The Transnational Nexus of Migration

1986 ◽  
Vol 485 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
ROSEMARIE ROGERS
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
World War ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Labor Migrations ◽  
Mediterranean Countries ◽  
Ambiguous Situation ◽  
Near Future

The large-scale post-World War II labor migrations from the Mediterranean countries and North Africa to northern and western Europe have resulted in the presence of millions of foreigners and their families in the host countries. This article discusses the ambiguous situation of many of these migrants, who are not fully settled in the countries in which they live, but are nevertheless likely to remain there in the near future or indeed for good. The article also inquires into the ways in which the political, cultural, and economic relations between the migrants' countries of origin and their countries of residence have been affected by these migrations, and into the bilateral and multilateral arrangements that regulate these processes of migration and settling.

scholarly journals A határon átnyúló agglomerációk turizmusának típusai

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 126-131
Author(s):  
Andrea Székely
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Spatial Structures ◽  
World War ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Near Future ◽  
New Situation ◽  
Cross Border Cooperation ◽  
The Eu

The new borders of Hungary in 1920 cut cities and agglomerations inducing their fallback, but the new situation favoured the creation of new functional centers. The closed boundaries after World War II resulted the development of spatial structures inside the national borders. At the same time, in Western Europe border urban areas organic development started, and they shaped cross-border agglomerations. The soundest example is the French-Belgian Lille cross-border metropolis. After the political changes, the cross-border cooperation based on real common socio-economic interest has become possible in Hungary. This processus is encouraged by the EU through its regional (Interreg, Espon) and urban (Urban, Urbact) programs. The analysis of cross-border agglomerations may be one of the axes of the Hungarian regional researches in the near future.

What Future for Human Rights?

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
James W. Nickel
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Cold War ◽  
Labor Unions ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Environmental Movement ◽  
World War ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Human Rights Movement ◽  
The Cold War

Like people born shortly after World War II, the international human rights movement recently had its sixty-fifth birthday. This could mean that retirement is at hand and that death will come in a few decades. After all, the formulations of human rights that activists, lawyers, and politicians use today mostly derive from the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and the world in 1948 was very different from our world today: the cold war was about to break out, communism was a strong and optimistic political force in an expansionist phase, and Western Europe was still recovering from the war. The struggle against entrenched racism and sexism had only just begun, decolonization was in its early stages, and Asia was still poor (Japan was under military reconstruction, and Mao's heavy-handed revolution in China was still in the future). Labor unions were strong in the industrialized world, and the movement of women into work outside the home and farm was in its early stages. Farming was less technological and usually on a smaller scale, the environmental movement had not yet flowered, and human-caused climate change was present but unrecognized. Personal computers and social networking were decades away, and Earth's human population was well under three billion.

scholarly journals Field Experiments in Class Size from the Early Twentieth Century

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 211-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonah Rockoff
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Public Schools ◽  
Class Size ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
The Other ◽  
World War ◽  
Mixed Messages

A vast majority of adults believe that class size reductions are a good way to improve the quality of public schools. Reviews of the research literature, on the other hand, have provided mixed messages on the degree to which class size matters for student achievement. Here I will discuss a substantial, but overlooked, body of experimental work on class size that developed prior to World War II. These field experiments did not have the benefit of modern econometrics, and only a few were done on a reasonably large scale. However, they often used careful empirical designs, and the collective magnitude of this body of work is considerable. Moreover, this research produced little evidence to suggest that students learn more in smaller classes, which stands in contrast to some, though not all, of the most recent work by economists. In this essay, I provide an overview of the scope and breadth of the field experiments in class size conducted prior to World War II, the motivations behind them, and how their experimental designs were crafted to deal with perceived sources of bias. I discuss how one might interpret the findings of these early experimental results alongside more recent research.

scholarly journals Zagadnienie mocarstwowości Francji w dobie V Republiki (do 2007 roku)

2012 ◽  
pp. 233-284
Author(s):  
Marta Pachocka
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Fifth Republic ◽  
Mediterranean Countries ◽  
Fourth Republic ◽  
French Foreign Policy ◽  
Multilateral Diplomacy ◽  
De Gaulle

During World War II and the postwar years, France’s international position has been weakened. The seizure of power by Charles de Gaulle in 1958 contributed to a stabilization of the political situation in the country and to a redefinition of French foreign policy. The article analyzes the international position of France from the end of World War II until 2007, when Nicolas Sarkozy won the presidential election. Thus, the article covers the period of the existence of two French republics: the Fourth Republic in the years 1946–1958 and the Fifth Republic, which remains Hexagone’s contemporary political system since 1958. The article consists of three parts. In the first part the external and internal conditions of the birth of the Fifth Republic are presented, with particular emphasis on the role of its creator – Ch. de Gaulle. The second part discusses the importance of France in Europe aft er 1945, emphasizing its contribution to the process of European integration and to the development of relations with the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, the USSR/Russian Federation and the Mediterranean countries. Then, the third part of my article stresses the position of France in the system of international relations after World War II, analyzing it on the example of Franco-American and Franco-NATO relations, the French policy towards the Arab and African countries, and finally, on the example of the Republic’s multilateral diplomacy. I conclude that in the examined period 1945–2007 France is an example of the former global superpower, which builds and strengthens its international position as a regional power with global interests.

Physician uncertainty, specialty ideology, and a second opinion prior to tonsillectomy

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 952-952
Author(s):  
John E. Wennberg
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Second Opinion ◽  
Journal Articles ◽  
World War ◽  
Physician Uncertainty

For half a century, the tonsil has been the target of a large-scale, uncontrolled surgical experiment-tonsillectomy. In the fourth and fifth decades of this century, well over 50% of children appear to have undergone the procedure; since World War II, opinion has swung away from mass use and by 1973 about 25% of children appear to have been affected. Pediatricians have been the weathermen in the change of clinical climate, pressing for reduction in use of tonsillectomy in their journal articles. Among a sample of California physicians, the offspring of pediatricians underwent fewer tonsillectomies than the children of other types of physicians.

