scholarly journals Traditional Political Institutions and Democracy: Reassessing Their Compatibility and Accountability

2019 ◽  
Vol 52 (12) ◽  
pp. 1747-1774 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate Baldwin ◽  
Katharina Holzinger
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Expert Survey ◽  
Electoral Accountability ◽  
Traditional Leaders ◽  
New Information ◽  
Decision Making Processes

This article revisits prominent frameworks for understanding traditional political institutions which make pessimistic assessments about their compatibility with democracy. Traditional political institutions are often assumed to be unaccountable because they are led by undemocratic leaders who are not subject to electoral sanctioning. However, drawing on new information from the TradGov Group dataset, an expert survey on the contemporary practices of more than 1,400 ethnic groups that currently have traditional political institutions, we show that these institutions contain their own distinct mechanisms of accountability. In a majority of cases, decision-making is consensual and leaders must account for their actions in various ways. We challenge the electoral accountability framework for understanding the quality of traditional leaders’ performance, instead arguing that traditional political institutions can be compatible with democracy and even accountable to their citizens insofar as they adopt inclusive decision-making processes and their leaders have strong nonelectoral connections to the communities they represent.

scholarly journals Optimizing Decision-Making Processes in Times of COVID-19: Using Reflexivity to Counteract Information-Processing Failures

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michaéla C. Schippers ◽  
Diana C. Rus
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
New Information ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Poor Outcomes ◽  
Processing Errors ◽  
Public Health And Safety ◽  
Share Information

The effectiveness of policymakers’ decision-making in times of crisis depends largely on their ability to integrate and make sense of information. The COVID-19 crisis confronts governments with the difficult task of making decisions in the interest of public health and safety. Essentially, policymakers have to react to a threat, of which the extent is unknown, and they are making decisions under time constraints in the midst of immense uncertainty. The stakes are high, the issues involved are complex and require the careful balancing of several interests, including (mental) health, the economy, and human rights. These circumstances render policymakers’ decision-making processes vulnerable to errors and biases in the processing of information, thereby increasing the chances of faulty decision-making processes with poor outcomes. Prior research has identified three main information-processing failures that can distort group decision-making processes and can lead to negative outcomes: (1) failure to search for and share information, (2) failure to elaborate on and analyze information that is not in line with earlier information and (3) failure to revise and update conclusions and policies in the light of new information. To date, it has not yet been explored how errors and biases underlying these information-processing failures impact decision-making processes in times of crisis. In this narrative review, we outline how groupthink, a narrow focus on the problem of containing the virus, and escalation of commitment may pose real risks to decision-making processes in handling the COVID-19 crisis and may result in widespread societal damages. Hence, it is vital that policymakers take steps to maximize the quality of the decision-making process and increase the chances of positive outcomes as the crisis goes forward. We propose group reflexivity—a deliberate process of discussing team goals, processes, or outcomes—as an antidote to these biases and errors in decision-making. Specifically, we recommend several evidence-based reflexivity tools that could easily be implemented to counter these information-processing errors and improve decision-making processes in uncertain times.

scholarly journals Misinformation tactics protect rare birds from problem predators

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. eabe4164
Author(s):  
Grant L. Norbury ◽  
Catherine J. Price ◽  
M. Cecilia Latham ◽  
Samantha J. Brown ◽  
A. David M. Latham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Threatened Species ◽  
Prey Availability ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Bird Populations ◽  
New Information ◽  
Mammalian Predators ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Living Species ◽  
Information Reliability

Efficient decision-making integrates previous experience with new information. Tactical use of misinformation can alter choice in humans. Whether misinformation affects decision-making in other free-living species, including problem species, is unknown. Here, we show that sensory misinformation tactics can reduce the impacts of predators on vulnerable bird populations as effectively as lethal control. We repeatedly exposed invasive mammalian predators to unprofitable bird odors for 5 weeks before native shorebirds arrived for nesting and for 8 weeks thereafter. Chick production increased 1.7-fold at odor-treated sites over 25 to 35 days, with doubled or tripled odds of successful hatching, resulting in a 127% increase in modeled population size in 25 years. We demonstrate that decision-making processes that respond to changes in information reliability are vulnerable to tactical manipulation by misinformation. Altering perceptions of prey availability offers an innovative, nonlethal approach to managing problem predators and improving conservation outcomes for threatened species.

