Russian Text Author’s Gender Identification in Forensic Examination: Probability-and-Statistics Method

The article discusses intermediate research results in the development and improvement of a computerized model of Russian texts authorization, which is based on complex application of probabilistic-and-statistical methods. The study aims to describe the new capabilities of the created system in the aspect of its application to diagnostic examinations in text authorization for detection of the gender of the alleged author of the text. The work presents the next stage of fine-tuning and testing of the improved version of the computer program "CTA" (computerized text authorization), which at this stage was adapted for the task of determining and comparing stable relative frequencies of correlation coefficients (the ratio of specified linguistic phenomena of different levels of the language system) in the texts, the authors of which are men and women. The research material is the continuously updated primary bases of literary texts of the 19 th and 21 st centuries (4 bases, respectively). The work shows that for the texts written by men and women, significant differences can be noted in such correlation coefficients as average word length, average sentence length, objectivity coefficient, quality coefficient, activity coefficient, dynamism coefficient, connectivity coefficient, etc. Verification of the results obtained experimentally has demonstrated that the accuracy of gender determining at this stage of the study is approximately 65%. This indicator can be significantly exceeded with an increase in the volume and quality specification of databases and/or when using new models for calculating the correlation coefficients (Spearman's model, etc.).

Narrational Complexity

What makes a narrative complex? Different disciplines have defined complexity in a number of ways, but all of them reduce to the notion of counting. In education, one often finds complexity metrics based on counts of the words in the average sentence and the number of syllables in the words. Is there anything in movies like this? Not clearly. But rather than focusing on the narrative (the story) per se, this chapter focuses on the narration (how the story is told). One possible measure of narrational complexity is the number of narrational shifts in a given movie. Given the growth in number of syntagma during the past 50 years—a reflection of the construction of the narration—there is ample evidence for these shifts being a reasonable measure of complexity. They also appear to reinforce emotional commitment in the viewer.

Write Clear Research Explanations

Writing clear research explanations for scientific papers and other professional publications means using short, concise “thrifty” words and eliminating unnecessary “padding” words. Choosing precisely the right word will improve your writing, but also seek out the most vivid, compelling word. Structure sentences to communicate an idea clearly: keep the average sentence short to improve comprehension and give ideas punch, write longer sentences for more complex ideas, and place the concept at the beginning or end. Use the active voice to strengthen your explanations and engage the reader. Proofread exhaustively, performing each of the three levels of proofreading separately. Composing readable prose also means writing for the “reading eye,” taking into account the perceptual process of reading by creating layouts that offer visual landmarks such as paragraph indents, white space, drop caps, and pull quotes.

Principle of Least Effort and Sentence Length in Public Speaking

The analysis of sentence lengths in the inaugural speeches of US presidents and the annual speeches of UK party leaders is carried out. Transcripts of the speeches are used, rather than the oral production. It is discovered that the average sentence length in these speeches decreases linearly with time, with the slope of 0.13 ± 0.03 words/year. It is shown that among the analyzed distributions (log-normal, folded and half normal, Weibull, generalized Pareto, Rayleigh) the Weibull is the best distribution for describing sentence length. These two results can be considered a consequence of the principle of least effort. The connection of this principle with the well-known principles of maximum and minimum entropy production is discussed.

Revocation of Political Rights Convicted of Corruption In Every Judge's Decision as An Effort to Eradicate Corruption

The source of political rights inherent in human rights and political rights are also closely related to power. Meanwhile, corruptors who abuse their power are only sentenced to an average of 2 years and 2 months in prison during 2016; In 2013 the average sentence was 2 years 11 months; in 2014 2 years 8 months; and 2015 only 2 years 2 months. There needs to be a formulation of the provisions of the regulations as a basis for integrating and harmonizing judges' decisions on the revocation of political rights or it is also necessary to formulate a special criminal system to eradicate corruption crimes. Therefore, this study aims to examine what things underlie the enforcement of the deprivation of the political rights of the convicted of corruption in judge's decision and formulation of the criminal law system regarding the deprivation of political rights of convicted of corruption in judge's decision?. This research was conducted using a type of sociological juridical research approach. The result of the research is the abolition of political rights for corruption convicts, when examined from the juridical, sociological, and human rights aspects. It must become a standard in the punishment of corruption, considering that several formulations of the criminal law system currently exist in the criminal act of corruption which is still relatively light because the several sanctions given to date have not minimized acts of corruption.

