The Effect of State Sentencing Policies on Incarceration Rates

2002 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 456-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon Sorensen ◽  
Don Stemen
Keyword(s):  
Admission Rate ◽  
Sentence Length ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Incarceration Rate ◽  
Admission Rates ◽  
Average Sentence ◽  
Determinate Sentencing ◽  
Three Strikes ◽  
Prison Populations ◽  
Mandatory Sentencing

This aricle explores the relationship between sentencing policies and the state incarceration rate, prison admission rate, and average sentence length in the late 1990s. Presumptive sentencing guidelines represent the only policy consistently related to incarceration and admission rates, whereas three strikes laws may increase the rate of admission to prison among those arrested for drug offenses. Determinate sentencing, mandatory sentencing, and truth-in-sentencing laws have no effect on rates of incarceration or admission. Crime rates, the percentage of the population that is Black, and citizen ideology have the greatest influence on the rates of incarceration and admission across states. The apparently limited effects of sentencing policies on incarceration or admission rates should give pause to state policy makers seeking to quickly alter prison populations through the adoption of such policies without considering other factors that independently influence prison populations in their states.

scholarly journals Hjørnestenene i den danske kriminalforsorg:

2021 ◽  
Vol 108 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-117
Author(s):  
Linda Kjær Minke
Keyword(s):  
Prison Population ◽  
Sentence Length ◽  
Total Institution ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Prison Life ◽  
Real Risk ◽  
Average Sentence ◽  
Determinate Sentencing ◽  
The Many

AbstractThe principles of normalisation and openness are cornerstones of modern prison philosophy. Normalisation involves making prison life as similar as possible to normal outside life and openness counteracts the negative effects of the total institution (Rentzmann, 1996). Both normalisation and openness imply that it should be the norm to place a person in an open prison. He or she should only be placed in a closed prison if there is a concrete, real risk of escape or if the prisoner is considered dangerous. The question is: does the Danish prison system in the era of the millennium still pay tribute to these two cornerstones when it comes to prisoner placement and furloughs? Since sentence length and disciplinary offences can determine both prisoner placement and prison furloughs, the article also explores developments in determinate sentencing and disciplinary punishment. Based on statistics and legislation, the analysis reveals that the severity of penalties increased during the period 2002-2019, e.g., average sentence length increased, more prisoners were placed in closed prisons, fewer prison furloughs were permitted, and more prisoners were exposed to disciplinary punishment. These developments can be explained by laws and rules implemented to deal with gang-related crime andgang-connected prisoners, who make up about 10 percent of the total prison population. While these strict laws and rules are designed to discipline the few, they have influenced the many and undermined the basic principles of normalisation and openness in Danish prisons.

scholarly journals 272 Morbid Obesity in Lower Limb Arthroplasty: Short Length of Stay and Favourable One-Year Outcomes

2021 ◽  
Vol 108 (Supplement_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
M Sharrock ◽  
A Nugur ◽  
S Hossain
Keyword(s):  
Morbid Obesity ◽  
Length Of Stay ◽  
Lower Limb ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Perioperative Complications ◽  
Joint Infection ◽  
Admission Rate ◽  
Tendon Injury ◽  
Morbidly Obese ◽  
Admission Rates

Abstract Introduction There are concerns that BMI is associated with a greater length of stay (LOS) and perioperative complications in lower limb arthroplasty. Method We analysed data from a six-month period to see if there was a correlation between BMI and LOS. We performed a subgroup analysis for patients with morbid obesity (BMI >40). Results 285 TKRs and 195 THRs were analysed. For TKRs, the average length of stay was 2.7 days. There was no significant correlation between BMI and LOS (r=-0.0447, p = 0.2267). The morbidly obese category (n = 33) had the shortest LOS (2.5 days) compared to other BMI categories. 30-day readmission rate was 6%. 90-day re-admission rate was 12%. Six patients had minor wound issues requiring no intervention or antibiotics only. The was one prosthetic joint infection, one stitch abscess, one DVT and one patellar tendon injury. For THRs, the average LOS was 2.9 days. There was no significant correlation between BMI and LOS (r = 0.007, p = 0.4613). The morbid obese category (n = 9) had the shortest LOS (1.9 days) compared to other BMI categories. No patients were readmitted within 90 days or had documented complications. Conclusions Increased BMI is not associated with increased LOS. The morbidly obese had the shortest LOS, and commendable complication and re-admission rates.