scholarly journals Questioning Facilities Management in Higher Education in Egyptian Context for Better Decision-Making Process of Funding Allocation

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 129
Author(s):  
Mona Mohamed Abd Elghany ◽  
Reem Aly Elharakany
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Public Universities ◽  
Quality Of Education ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Facilities Management ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Strategic Relationships

The quality of education is influenced by the managerialization of the universities, which refers to the introduction of substantial changes in the decision-making processes of the academic institutions, and the application of renewed information systems along with new managerial methodologies to restructure the organisational strategic relationships with stakeholders. This paper proposes a questionnaire to assess the importance of facilities in universities according to their financial budget consumed value. Semi Structured Interviews were conducted with the heads of logistic and financial departments in Egyptian universities, twenty public universities and twenty-three private universities, in order to identify criteria for the most significant university's facilities and appealing infrastructure that contributes to the quality of education.

scholarly journals The Importance Of Cooperation Between Local Representatives And Public Institutions In Management Decision-Making

2021 ◽  
Vol 03 (09) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Makhsad Isabayev Bakhodirovich ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Public Institutions ◽  
Management Decision ◽  
Scientific Article ◽  
Political Decision ◽  
Management Decision Making ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Elected Representatives ◽  
Political Decision Making

In this scientific article, international and national legislation on citizens decision-making processes has been investigated, to what extent is the importance of public control in the process of political decision-making, the implementation of citizens' participation in local government directly by itself or through elected representatives (political institutions). Also, practical proposals aimed at increasing the participation of public structures in decision-making were made.

Semantic Analysis and Text Summarization in Socio-Technical Systems

2017 ◽  
pp. 243-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Rizun
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Text Mining ◽  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
Text Summarization ◽  
Technical System ◽  
Synergy Effect ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Technical Systems

In this chapter, the authors present the results of the development the text-mining methodology for increasing the reliability of the functioning of Socio-technical System (STS). Taking into account revealed strengths and weaknesses of Discriminant and Probabilistic approaches of Latent Semantic Relations analysis in of the abstracting and summarization projection, the Methodology of Two-level Single Document Summarization was developed. The Methodology assumes the following elements of novelty: based on obtaining a multi-level topical framework of the document (abstracting); uses the synergy effect of consistent usage the combination of two approaches for identification of conceptually significant elements of the text (summarization). The examples demonstrating the basic workability of proposed Methodology were presented. Such approaches should help human to increase the quality of supporting the decision-making processes of STS in real time.

Business Intelligence System Design and its Consequences for Knowledge Sharing, Collaboration, and Decision-Making

2020 ◽  
pp. 382-402
Author(s):  
Lapo Mola ◽  
Cecilia Rossignoli ◽  
Andrea Carugati ◽  
Antonio Giangreco
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Knowledge Sharing ◽  
Business Intelligence ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Intelligence System ◽  
Business Intelligence Systems ◽  
Managerial Implications ◽  
Decision Making Processes

This exploratory study analyses the effects of the technical and organisational characteristics of business intelligence systems (BIS) on knowledge sharing, collaboration, and decision-making processes. The authors conducted a two-phase multi-method investigation. First, we surveyed 30 enterprises using BIS on a regular basis; then, we engaged in an in-depth case study with one of the respondent companies. Our results show that, on average, the technical and organisational characteristics of the BIS are positively associated with an increase in knowledge sharing, leading to an improvement in internal collaboration that subsequently brings improvement in the quality of decision-making. This case study adds that the way the BIS is designed and appropriated in organisations is important in obtaining such results is. A BIS being designed so that it can be appropriated by the general employee base is key in obtaining the desired organizational impacts. This suggests some requirements for BIS design that we will discuss in terms of theoretical and managerial implications.

