Role of the Vidian Nerve in Nasal Allergy

1979 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 258-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akiyoshi Konno ◽  
Kiyoshi Togawa
Keyword(s):  
Nasal Cavity ◽  
Contralateral Side ◽  
Nasal Allergy ◽  
Chemical Mediator ◽  
Vidian Nerve ◽  
Vidian Neurectomy ◽  
Nasal Glands ◽  
Apparent Influence ◽  
Stimulation Of

Clinical studies were performed to evaluate the role of the vidian nerve at onset of symptoms in nasal allergy. A localized area of one side of the nasal cavity was stimulated with known allergen and 0.1% histamine chloride in patients with perennial nasal allergy. The effect of unilateral vidian neurectomy and sensory anesthesia on glandular and vascular response was evaluated. With localized nasal stimulation, hyperrhinorrhea was seen in both sides of the nasal cavity before vidian neurectomy. Unilateral vidian neurectomy blocked hyperrhinorrhea only in that nasal cavity in which the nerve was sectioned. However, hyperrhinorrhea from the contralateral side, with an intact vidian nerve, was blocked with sensory anesthesia of the opposite side of the nasal cavity where the stimulation was applied. Nasal hypersecretion in allergic rhinitis was assumed to be mostly due to stimulation of sensory receptors by a chemical mediator and reflexive stimulation of the nasal glands. Vidian neurectomy, however, did not have any apparent influence on the swelling of the nasal mucosa caused by localized stimulation of allergen and histamine.

Role of corticobulbar projection neurons in cortically induced rhythmical masticatory jaw-opening movement in the guinea pig

1986 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 826-845 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Nozaki ◽  
A. Iriki ◽  
Y. Nakamura
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Field Potential ◽  
Pyramidal Cells ◽  
Contralateral Side ◽  
Repetitive Stimulation ◽  
Projection Neurons ◽  
Nucleus Reticularis ◽  
Negative Field ◽  
Stimulation Of

The role of the pyramidal tract (PT) in the induction of the rhythmical masticatory activity (RMA) of the anterior digastric motoneurons by repetitive stimulation of the cortical masticatory area (CMA) was studied in the ketamine-anesthetized guinea pig. The coronal section of the medial brain stem at the pontine level did not show any effect on the cortically induced RMA in the digastric EMG, as long as the majority of the PT fibers was spared of the section. In contrast, unilateral section of the PT at the pontine level abolished the RMA in the digastric EMG induced by repetitive stimulation of the ipsilateral CMA, while that induced by the contralateral CMA stimulation was not affected by the PT section. The threshold of repetitive PT stimulation for induction of the RMA of the digastric EMG was much higher at the levels caudal to the facial nucleus than that at more rostral levels, and no RMA was induced by the PT stimulation at the caudal bulbar levels even at the supramaximal intensities for RMA induction of the PT stimulation at more rostral levels. Single shocks applied to the PT at the caudal bulbar levels did not evoke any antidromic field potential in the CMA. Single shocks applied to the CMA evoked a negative field potential in the medial bulbar reticular formation (MBRF) mainly on the contralateral side after a monosynaptic latency, which was largest in amplitude in the region including the most dorsal portion of the nucleus reticularis paragigantocellularis and the area dorsally adjacent to it (dPGC). Stimulation of the oral portion of the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis (GC) evoked an antidromic negative field potential in the ipsilateral dPGC. Intracellular recording from neurons in the dPGC demonstrated that neurons were located in the dPGC that responded with EPSPs after a monosynaptic latency to single shocks applied to the contralateral CMA and with antidromic spike potentials to stimulation of the oral portion of the ipsilateral GC (GCo). Single shocks applied to the dPGC evoked antidromic field potential in the area in the contralateral cerebral cortex corresponding with the CMA. Injection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into the dPGC on one side retrogradely labeled the pyramidal cells with HRP bilaterally in the cerebral cortical area corresponding with the CMA. The number and density of the labeled cells on the contralateral side far exceeded those on the ipsilateral side.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Asymmetry in reflex responses of nasal muscles in anesthetized guinea pigs

1998 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shin-Ichi Sekizawa ◽  
Teruhiko Ishikawa ◽  
Giuseppe Sant’Ambrogio
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Nasal Cavity ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Contralateral Side ◽  
Mechanical Stimuli ◽  
Reflex Responses ◽  
Two Sides ◽  
Nasal Muscles ◽  
Stimulation Of ◽  
Expired Air