Stranded Modernity

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daishiro Nomiya
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Developmental Pattern ◽  
World War ◽  
Historical Process ◽  
Post World War Ii ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Nation States

High modernity claims that the modernity project gave rise to institutional organs of modern nation states, culminating in an emergence of ultra-military states with wartime economy in the early twentieth century. It also argues that the same developmental pattern continued to dominate in the post-World War II period. This chapter examines this high-modernity thesis, employing Japan and Hiroshima as cases to be analyzed. Against the high-modernity thesis, many believe that Japan had a historical disjuncture in 1945, being ultramilitary before the end of World War II and a peaceful nation after. Examinations show that, while the modernity project controlled a large-scale historical process in Japan, it met vehement resistance, and became stranded in Hiroshima.

The Reichsschulen and the Napolas’ Germanizing Mission in Eastern and Western Europe

2021 ◽  
pp. 288-311
Author(s):  
Helen Roche
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
World War ◽  
National Socialist ◽  
The Third ◽  
Ethnic Germans ◽  
Heinrich Himmler ◽  
Eastern And Western Europe

Heinrich Himmler, August Heißmeyer, and the NPEA Inspectorate were eager to create a transnational empire of Napolas and ‘Reichsschulen’ in all of the territories occupied by Nazi Germany during World War II. These schools both mirrored and contributed to broader National Socialist occupation and Germanization policies throughout Eastern and Western Europe. They were intended to create a cadre of ‘Germanic’ or ‘Germanizable’ leaders, loyal above all to the SS. The chapter begins by exploring the genesis of the Reichsschulen in the occupied Netherlands—Valkenburg and Heythuysen—which were adopted as a ‘Germanic’ prestige project by the Reich Commissioner of the Netherlands, Arthur Seyß-Inquart. The chapter then turns eastwards to consider the role of the Napolas which were established in the conquered Czech and Polish lands, focusing on NPEA Sudetenland in Ploschkowitz (Ploskowice), NPEA Wartheland in Reisen (Rydzyna), and NPEA Loben (Lubliniec). All in all, the Napola selection process in the occupied Eastern territories can be seen as the peak of all the ‘racial sieving’ processes which the Nazi state forced ‘ethnic Germans’ (Volksdeutsche), Czechs, and Poles to undergo, inextricably bound up with the Third Reich’s wider race, resettlement, and extermination policies. The ultimate aim of all of these schools was to mingle Reich German and ‘ethnic German’ or ‘Germanic’ pupils, educating the two groups alongside each other, in order to create a unified cohort of leaders for the future Nazi empire, and to reclaim valuable ‘Germanic blood’ for the Reich.

scholarly journals A brief history of wood use and forest management in Alaska

1996 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tricia L. Wurtz ◽  
Anthony F. Gasbarro
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Alaska Native ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
National Interest ◽  
National Forests ◽  
Forest Land ◽  
World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
Gold Miners ◽  
Commercial Forest

The Native peoples of Alaska used wood for fuel, for the construction of shelters, and for a variety of implements. Explorers, fur traders, gold miners, and settlers also relied on Alaska's forest resource. The early 20th century saw the creation of the Tongass and Chugach National Forests in coastal Alaska, where large-scale harvesting began shortly after World War II. By 1955, two 50-year contracts had been signed, committing 13 billion board feet of sawlogs and pulpwood. The commercial forest land base in Alaska has been dramatically reduced by a variety of legislative acts, including the Statehood Act of 1959 and the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act of 1980. Key words: forest history, Alaska, aboriginal use of forests, fuelwood, stemwheeled riverboats, gold mining, land classification, National Forests, Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act

Anthropometric Resources vs. Civilian Needs

1978 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 600-600
Author(s):  
John T. McConville
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Law Enforcement Officers ◽  
World War ◽  
Occupational Groups ◽  
Military Populations ◽  
Wide Assortment ◽  
Size Data

For several decades after World War II, the only comprehensive source of body size data was that of large-scale anthropometric surveys of military personnel. While the range of most dimensions measured on military populations, both male and female, are comparable to those found in the overall U.S. population, self-selection or body size criteria dictated by particular jobs often result in considerable physical variability among occupational groups, a phenomenon which has been amply borne out by surveys of such diverse populations as law enforcement officers and airline stewardess trainees. It has become clear in the civilian sector that “all-purpose” body size data are often misleading and inadequate and that designers of clothing, equipment and workspaces are increasingly faced with the need for a wide assortment of differentiated data to meet many specialized needs. Resources will be explored and solutions suggested.

The Spectre of Americanization: Western Europe in the American Century

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philipp Gassert
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Film Music ◽  
The United States ◽  
Colonial Rule ◽  
World War ◽  
Economic Threat ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time

By 1945, the spectre of Americanisation had been haunting Europe for half a century. With the United States still struggling to establish colonial rule over the Philippine Islands, European observers began framing the ‘American challenge’ as a cultural and most of all economic threat to national independence. Controversies about the impact of ‘America’ often served as a stand-in for a more fundamental reckoning with processes of modernisation. The initial period of sustained Americanisation was the 1920s, when American film, music, and automobiles were conquering Europe for the first time. A second heyday of Americanisation ‘from below’ started with the ‘American occupation of Britain’ and that of continental Europe during and after World War II. This article focuses on Western Europe and Americanisation, highlighting Americanisation from above and Americanisation from below. It looks at two concepts that often come up within debates about Americanisation: Westernisation and anti-Americanism.

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