Impacts of Private Prison Contracting on Inmate Time Served and Recidivism

This paper examines the impact of private prison contracting by exploiting staggered prison capacity shocks in Mississippi. Motivated by a model based on the typical private prison contract that pays a per diem for each occupied bed, the empirical analysis shows that private prison inmates serve 90 additional days. This is alternatively estimated as 4.8 percent of the average sentence. The delayed release erodes half of the cost savings offered by private contracting and is linked to the greater likelihood of conduct violations in private prisons. The additional days served do not lead to apparent changes in inmate recidivism. (JEL H76, K42)

An efficient methodology for aspect-based sentiment analysis using BERT through refined aspect extraction

Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysis (ABSA) has become a trending research domain due to its ability to transform lives as well as the technical challenges involved in it. In this paper, a unique set of rules has been formulated to extract aspect-opinion phrases. It helps to reduce the average sentence length by 84% and the complexity of the text by 50%. A modified rank-based version of Term-Frequency - Inverse-Document-Frequency (TF-IDF) has been proposed to identify significant aspects. An innovative word representation technique has been applied for aspect categorization which identifies both local as well as global context of a word. For sentiment classification, pre-trained Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) has been applied as it helps to capture long-term dependencies and reduce the overhead of training the model from scratch. However, BERT has drawbacks like quadratic drop in efficiency with an increase in sequence length which is limited to 512 tokens. The proposed methodology mitigates these drawbacks of a typical BERT classifier accompanied by a rise in efficiency along with an improvement of 8% in its accuracy. Furthermore, it yields enhanced performance and efficiency compared to other state-of-the-art methods. The assertions have been established through extensive analysis upon movie reviews and Sentihood data-sets.

Hjørnestenene i den danske kriminalforsorg:

The principles of normalisation and openness are cornerstones of modern prison philosophy. Normalisation involves making prison life as similar as possible to normal outside life and openness counteracts the negative effects of the total institution (Rentzmann, 1996). Both normalisation and openness imply that it should be the norm to place a person in an open prison. He or she should only be placed in a closed prison if there is a concrete, real risk of escape or if the prisoner is considered dangerous. The question is: does the Danish prison system in the era of the millennium still pay tribute to these two cornerstones when it comes to prisoner placement and furloughs? Since sentence length and disciplinary offences can determine both prisoner placement and prison furloughs, the article also explores developments in determinate sentencing and disciplinary punishment. Based on statistics and legislation, the analysis reveals that the severity of penalties increased during the period 2002-2019, e.g., average sentence length increased, more prisoners were placed in closed prisons, fewer prison furloughs were permitted, and more prisoners were exposed to disciplinary punishment. These developments can be explained by laws and rules implemented to deal with gang-related crime andgang-connected prisoners, who make up about 10 percent of the total prison population. While these strict laws and rules are designed to discipline the few, they have influenced the many and undermined the basic principles of normalisation and openness in Danish prisons.

Homicide in Eight Countries From 1980 to 2000: The Flow From Crimes Committed to Time Served in Prison

This article summarizes national data on completed homicides for eight countries in three time periods: around 1980, 1990, and 2000. The eight countries are England/Wales, the United States, Sweden, Australia, Scotland, Switzerland, the Netherlands, and Canada. In each year, the article presents the number of police-recorded crimes, the number of persons convicted, the number of offenders sent to custody, average sentence length, average time served, and all linking probabilities. It also shows changes in all these measures between 1980, 1990, and 2000 in different countries. It would be desirable to carry out longitudinal research, tracking offenders through the criminal justice system.

Analysis of Sentencing Practice for Assault (Part 1 of Article 187 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine)

The article examines the issue of sentencing for an assault under Part 1 of Article 187 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. 200 sentences passed by the courts of first instance in criminal proceedings under Part 1 of Article 187 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine are analysed. It is established that mostly assaults are committed in similar legally significant circumstances, which can be classified according to certain criteria: type of violence, material damage, the category of victims, and so on. During the research it was found out that the sanction of Part 1 of Article 187 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine provides for a sentence of three to seven years in prison. However, in most cases courts impose a minimum or close to the minimum sentence (3–4 years imprisonment), in some cases — the average sentence (5 years imprisonment). At the same time, courts don’t impose a maximum or close to the maximum limit (6–7 years of imprisonment). This situation is explained by the fact that courts don’t take into account all factors that can affect the punishment: the type of violence, material damage, the consequences for the health of the victim, the category of victims, and so on. Based on the results of the analysis, it’s proposed own approach to sentencing for an assault. However, it was identified cases of unreasonable application of Article 69 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine and the overly lenient sentencing, not provided by the sanction of Part 1 of Article 187 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. It’s also researched the state of release from serving a sentence of persons who committed an assault, on the basis of Article 75 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. The analysis provides grounds for concluding that the percentage of cases of application of Article 75 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine is excessive, as well as the tendency according to which under similar circumstances and conditions, one person is sentenced to a real punishment and another to a suspended sentence. Keywords: punishment, sentencing, assault.