Behavior Modification of Children with Learning Disabilities Using Grades as Tokens and Allowances as Back up Reinforcers

The modification of academic behaviors of children in a learning disabilities class was undertaken by arranging for events such as amount of teacher attention, recess, and quality of weekly grade reports to be consequences for academic progress. As academic behaviors achieved with these consequences stabilized at less than an optimal level, the children's parents agreed to have the children earn their allowances on the basis of the weekly grade reports. This token reinforcement system, with grades as tokens and with allowances as added back up reinforcers, significantly increased the children's academic behaviors.

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Effects of Teacher Attention and a Token Reinforcement System in a Junior High School Special Education Class

Council review ◽

10.1177/001440297003600505 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 36 (5) ◽

pp. 341-349 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

Marcia Broden ◽

R. Vance Hall ◽

Ann Dunlap ◽

Robert Clark

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

Special Education ◽

Junior High School ◽

Junior High ◽

Baseline Period ◽

Point System ◽

Token Reinforcement ◽

Reinforcement System ◽

Teacher Attention ◽

Education Class

Teacher attention and a token reinforcement system were used to bring about control in a disruptive junior high school special education classroom. Individual and group study levels were recorded during a baseline period. Subsequent experimental periods employing teacher attention and/or a token point system increased study levels and decreased disruptive behaviors of class members. Reinforcement of appropriate behaviors was withdrawn during short reversals producing lowered study rates. Reinstatement of contingencies again resulted in increased study levels.

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Exploring patient safety outcomes for people with learning disabilities in acute hospital settings: a scoping review

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2020-047102 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. e047102

Author(s):

Gemma Louch ◽

Abigail Albutt ◽

Joanna Harlow-Trigg ◽

Sally Moore ◽

Kate Smyth ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Learning Disabilities ◽

Patient Safety ◽

Adverse Events ◽

Grey Literature ◽

Good Practice ◽

Hospital Setting ◽

Eligibility Criteria ◽

Infant Outcomes ◽

Safety Outcomes

ObjectivesTo produce a narrative synthesis of published academic and grey literature focusing on patient safety outcomes for people with learning disabilities in an acute hospital setting.DesignScoping review with narrative synthesis.MethodsThe review followed the six stages of the Arksey and O’Malley framework. We searched four research databases from January 2000 to March 2021, in addition to handsearching and backwards searching using terms relating to our eligibility criteria—patient safety and adverse events, learning disability and hospital setting. Following stakeholder input, we searched grey literature databases and specific websites of known organisations until March 2020. Potentially relevant articles and grey literature materials were screened against the eligibility criteria. Findings were extracted and collated in data charting forms.Results45 academic articles and 33 grey literature materials were included, and we organised the findings around six concepts: (1) adverse events, patient safety and quality of care; (2) maternal and infant outcomes; (3) postoperative outcomes; (4) role of family and carers; (5) understanding needs in hospital and (6) supporting initiatives, recommendations and good practice examples. The findings suggest inequalities and inequities for a range of specific patient safety outcomes including adverse events, quality of care, maternal and infant outcomes and postoperative outcomes, in addition to potential protective factors, such as the roles of family and carers and the extent to which health professionals are able to understand the needs of people with learning disabilities.ConclusionPeople with learning disabilities appear to experience poorer patient safety outcomes in hospital. The involvement of family and carers, and understanding and effectively meeting the needs of people with learning disabilities may play a protective role. Promising interventions and examples of good practice exist, however many of these have not been implemented consistently and warrant further robust evaluation.

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Learning disability market position statements, are they fit for purpose?

Tizard Learning Disability Review ◽

10.1108/tldr-03-2017-0011 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 22 (4) ◽

pp. 198-205 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Sarah Broadhurst ◽

Keri Landau

Keyword(s):

Learning Disabilities ◽

Learning Disability ◽

Good Practice ◽

Market Position ◽

Content Type ◽

Fit For Purpose ◽

Potential Impact ◽

Senior Officers ◽

Market Shaping

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to review whether current learning disability market position statements (MPS) are actually helping to shape the market and explore their implications for people with learning disabilities and their families. Design/methodology/approach Published learning disability MPS were identified via the Institute of Public Care’s MPS database. The quality of the MPS was analysed using a good practice checklist developed by a range of stakeholders. Findings Learning disability MPS are not currently fit for purpose. They demonstrate that local authorities are not fully engaging in their market-shaping duties, as required under The Care Act 2014. It is suggested that this is in part due to the lack of recognition that market shaping is a council-wide responsibility and can only be successful if senior officers across the council (and their partners) acknowledge this and are held accountable. Unless this happens, people with learning disabilities will continue to lack the enablers that support them to lead the lives they choose in their communities. Originality/value This is the first review of the quality and potential impact of learning disability MPS.

