scholarly journals Criminal Careers Prior to Recruitment into Italian Organized Crime

2021 ◽  
pp. 001112872110359
Author(s):  
Cecilia Meneghini ◽  
Gian Maria Campedelli ◽  
Francesco Calderoni ◽  
Tommaso Comunale
Keyword(s):  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
Criminal Careers ◽  
Time Span ◽  
Older Age ◽  
Criminal Career ◽  
Limited Knowledge ◽  
Criminal Organizations ◽  
Logistic Regressions ◽  
Lower Educational Attainment

Despite growing evidence about heterogeneous pathways leading individuals into organized crime, there is limited knowledge about the differences in the criminal career between individuals who entered criminal organizations in their youth and those who joined at an older age. This study assesses the differences between early and late recruits in the Italian mafias through logistic regressions considering several criminal career parameters computed on the period prior to recruitment. Results show that recruitment in the mafias is far from a homogenous process. Early recruits report an early criminal onset, lower educational attainment, more serious offenses within a shorter time-span, and more frequent violent co-offending; late recruits show a later onset, more prolific and versatile—but less serious—offending.

BASIC PROSTITUTION ORGANIZATIONS TYPES

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 2091-2100
Author(s):  
Venelin Terziev ◽  
Hristo Bonev
Keyword(s):  
Human Trafficking ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
Sexual Exploitation ◽  
Hierarchical Structures ◽  
System Management ◽  
Criminal Organizations ◽  
Organized Crime Groups ◽  
Sexual Services

This article outlines the three main prostitution organization types as well as hierarchical structures in criminal organizations dealing with human trafficking, prostitution and sexual exploitation. Several major categories of personages are directly involved in organized crime groups. The main indicators for assessing the prostitution prevention are defined and the principles for system management and management are justified. The three factors of prostitution management - psychological, social and financial - are outlined. An evaluation of the prostitution market has been carried out and the functions of the domestic and external markets for paid sex are described. The data provided gives us a reason to assume that the consumption of sexual services is increasing.

scholarly journals Contested borders: organized crime, governance, and bordering practices in Colombia-Venezuela borderlands

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viviana García Pinzón ◽  
Jorge Mantilla
Keyword(s):  
Organized Crime ◽  
Border Studies ◽  
Transnational Organized Crime ◽  
Spatial Category ◽  
Criminal Organizations ◽  
The Common ◽  
Migration Flows ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Social Orders ◽  
Depth Interviews

Abstract Based on the conceptualizations of organized crime as both an enterprise and a form of governance, borderland as a spatial category, and borders as institutions, this paper looks at the politics of bordering practices by organized crime in the Colombian-Venezuelan borderlands. It posits that contrary to the common assumptions about transnational organized crime, criminal organizations not only blur or erode the border but rather enforce it to their own benefit. In doing so, these groups set norms to regulate socio-spatial practices, informal and illegal economies, and migration flows, creating overlapping social orders and, lastly, (re)shaping the borderland. Theoretically, the analysis brings together insights from political geography, border studies, and organized crime literature, while empirically, it draws on direct observation, criminal justice data, and in-depth interviews.

The Kosher Capones

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joe Kraus
Keyword(s):  
Organized Crime ◽  
Political Corruption ◽  
Criminal Careers ◽  
West Side

This book tells the fascinating story of Chicago’s Jewish gangsters from Prohibition into the 1980s. The book traces these gangsters through the lives, criminal careers, and conflicts of Benjamin “Zukie the Bookie” Zuckerman, last of the independent West Side Jewish bosses, and Lenny Patrick, eventual head of the Syndicate’s “Jewish wing.” These two men linked the early Jewish gangsters of the neighborhoods of Maxwell Street and Lawndale to the notorious Chicago Outfit that emerged from Al Capone’s criminal confederation. Focusing on the murder of Zuckerman by Patrick, the book introduces us to the different models of organized crime they represented, a raft of largely forgotten Jewish gangsters, and the changing nature of Chicago’s political corruption. Hard-to-believe anecdotes of corrupt politicians, seasoned killers, and in-over-their-heads criminal operators spotlight the magnitude and importance of Jewish gangsters to the story of Windy City mob rule. With an eye for the dramatic, the book takes us deep inside a hidden society and offers glimpses of the men who ran the Jewish criminal community in Chicago for more than sixty years.

scholarly journals Financial literacy and retirement planning in Canada

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 277-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
DAVID BOISCLAIR ◽  
ANNAMARIA LUSARDI ◽  
PIERRE-CARL MICHAUD
Keyword(s):  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Financial Literacy ◽  
Retirement Planning ◽  
Retirement Savings ◽  
Risk Diversification ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Lower Educational Attainment

AbstractIn this paper, we draw on internationally comparable survey evidence on financial literacy and retirement planning in Canada to investigate how financially literate Canadians are and how financial literacy is linked to retirement planning. We find that 42% of respondents are able to correctly answer three simple questions measuring knowledge of interest compounding, inflation, and risk diversification. This is consistent with evidence from other countries, and Canadians perform relatively well in comparison with Americans but worse than individuals in other countries, such as Germany. Among Canadian respondents, the young and the old, women, minorities, and those with lower educational attainment do worse, a pattern that has been consistently found in other countries as well. Retirement planning is strongly associated with financial literacy; those who responded correctly to all three financial literacy questions are 10 percentage points more likely to have retirement savings.

scholarly journals The Dilemma of Lawlessness: Organized Crime, Violence, Prosperity, and Security Along Guatemala’s Borders

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Emily M. Alford
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Public Security ◽  
Border Control ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
Criminal Organizations ◽  
Narcotics Trafficking ◽  
Mass Murders ◽  
Illicit Trafficking