A STUDY ON HOW LONG AND SHORT SENTENCES SHOW THE STORY’S PACING IN ANTHONY HOROWITZ’S RAVEN’S GATE

JURNAL SPHOTA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 22-31
Author(s):  
I Wayan Sidha Karya ◽  
Ida Bagus Adhika Mahardika
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
Harry Potter ◽  
Sentence Length ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Story Line ◽  
General Audience ◽  
Grammatical Form ◽  
Average Sentence ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact

Long and short sentences affect the reader’s pace of reading story since they have to farce the complexity of the sentences and words used in it. In this study the impact of the use of long and short sentences on the pace of the story as implemented by Anthony Horowitz, a novelist, in his novel Raven’s Gate, is being explored. Especially the researchers looked at what types of long and short sentences were being used in the novel and how they were building up the story line and their effect on the pace of the story. A sentence with the length of up-to fourteen (14) words is considered to be short and the one over 14 words is considered to be long in spite its grammatical form, whether it is simple or complex. The criteria are based on empirical study as mentioned by Casi Newell in the AJE (American Journal Experts) retrieved from https://www.aje.com/en/arc/editing-tip-sentence-length/, that “the average sentence length in scientific manuscripts is 12-17 words,” with JK Rowling—the writer of Harry Potter—who can be considered to be representative of a modern English writer with a general audience, having the average of 12 words. For convenience we take the liberty of taking 14 words for the longest sort sentences and those which have 15 or more words are considered to be long sentences

THE IMPACT OF THE ROCHESTER NEIGHBORHOOD HEALTH CENTER ON HOSPITALIZATION OF CHILDREN, 1968 TO 1970

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 833-839
Author(s):  
Michael Klein ◽  
Klaus Roghmann ◽  
Kenneth Woodward ◽  
Evan Charney
Keyword(s):  
Health Center ◽  
Comparison Group ◽  
Admission Rate ◽  
Team Approach ◽  
Target Area ◽  
Admission Rates ◽  
Respiratory Infectious Diseases ◽  
Physician Availability ◽  
Hospital Days ◽  
The Impact

The admission patterns of children to area hospitals was studied. The study design allowed for comparisons between actual users of the health center, nonusers who lived in the target area and a comparison group. During the second year of operation, the admission rate of health center users was only 33 versus 67 per thousand for nonusers and 39 per thousand for the comparison group. Comparing the first two years, hospital days per thousand among users dropped by approximately half. Due to higher admission rates and longer average stays, nonusers had a rate of 2.5 times that of the users for hospital days per thousand. The rate for the comparison group remained constant. Users had fewer admissions for respiratory infectious diseases and more admissions for surgical restorative procedures. These trends were not present for the nonusers or for the comparison group. Despite extensive outreach, physician availability, and the team approach, the health center continued to have a large number of child admissions who reached the hospital without referral (the "leakers").

scholarly journals MP008: Quick to be seen; quick to come back: does first visit CTAS-category predict admission for unplanned returns?

CJEM ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (S1) ◽  
pp. S68-S69
Author(s):  
D. Lewis ◽  
P.R. Atkinson ◽  
J. Fraser ◽  
M. Howlett
Keyword(s):  
Quality Indicator ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Admission Rate ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Admission Rates ◽  
Triage Category ◽  
Important Quality ◽  
Return Visits ◽  
To Come

Introduction: The percentage of unplanned return visits (URV) to the Emergency Department (ED) within 48 or 72 hours of discharge that result in an admission to hospital has been recommended as the top Canadian ED patient safety quality indicator. International data exists although inconsistences exist in the way URV are defined and measured. To our knowledge there are no published Canadian data on the percentage of ED URV admissions. This study examines our own URV data and in particular the correlation between URV admission rates and first visit Canadian Triage Acuity Scale (CTAS) category. Methods: A retrospective analysis of 12-month’s data (January - December 2015) was completed for URV to the ED of a 445 bed regional tertiary care adult and pediatric teaching hospital with 57,000 annual attendances. URV was defined as any patient registering within 72 hours of an earlier visit that had resulted in a discharge from ED. Planned return visits were excluded. The data was analysed for an overall URV percentage, UV percentage by first visit CTAS category, overall percentage of URV admitted and URV admission percentage by first visit CTAS category. Pearson R correlation and Fishers Exact Test were used to test the relationship. Results: During the 12-month period there were 57,025 registrations of which 46,793 patients were discharged. There were 3566 URV (7.62% of those discharged); the number of URV admitted was 532 (1.14 % of those discharged). The return rate/admission rates by CTAS category were: CTAS 1: 6.74%/1.55%; CTAS 2: 7.86%/1.92%; CTAS 3: 8.54%/1.35%; CTAS 4: 5.99%/0.40%; CTAS 5: 5.55%/0.27%. The RR of admission on return for discharged CTAS groups 1 and 2, compared with CTAS 3, 4 and 5 was 1.90 (95 CI 1.57 to 2.30; p<0.0001). Rate of admission on return was negatively correlated with initial CTAS level (Pearson r = -0.89 (95 CI -0.99 to -0.03); R2=0.79; F=11.25; p=0.04). Conclusion: We have demonstrated a relationship between first visit CTAS category and the unplanned return admission rate. If admission is taken as a marker of illness severity, then the likelihood of an inappropriate discharge is inversely proportional to first visit CTAS score. While this makes sense intuitively, our data confirms this relationship in a Canadian tertiary care hospital and supports the reporting of ED URV admission data by first visit triage category as an important quality indicator.