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Commentary on “The experiences of older carers of people with learning disabilities: ‘I just carry on with it’”

Tizard Learning Disability Review ◽

10.1108/tldr-11-2020-0037 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

pp. 58-62

Author(s):

Jan Sunman

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Learning Disabilities ◽

Lived Experiences ◽

Design Methodology ◽

Policy And Practice ◽

Content Type ◽

The Voice

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide a commentary on the article by Rachel Forrester-Jones on the experiences of older carers of people with learning disabilities. Design/methodology/approach The commentary reflects on the themes identified in the original article, comparing its findings to the lived experiences of those taking part in older carers’ projects in Oxfordshire, England. Findings Similar broad themes were identified in both samples. Given these findings, the extent to which matters have changed, since the Valuing People work on older carers is considered. Originality/value The paper discusses policy and practice implications to improve the quality of life of older carers and their families and explores how the voice of older carers can be strengthened to enable them to shape practice and policy.

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Teaching Middle School Students with Learning Disabilities to Recruit Positive Teacher Attention

Council review ◽

10.1177/001440299906500209 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 65 (2) ◽

pp. 253-270 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Sheila R. Alber ◽

William L. Heward ◽

Brooke J. Hippler

Keyword(s):

Middle School ◽

Learning Disabilities ◽

Middle School Students ◽

Students With Learning Disabilities ◽

School Students ◽

Teacher Attention

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SKALA USAHA MINIMUM PADA USAHATANI TEMBAKAU (Nicotiana tabacum) KABUPATEN REJANG LEBONG

Jurnal AGRISEP Kajian Masalah Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian dan Agribisnis ◽

10.31186/jagrisep.5.1.41-52 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 41-52

Author(s):

Satria Putra Utama ◽

Andi Irawan ◽

Butmen Marito H

Keyword(s):

Nicotiana Tabacum ◽

Influencing Factors ◽

Farming System ◽

Optimal Level ◽

Tobacco Production ◽

Farmer Behavior ◽

Break Even Point ◽

Area X ◽

The Way

Tobacco was one of priority commodity in Rejang Lebong district to develop, its supported by suitable micro climate and farmer behavior so long. The research were objected to analyze the influencing factors on produdion and minimum economic scale of tobacco farming system at Rejang Lebong District. These tried to answer thorugh the cob-douglas and break even point analyses. The research showed that area (x 1), TSP fertilizer (x3), ZA fertlizer (x4) significantly influence to tobacco production. Minimum economic scale of tobacco farming system around 0.07 ha but farmers scale about 0.49 ha. It meaned that farmet tobacco were already in comerdal/economic scale. Improving the prcxluction could be attained thorugh extensification and intesification . extensification in the way of extended the croping area, while intesification by improving fertilizers of TSP and ZA to optimal level of usage. others factors should be another farmer focus to increas prcxluction such quality of seed, integrated and environmental pestici~e and so forth. Keywords: Minimum economic scale, farming system, tobacco

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Penambahan Molases Untuk Meningkatkan Kualitas Amoniasi Jerami Padi dan Pengaruhnya terhadap Produk Fermentasi Rumen Secara In-Vitro

Jurnal Agripet ◽

10.17969/agripet.v10i2.641 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 27-33

Author(s):

Muhamad Bata ◽

Nur Hidayat

Keyword(s):

Protein Synthesis ◽

Orthogonal Polynomial ◽

Rice Straw ◽

Rumen Fluid ◽

Research Result ◽

Nutrient Content ◽

Optimal Level ◽

Variance Analysis

Supplementation of molasses to improve the quality of rice straw ammonization and its effect on fermentation product in-vitroABSTRACT. Aimed of this research was to find out the optimal level of molasses addition at straw rice ammonization process to N-NH3 production, VFA and microbe protein synthesis. Material used was rumen fluid of fistula cattle, rice straw, water, urea and molasses. Treatment tried was level of molasses addition 0%, 15% and 30% on rice straw which given urea. Research was carried out by experimental method as in vitro, was conducted use completely randomized design. Variable measured were N-NH3, VFA and microbe protein synthesis. Intake data entered in data tabulation and analyzed variance then continued by orthogonal polynomial test. Research result after ammonization indicated that acidity level and concentration of released NH3 decrease parallel with addition of molasses level, and also increase the nutrient content which was crude protein increase and crude fiber decrease. Variance analysis and Test of orthogonal polynomial result indicated that treatment of molasses addition have highly significant effect (P0.01) and linier respond to concentration of released NH3 after ammonization. Research result as in vitro indicated concentration N-NH3 and VFA total decrease while microbe protein synthesis increase. Variance analysis result indicated that molasses addition treatment at straw rice ammonization process have highly significant (P 0.01) on concentration of N-NH3, VFA total and Microbe Protein Synthesis. Test of orthogonal polynomial for molasses addition at straw rice ammonization process indicated linier respond on concentration of NH3 N-NH3 and VFA total, but microbe protein synthesis quadratic had respond (P 0,01) white regression equation Y= 52.187-1.089222X + 0.11X2 (r2) 87.27 and (r) 0.9341. Research result could conclude that molasses addition up to level 30% able to improve quality of straw rice ammonization process by NH3 fixation so that increase nutrient ingredient, decrease NH3 that lost to atmosphere, improve utilization of N-NH3 and VFA and also increase microbe protein synthesis.

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