theory Building ◽  
Built Environments ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Market Rationality ◽  
High Degree

The planning and building of sustainable cities and communities yields operational theories on urban space. The novelty of this paper is that it discusses and explores the challenges for space syntax theory building within two key research traditions: positivism and hermeneutics. Applying a theory of science perspective, we first discuss the explanatory power of space syntax and its applications. Next, we distinguish between theories that attempt to explain a phenomenon and theories that seek to understand it, based on Von Wright’s modal logics and Bhaskar’s critical realism models. We demonstrate that space syntax research that focuses on spatial configurative changes in built environments, movement and economic activities can explain changes in a built environment in terms of cause and effect (positivism), whereas historical research or research focusing on social rationality, space and crime or cognition seeks to develop an understanding of the inherent cultural meaning of the space under investigation (hermeneutics). Evidently, the effect of human intentions and behaviour on spatial structures depends on the type of rationality underlying these intentions, which is the focus of this study. Positivist explanatory models are appropriate for examining market rationality in cases that entail unambiguous intentionality and that are associated with a high degree of predictability. By contrast, other kinds of reasoning require a hermeneutic understanding.

scholarly journals The Importance of Women's Involvement in Economic Activities in the Improvement of Child Nutrition and Health

1988 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatrice Lorge Rogers ◽  
Nadia Youssef
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Child Care ◽  
Health Education ◽  
Social Services ◽  
Child Nutrition ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
Women's Groups ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Nutrition And Health ◽  
Household Level

Rogers and Youssef believe that nutrition programmes “need to recognize explicitly that nutritional problems often have their origins in social and economic systems, and that these problems can be solved only by bringing about changes in these systems, particularly at the household level.” They state that social services are suffering from a shrinking of government resources in developing countries, and stress that women must draw on their own resources to better their nutritional and health statue Their proposals promote not only more entrepreneurship for women but also organizations of women, including unions. They also discuss the development of co-operative child-care, which would help women to conserve some of their resources. Rogers and Youssef assert that women's groups started for economic purposes can be successful forums for nutrition and health education, and they provide examples of groups that have carried out all of these functions.

Urban vulnerability and resiliency over water-related risks: a case study from Algiers

2015 ◽  
Vol 73 (5) ◽  
pp. 1145-1154
Author(s):  
Najet Aroua
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Multicriteria Analysis ◽  
Urban Ecosystems ◽  
Preventive Strategy ◽  
Social Interventions ◽  
Urban Vulnerability ◽  
Resilience Index ◽  
Resilience Indicators ◽  
Adaptation Ability

The ad hoc management of natural environmental features and inappropriate social interventions could cause vulnerability of thriving urban ecosystems. For instance sub-aerial exposure, water-related hazards, urban intrinsic sensitivity, urban adaptation ability or flexibility and urban transformability factors could contribute a potential danger. In spite of seasonal climatic changes, the exposure indicates a significant geographical determinism whereas the other factors express its antithesis. The present paper aims to adapt a vulnerability–resilience indicators' multicriteria analysis to show the variability and contribution rate with regard to local water-related risks. The municipality of al-Harrash from Algiers has been selected as a case study. The urban vulnerability–resilience closely tied up with a sum of relevant indicators confirmed by the diagnosis items, which are relevant to the local urban and hydro systems. The cumulative sums are obtained from a classification process referring to several criteria implied in the water-related risks. These were formulated here for the purpose of a multicriteria analysis with the objective of assessing the urban vulnerability–resilience index and subsequently orientating the preventive strategy towards different levels of sustainable measures. With this respect the exposure and sensitivity received a significant score while adaptation ability and transformability scored very low.

scholarly journals Association between changes in economic activity and catastrophic health expenditure: findings from the Korea Health Panel Survey, 2014–2016

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyeon Ji Lee ◽  
Doo Woong Lee ◽  
Dong-Woo Choi ◽  
Sarah Soyeon Oh ◽  
Junhyun Kwon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Subgroup Analysis ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Catastrophic Health Expenditure ◽  
Panel Survey ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Comorbidity Index