This book presents the reader with both facts and conclusions drawn from three case studies. Authors Ralph Espach, Daniel Haering, Javier Meléndez Quiñonez, and Miguel Castillo Giron focus on the lack of security along Guatemala’s borders and the serious narcotics trafficking, execution-style mass murders, and other severe public security issues that have developed as a result. This research looks closely at the effects of criminal organizations and illicit trafficking within the three particular border municipalities of Guatemala—Sayaxché, Gualán, and Malacatán. The three areas are compared demographically and economically, and through which a deeper analysis is developed on creating better border control through the behaviors of the local communities themselves.

scholarly journals Patient access to psychiatric records: experience in an in-patient unit

1995 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick Kosky ◽  
Tom Burns
Keyword(s):  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Maintenance Treatment ◽  
Junior Doctor ◽  
Psychiatric Inpatient ◽  
Inpatient Unit ◽  
Therapeutic Relationships ◽  
Patient Access ◽  
Psychiatric Inpatient Unit ◽  
Lower Educational Attainment

Forty of 46 consecutive admissions to a psychiatric inpatient unit were encouraged to read their admission notes and discuss them with the Junior doctor. The offer was withheld for two patients with organic impairment. Twenty-eight patients (including 12 on compulsory admissions) accepted the offer. The 12 who refused were characterised by overall lower educational attainment. Diagnosis raised only a few problems, prognosis and maintenance treatment being the focus of most discussions. There was no evidence of a deterioration in the quality of notes or therapeutic relationships as a consequence of access. Only in one case was the exercise judged ‘harmful’, but ‘useful or essential’ in 22. Possible benefits for both patients and doctor are explored.

scholarly journals Attitudes, perceptions, and smoking behavior of university faculty and staff following the introduction of a comprehensive tobacco-free policy: a repeated cross-sectional survey in Lebanon

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dina Farran ◽  
Rima Nakkash ◽  
Mahmoud Al-Hindi ◽  
Maya Romani ◽  
Martin John Owen Asser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Policy Implementation ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Smoking Behavior ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean Region ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Faculty And Staff ◽  
One Year ◽  
Lower Educational Attainment

Abstract Background A growing body of research have evaluated the effect of university tobacco-free policies on faculty and staff, however, none of these studies has been carried out in the Eastern Mediterranean region. This study evaluates changes in faculty and staff attitudes, perceptions and smoking behavior, one year post-adoption of a tobacco-free policy in a medium-sized university in Lebanon and the region. Methods Two cross-sectional surveys were conducted in 2017 and 2018: pre- and one year post-policy implementation. A random sample of 625 and 624 participants took part in the 2017 and 2018 studies respectively. Results Faculty and staff had a positive attitude towards the policy at the two time points. The belief that there should be exceptions to the policy significantly decreased from 79% to 59% (p=0.002) among all smokers, particularly those with lower educational attainment (81% to 57%, p=0.007). Perception of compliance among peer smokers increased from 73% to 87% (p= 0.009). The proportion of smokers did not significantly change one year post-policy implementation, however, 44% of smokers with lower educational attainment, compared to only 7% of those with higher educational attainment (p< 0.001), reported a decrease in their smoking behavior outside campus. Conclusion The policy had a positive effect on the attitude, behavior and perception of policy benefits among smokers with lower educational attainment, who constitute the majority of smokers. Studies tackling the effectiveness of university or workplace smoke-free policies are scarce in the Middle East. Findings from this study inform and support future efforts to develop university and workplace tobacco free policies.

The Wrongfulness of Crimes of Unlawful Association

2008 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 563-589 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Cancio Meliáá
Keyword(s):  
Organized Crime ◽  
Criminal Policy ◽  
Criminal Organization ◽  
Political Organization ◽  
Collective Interest ◽  
Criminal Organizations ◽  
Actual Content ◽  
Penal Law ◽  
Penal Codes ◽  
Basic Approaches

Though always present in penal codes, offenses based on belonging to a criminal organization occupy a vanguard position in today's evolution of penal law systems: organized crime is located at one of the most prominent places in the criminal policy agenda. Nevertheless, neither criminal law theory nor the actual content of criminal provisions nor the putting of theory into practice enables an adequate restriction of the interpretation of the laws against criminal organizations. Therefore we need to investigate the wrongfulness at the base of this offense. European legal scholarship has proposed two basic approaches: to consider that this offense anticipates the possibility of punishing and prosecuting such behavior (anticipation theory) or to consider that it harms a collective interest ("public security," "public peace"). From our perspective, it is necessary to underline the collective wrongfulness embedded in a criminal organization and that, beyond the actual crimes committed, it questions the monopoly of violence exercised by the state. It represents the constitution of a violent organization that counters the basis of state political organization (arrogation of political organization). This approach opens a possibility to adequately define the offense of belonging to a criminal organization.

Transnational Organized Crime

2020 ◽  
pp. 124-143
Author(s):  
Giovanna Palermo
Keyword(s):  
Financial Markets ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
Penal Code ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Present Contribution ◽  
Transnational Organized Crime ◽  
Criminal Organizations ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Transnational Criminal Organizations

Criminal organizations have opened up to profound global transformations, putting themselves on the financial markets and creating a network in Mafia style. The present contribution intends to offer a framework of transnational criminal organizations, starting from defining aspects, normative forecasts and peculiarities, and then describing the Italian mafias and those of Eastern Europe, China, and Nigeria. Through these analyses the author intends to demonstrate how although Italy is the only country to have introduced “the Mafia Criminal Association” ex Art. 416 bis of the Penal Code, other countries also know this phenomenon. China, Russia, sub-Saharan Africa have given rise to mafia-style criminal organizations, even though they have not legally defined them. Today the branching of these associations at transnational level brings out their mafia values and the need to intervene with the legal and investigative methodology that was first experimented in Italy.

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