Nasal reflexes elicited by mechanical or electrical stimulation of nasal afferents were studied in anesthetized guinea pigs. Probing the nasal cavity of one side evoked a greater activation of the contralateral than the ipsilateral nasal muscles and, occasionally, sneezing. Similarly, electrical stimulation of the ethmoidal nerve often caused sneezing, with a greater activation of the nasal muscles and a greater increase in resistance on the contralateral side. Asymmetrical activation of the nasal muscles in response to mechanical stimuli induces asymmetrical airflows, especially during sneezing, between the two sides of the nasal cavity. Most of the expired air is forcibly blown out through the ipsilateral nostril, thus improving the elimination of irritants from the nose.

Effect of nasal septal deviation on total ethmoid cell volume

2005 ◽  
Vol 120 (3) ◽  
pp. 200-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmet Kemal Firat ◽  
Murat Cem Miman ◽  
Yezdan Firat ◽  
Muammer Karakas ◽  
Orhan Ozturan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nasal Cavity ◽  
Cell Volume ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Contralateral Side ◽  
Septal Deviation ◽  
Ipsilateral Side ◽  
Nasal Septal Deviation ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Cell Volumes

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of nasal septal deviation (NSD) on ethmoid cell volume and to determine whether there was any correlation between NSD grade and ethmoid cell volume.Methods: Forty computerized tomography (CT) scans from patients with rhinosinusitis symptoms with NSD were evaluated. Septal deviations were classified into three groups according to the degree of deviation on CT. Ethmoid cell volumes were measured and the relationship between NSD and ethmoid cell volume was investigated.Results: There was a moderate but significant negative correlation between the septal deviation angle and the percentage of the ethmoid cell volumes (p = 0.001, r = −0.5152, r2 = 0.2654). Total ethmoid cell volume on the ipsilateral side compared with the contralateral side was found to decrease as the degree of NSD increased.Conclusions: Nasal septal deviation affects the total ethmoid cell volume of the nasal cavity. The results of our study underline the role of ethmoid cell volume in the compensation mechanism equalizing the nasal cavity airflow changes due to NSD.

Stimulation of Ca(2+)-dependent exocytosis of the sperm acrosome by cAMP acting downstream of phospholipase A2

Reproduction ◽  
2000 ◽  
pp. 57-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Garde ◽  
ER Roldan
Keyword(s):  
Arachidonic Acid ◽  
Phospholipase A2 ◽  
Phospholipase C ◽  
Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors ◽  
Dibutyryl Camp ◽  
Camp Phosphodiesterase ◽  
Ram Sperm ◽  
Camp Formation ◽  
Stimulation Of

Spermatozoa undergo exocytosis in response to agonists that induce Ca2+ influx and, in turn, activation of phosphoinositidase C, phospholipase C, phospholipase A2, and cAMP formation. Since the role of cAMP downstream of Ca2+ influx is unknown, this study investigated whether cAMP modulates phospholipase C or phospholipase A2 using a ram sperm model stimulated with A23187 and Ca2+. Exposure to dibutyryl-cAMP, phosphodiesterase inhibitors or forskolin resulted in enhancement of exocytosis. However, the effect was not due to stimulation of phospholipase C or phospholipase A2: in spermatozoa prelabelled with [3H]palmitic acid or [14C]arachidonic acid, these reagents did not enhance [3H]diacylglycerol formation or [14C]arachidonic acid release. Spermatozoa were treated with the phospholipase A2 inhibitor aristolochic acid, and dibutyryl-cAMP to test whether cAMP acts downstream of phospholipase A2. Under these conditions, exocytosis did not occur in response to A23187 and Ca2+. However, inclusion of dibutyryl-cAMP and the phospholipase A2 metabolite lysophosphatidylcholine did result in exocytosis (at an extent similar to that seen when cells were treated with A23187/Ca2+ and without the inhibitor). Inclusion of lysophosphatidylcholine alone, without dibutyryl-cAMP, enhanced exocytosis to a lesser extent, demonstrating that cAMP requires a phospholipase A2 metabolite to stimulate the final stages of exocytosis. These results indicate that cAMP may act downstream of phospholipase A2, exerting a regulatory role in the exocytosis triggered by physiological agonists.