scholarly journals 304 ED-FASU: A Novel ‘Front Door’ Multidisciplinary Service Assessing Patients with Falls and Syncope in the Emergency Department

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. iii17-iii65
Author(s):  
Robbie Bourke ◽  
Ciara Rice ◽  
Geraldine McMahon ◽  
Conal Cunningham ◽  
Rose Anne Kenny ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Department ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Geriatric Medicine ◽  
Admission Rate ◽  
Direct Access ◽  
Nurse Specialist ◽  
Similar Data ◽  
Ambulatory Care Setting ◽  
Specialist Registrar ◽  
Admission Rates

Abstract Background Patients with falls/syncope/presyncope frequently present to the emergency department (ED) and many that could be managed safely in an ambulatory care setting are admitted for extensive diagnostic work-up. A pilot intervention commenced in March 2019, with direct access to specialist assessment in the ED for patients presenting with falls/syncope/presyncope, aiming to provide appropriate testing and early diagnosis to reduce unnecessary hospitalizations. This pilot study assessed the feasibility of embedding this service within the ED, as well as the effectiveness of the intervention in terms of admission avoidance. Methods The study was conducted between 25th March and 19th April 2019 in a large urban teaching hospital with a dedicated Falls & Syncope Unit and compared to similar data from March/April 2018. The core ED-FASU team comprised a consultant geriatrician, specialist registrar in geriatric medicine and clinical nurse specialist. Inclusion criteria were those of all ages, presenting with falls/syncope/presyncope/dizziness between 0800-1800 Monday-Friday. Patients were reviewed directly from triage or after referral from the ED team. Results In total, 203 patients were assessed during the pilot, an average of 10 assessments per day. The median age of those seen was 63 (58.0-67.0) years. Almost one third (57/203) were aged ≥75 years. After excluding those who were already admitted to the acute hospital and awaiting a bed when seen in the ED (n=29), 24% (41/174) of those seen were admitted to hospital. This compares to an admission rate of 33% (73/223) for the 2018 comparison group (p = 0.045). Conclusion This pilot study shows that it is feasible to embed specialist assessment for falls/syncope/presyncope in the ED. Initial pilot data suggests a significant reduction in admission rates for those seen by this service but needs to be confirmed over a more prolonged assessment period and alongside data on readmission and length of stay.

Adapting Conservative Correctional Policies to the Economic Realities of the 1990s

1992 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alida V. Merlo ◽  
Peter J. Benekos
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Monitoring ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Fiscal Constraints ◽  
Shock Incarceration ◽  
Alternatives To Incarceration ◽  
Prison Populations ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Economic Considerations ◽  
Intensive Probation

This article reviews the impact that the punitive, “get tough” policies of the 1980s have had on corrections. With record breaking increases in prison populations, legislators and policy makers have had to confront the realities of fiscal constraints while responding to the conservative agenda on crime. The consequence has been to develop and expand alternatives to incarceration which can be both tough on criminals but cheaper than traditional prison punishment. However, intermediate punishments such as intensive probation, electronic monitoring, and shock incarceration may be widening the correctional net. In reviewing these developments, the authors examine ideologies and consequences, and observe that economic considerations will influence corrections policies in the 1990s.

An Evaluation of Psychiatric After-care

1964 ◽  
Vol 110 (468) ◽  
pp. 662-667 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Sheldon
Keyword(s):  
Admission Rate ◽  
Community Mental Health Services ◽  
Revolving Door ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Admission Rates ◽  
After Care ◽  
Time In Treatment ◽  
Set Up ◽  
To Receive