Diagnostic conversations: Clinical Decision Making in surgery – Part 2

Diagnosis ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Allan Watters ◽  
Spencer Wynyard Beasley ◽  
Wendy Crebbin
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Clinical Decision Making ◽  
Clinical Decision ◽  
Learning Opportunities ◽  
Clinical Decisions ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Royal Australasian College ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Made In

AbstractProceduralists who fail to review their decision making are unlikely to learn from their experiences, irrespective of whether the operative outcome is successful or not. Teaching junior surgeons to develop ‘insight’ into their own decision making has long been a challenge. Surgeons and staff of the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons worked together to develop a model to help explain the processes around clinical decision making and incorporated this model into a Clinical Decision Making (CDM) training course. In this course, faculty apply the model to specific surgical cases, within the model’s framework of how clinical decisions are made; thus providing an opportunity to identify specific decision making processes as they occur and to highlight some of the learning opportunities they provide. The conversation in this paper illustrates the kinds of case-based interactions which typically occur in the development and teaching of the CDM course.The focus in this, the second of two papers, is on reviewing post-operative clinical decisions made in relation to one case, to improve the quality of subsequent decision making.

scholarly journals Decision Making for Managing Community Flood Risks: Perspectives of United States Floodplain Managers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenna Tyler ◽  
Abdul-Akeem Sadiq ◽  
Douglas S. Noonan ◽  
Rebecca M. Entress
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Flood Management ◽  
The United States ◽  
Poverty Rate ◽  
Management Decision ◽  
Flood Risks ◽  
Management Decision Making ◽  
Decision Making Processes

AbstractTo reduce flood losses, floodplain managers make decisions on how to effectively manage their community’s flood risks. While there is a growing body of research that examines how individuals and households make decisions to manage their flood risks, far less attention has been directed at understanding the decision-making processes for flood management at the community level. This study aimed to narrow this research gap by examining floodplain managers’ perceptions of the quality of their community’s flood management decision-making processes. Data gathered from interviews with 200 floodplain managers in the United States indicate that most floodplain managers perceive their community’s flood management decision-making processes to be good. The results also indicate that communities participating in the Federal Emergency Management Agency’s Community Rating System, as well as communities with a higher level of concern for flooding and a lower poverty rate, are significantly more likely to report better flood management decision-making processes.

scholarly journals SYNTHESIS OF MODULAR-STRUCTURED SYSTEMS FOR AUTOMATIZATION OF DECISION-MAKING PROCESSES IN TRANSPORT LOGISTICS

2014 ◽  
pp. 336-344
Author(s):  
Yuriy Kondratenko ◽  
Sylvia Encheva ◽  
Ievgen Sidenko
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Decision Support ◽  
Shipping Company ◽  
Structured Systems ◽  
Transport Services ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
System Module ◽  
Module Type ◽  
Transport Logistics

The ranging analysis of transport logistics problems and decision-making methods were held in the paper. The problems, which are represented as subsystems of DSS (Decision Support System) module type, were considered. One of which, in particular, evaluation of the quality of transport services to select cargo shipping company, was considered in details.

scholarly journals Decision and decision makers

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anuta Porutiu
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Decision Support ◽  
Decision Support Systems ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
Support Systems ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Systemic Analysis ◽  
New Information ◽  
Enterprise Success

In the current economic context, decision making requires complex and multiple actions on the part of the policy makers, who are more challenged than in previous situations, due to the crisis that we are facing. Decision problems cannot be solved by focusing on manager’s own experience or intuition, but require constant adaptation of the methods used effectively in the past to new challenges. Thus, a systemic analysis and modeling of arising issues is required, resulting in the stringent use of Decision Support Systems (DSS), as a necessity in a competitive environment. DSS optimize the situation by getting a timely decision because the decision making process must acquire, process and interpret an even larger amount of data in the shortest possible time. A solution for this purpose is the artificial intelligence systems, in this case Decision Support Systems (DSS), used in a wider area due to expansion of all the new information technologies in decisionmaking processes. These substantial cyber innovations have led to a radical shift in the relationship between enterprise success and quality of decisions made by managers.

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