scholarly journals Pre-motor versus motor cerebral cortex neuromodulation for chronic neuropathic pain

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Lavrov ◽  
Timur Latypov ◽  
Elvira Mukhametova ◽  
Brian Lundstrom ◽  
Paola Sandroni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neuropathic Pain ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Initial Assessment ◽  
Motor Cortex Stimulation ◽  
Chronic Neuropathic Pain ◽  
Long Term Effect ◽  
Stimulation Of

AbstractElectrical stimulation of the cerebral cortex (ESCC) has been used to treat intractable neuropathic pain for nearly two decades, however, no standardized approach for this technique has been developed. In order to optimize targeting and validate the effect of ESCC before placing the permanent grid, we introduced initial assessment with trial stimulation, using a temporary grid of subdural electrodes. In this retrospective study we evaluate the role of electrode location on cerebral cortex in control of neuropathic pain and the role of trial stimulation in target-optimization for ESCC. Location of the temporary grid electrodes and location of permanent electrodes were evaluated in correlation with the long-term efficacy of ESCC. The results of this study demonstrate that the long-term effect of subdural pre-motor cortex stimulation is at least the same or higher compare to effect of subdural motor or combined pre-motor and motor cortex stimulation. These results also demonstrate that the initial trial stimulation helps to optimize permanent electrode positions in relation to the optimal functional target that is critical in cases when brain shift is expected. Proposed methodology and novel results open a new direction for development of neuromodulation techniques to control chronic neuropathic pain.

scholarly journals The Role of BMP Signaling in Osteoclast Regulation

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 24
Author(s):  
Brian Heubel ◽  
Anja Nohe
Keyword(s):  
Bone Formation ◽  
Bone Morphogenetic Proteins ◽  
Bone Diseases ◽  
Bmp Signaling ◽  
Bone Homeostasis ◽  
Direct Stimulation ◽  
Federal Drug Administration ◽  
Bmp Pathway ◽  
Stimulation Of

The osteogenic effects of Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) were delineated in 1965 when Urist et al. showed that BMPs could induce ectopic bone formation. In subsequent decades, the effects of BMPs on bone formation and maintenance were established. BMPs induce proliferation in osteoprogenitor cells and increase mineralization activity in osteoblasts. The role of BMPs in bone homeostasis and repair led to the approval of BMP2 by the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) for anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF) to increase the bone formation in the treated area. However, the use of BMP2 for treatment of degenerative bone diseases such as osteoporosis is still uncertain as patients treated with BMP2 results in the stimulation of not only osteoblast mineralization, but also osteoclast absorption, leading to early bone graft subsidence. The increase in absorption activity is the result of direct stimulation of osteoclasts by BMP2 working synergistically with the RANK signaling pathway. The dual effect of BMPs on bone resorption and mineralization highlights the essential role of BMP-signaling in bone homeostasis, making it a putative therapeutic target for diseases like osteoporosis. Before the BMP pathway can be utilized in the treatment of osteoporosis a better understanding of how BMP-signaling regulates osteoclasts must be established.

scholarly journals Biofilm Lithography enables high-resolution cell patterning via optogenetic adhesin expression

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (14) ◽  
pp. 3698-3703 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaofan Jin ◽  
Ingmar H. Riedel-Kruse
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Cell Patterning ◽  
Biophysical Model ◽  
Microbial Consortia ◽  
Bacterial Biofilms ◽  
Surface Pretreatment ◽  
Resolution Cell ◽  
Stimulation Of

Bacterial biofilms represent a promising opportunity for engineering of microbial communities. However, our ability to control spatial structure in biofilms remains limited. Here we engineerEscherichia coliwith a light-activated transcriptional promoter (pDawn) to optically regulate expression of an adhesin gene (Ag43). When illuminated with patterned blue light, long-term viable biofilms with spatial resolution down to 25 μm can be formed on a variety of substrates and inside enclosed culture chambers without the need for surface pretreatment. A biophysical model suggests that the patterning mechanism involves stimulation of transiently surface-adsorbed cells, lending evidence to a previously proposed role of adhesin expression during natural biofilm maturation. Overall, this tool—termed “Biofilm Lithography”—has distinct advantages over existing cell-depositing/patterning methods and provides the ability to grow structured biofilms, with applications toward an improved understanding of natural biofilm communities, as well as the engineering of living biomaterials and bottom–up approaches to microbial consortia design.

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