Current planning in the field of the community mental health services places considerable emphasis on the after-care of patients discharged from hospital. This is partly in response to the high re-admission rates experienced as a result of the “revolving door” policy, partly to a scepticism about the present state of knowledge regarding factors amenable to primary prevention techniques, and partly to a belief that keeping the patient in the community is in itself beneficial both to the patient and to the community. The benefits of such a policy are felt to lie in avoidance of institutionalization and furthering of rehabilitation, and in preventing a re-distribution of roles within the family to exclude the patient. The primary purpose of the policy is not necessarily to cut short the illness of the patient, at least as measured by time under treatment, and evidence will be given below to suggest that in fact time in treatment is prolonged. This study focusses on one issue. Can aftercare in fact prevent re-admission to hospital to any significant extent? In view of the complex nature of the decision to select which patients are to receive after-care and which not, a factor in itself likely to prejudice any results, successive discharges from a psychiatric hospital falling within selected categories were randomly allocated to psychiatric after-care and to their general practitioner, and followed for a six-month period. A null hypothesis was set up that the re-admission rate during the follow-up period would not significantly differ in the two groups.

scholarly journals Low ninety-day re-admission rates after emergency and elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy in a district general hospital

2010 ◽  
Vol 92 (4) ◽  
pp. 307-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sue K Down ◽  
Marko Nicolic ◽  
Hibba Abdulkarim ◽  
Nick Skelton ◽  
Adrian H Harris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy ◽  
General Hospital ◽  
Admission Rate ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
District General Hospital ◽  
Patient Characteristics ◽  
True Incidence ◽  
Admission Rates ◽  
Emergency Procedures ◽  
Elective Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy

INTRODUCTION Re-admission rate following laparoscopic cholecystectomy is currently defined as within 30 days of the initial operation. This may underestimate the true incidence and financial cost of postoperative morbidity. This study aimed to analyse re-admissions within 90 days of elective and emergency laparoscopic cholecystectomy at a district general hospital, and to compare outcomes to larger teaching centres. PATIENTS AND METHODS We undertook a retrospective analysis of all patients re-admitted within 90 days of laparoscopic cholecystectomy during an 18-month period (June 2006 to December 2007). Patient characteristics, details of the primary operation, and reasons for re-admission were identified, and a comparison of re-admissions following elective versus emergency procedures was performed. RESULTS A total of 326 laparoscopic cholecystectomies were performed during the 18-month period (246 elective, 80 emergency). No operations required conversion to an open procedure. Twenty-five patients were re-admitted within 90 days of their operation, of whom only 14 had complications directly related to their surgery (overall re-admission rate 4.3%). There was no statistical difference in re-admission rate or cause of re-admission between elective and emergency procedures. However, the mean time to re-admission following elective procedures was significantly longer (36 days; P = 0.0003). CONCLUSIONS Re-admission rates at our district general hospital are comparable to those reported by larger teaching centres. Current 30-day re-admission data may significantly underestimate morbidity rates and socio-economic cost following elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

scholarly journals Impact of a specialist service in the Emergency Department on admission, length of stay and readmission of patients presenting with falls, syncope and dizziness

QJM ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Jusmanova ◽  
C Rice ◽  
R Bourke ◽  
A Lavan ◽  
C G McMahon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Department ◽  
Length Of Stay ◽  
Admission Rate ◽  
Readmission Rates ◽  
Specialist Service ◽  
Admission Rates ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Bed Days ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Impact

Summary Background Up to half of patients presenting with falls, syncope or dizziness are admitted to hospital. Many are discharged without a clear diagnosis for their index episode, however, and therefore a relatively high risk of readmission. Aim To examine the impact of ED-FASS (Emergency Department Falls and Syncope Service) a dedicated specialist service embedded within an ED, seeing patients of all ages with falls, syncope and dizziness. Design Pre- and post-cohort study. Methods Admission rates, length of stay (LOS) and readmission at 3 months were examined for all patients presenting with a fall, syncope or dizziness from April to July 2018 (pre-ED-FASS) inclusive and compared to April to July 2019 inclusive (post-ED-FASS). Results There was a significantly lower admission rate for patients presenting in 2019 compared to 2018 [27% (453/1676) vs. 34% (548/1620); X2 = 18.0; P &lt; 0.001], with a 20% reduction in admissions. The mean LOS for patients admitted in 2018 was 20.7 [95% confidence interval (CI) 17.4–24.0] days compared to 18.2 (95% CI 14.6–21.9) days in 2019 (t = 0.98; P = 0.3294). This accounts for 11 344 bed days in the 2018 study period, and 8299 bed days used after ED-FASS. There was also a significant reduction in readmission rates within 3 months of index presentation, from 21% (109/1620) to 16% (68/1676) (X2 = 4.68; P = 0.030). Conclusion This study highlights the significant potential benefits of embedding dedicated multidisciplinary services at the hospital front door in terms of early specialist assessment and directing appropriate patients to effective ambulatory care pathways.

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