Abstract Background The rate of catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) continues to rise in South Korea. This study examined the association between changes in economic activity and CHE experiences in South Korea. Methods This study analyzed the Korea Health Panel Survey data using a logistic regression analysis to study the association between changes in economic activity in 2014–2015 and the participants’ CHE experiences in 2015. The study included a total of 12,454 individuals over the age of 19. The subgroup analyses were organized by sex, age, health-related variables, and household level variables, and the reasons for leaving economic activity. Results Those who quit economic activities were more likely to experience CHE than those who continued to engage in economic activities (OR [odds ratio] = 2.10; 95% CI [confidence interval]: 1.31–3.36). The subgroup analysis results, according to health-related variables, showed that there is a tendency to a higher Charlson comorbidity index, a higher OR, and, in groups that quit their economic activities, people with disabilities were more likely to experience CHE than people without disabilities (OR = 5.63; 95% CI 1.71–18.59, OR = 1.82; 95% CI 1.08–3.08, respectively). Another subgroup analysis found that if the reason for not participating in economic activity was a health-related issue, the participant was more likely to experience CHE (active → inactive: OR = 2.40; 95% CI 0.61–9.43, inactive → inactive OR = 1.65; 95% CI 1.01–2.68). Conclusions Those individuals who became unemployed were more likely to experience CHE, especially if health problems precipitated the job loss. Therefore, efforts are needed to expand coverage for those people who suffer from high medical expenses.

scholarly journals Precipitation and Temperature in Costa Rica at the End of the Century Based on NEX-GDDP Projected Scenarios

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1323
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Castillo ◽  
Jorge A. Amador
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Climate Change Impacts ◽  
Summer Drought ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Past Data ◽  
Precipitation And Temperature

The evaluation of intraseasonal, seasonal, and annual variability of rainfall and temperature extremes, while using climate change scenarios data, is extremely important for socio-economic activities, such as water resources management. Costa Rica, a climate change hotspot, is largely dependent on rainfall for socioeconomic activities; hence, the relevance of this study. Based on the NEX-GDDP, rainfall and temperature range were analyzed for Costa Rica at the end of the century (2070–2099), while using 1970–1999 as a baseline for six available meteorological stations. Differences between the multimodel ensembles of two prospective scenarios (RCP 4.5 and 8.5) and the historical information were computed. This study highlights Costa Rica as an inflexion region for climate change impacts in Central America, for which projected scenarios suggest an early onset of the rainy season, and a decline in the mid-summer drought (MSD) minimum. The assessment of model data in some regions of Costa Rica, for which historical data were available, suggests that the latter does not capture a well-known regional climate feature, the MSD, in both precipitation and temperature range well. The availability of observed past data sources is a major limitation of this research; however, with the station data used, it is still possible to draw some conclusions regarding future climate in some regions of Costa Rica, especially in the northwest side of the country, where past data are consistent with model information, providing a more reliable picture of changes in climate there that has potential implications for socioeconomic sectors.

Evaluating future beach reduction in a changing climate: Methodologies and uncertainties.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Agulles ◽  
Gabriel Jordà
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level Rise ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Climate Change Impacts ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Swash Zone ◽  
Wave Runup ◽  
First Results ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Waves

<p>In recent years there have been endless coastal actions that have substantially modified the equilibrium conditions of much of the coastline. This fact, along with an unprecedented coastal population growth and the projected sea level rise, make beaches a particularly vulnerable region to climate change impacts. In particular, there is a clear need to quantify the reduction of the beach area due to the combination effects of the sea level rise and changes in the waves in the swash zone, under different future climate scenarios.</p><p>In this work different methodologies are developed to estimate the retreat of the coastline and to quantify the associated uncertainties. The methodologies have been applied to three beaches of the Balearic Islands, which have been continuously monitored during the last decade. The different methodologies imply the use of models to propagate the waves from deep waters to shallow depths and to compute wave runup. The results are compared to simpler approaches based on empirical formulations that provide a cost-effective solution to cover large domains. All the different approaches are validated with coastal wave recorders (AWACs) and data from cameras from which wave runup is estimated. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis has been performed to assess the impact of uncertainties in the beach bathymetry.</p><p>The first results show that under the RCP8.5 scenario, the expected coastline retreat under mean conditions would be of ~22 ± 5 meters at mid-century. Considering extreme waves conditions, the retreat would reach ~40 ± 5 meters.</p><p>It is worth mentioning that the three studied beaches have a very different exposure, granulometry and maritime climate, and in spite of that, the estimated uncertainty level is relatively low (~10-25%) in all of them. Therefore, the proposed methodologies along with their uncertainty analysis, might be extrapolated to any sandy beach with a reasonable high degree of accuracy. </p>

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