The Antimicrobial Resistance Crisis: How Neoliberalism Helps Microbes Dodge Our Drugs

2020 ◽  
pp. 002073142094982
Author(s):  
Ilinca A. Dutescu
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
Related Services ◽  
Inappropriate Behaviors ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Important Health ◽  
Health Related

The urgent public health threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has received much attention from the world’s most important health agencies and national governmental organizations. However, despite large investments being allocated to strategizing national and international plans for addressing this public health problem, the incidence of untreatable, antimicrobial-resistant diseases continues to rise in many nations. To avoid returning to a society in which common infections once again become deadly, one must consider the often-ignored root causes driving inappropriate behaviors relating to antimicrobial use, such as the history of antimicrobial drug development, the effects of commodifying health-related services, and the rise in social inequalities. By employing the lens of political economy to analyze the phenomenon of AMR on national and international scales, it is found that the acceptance of neoliberalism as a governing ideology by authorities is hindering our ability to globally combat AMR through the depoliticization of issues that require political intervention to stimulate change. Differences in level of AMR and approaches to pharmaceutical governance between social democratic and liberal welfare states provide validity to this hypothesis.

Antimicrobial Resistance of Campylobacter jejuni Isolated from Chicken Carcasses in the Federal District, Brazil

2013 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 691-693 ◽  
Author(s):  
HELENIRA MELO de MOURA ◽  
PATRÍCIA RENAULT SILVA ◽  
PATRÍCIA HELENA CALDEIRA da SILVA ◽  
NARA RÚBIA SOUZA ◽  
ALINE MONDINI C. RACANICCI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Campylobacter Jejuni ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Food Processing ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Federal District ◽  
Antimicrobial Drugs ◽  
High Level

The aim of the present study was to perform microbiological isolation of Campylobacter jejuni from chilled chicken carcasses marketed in the Federal District of Brazil and to subject the strains to an antibiogram. A total of 92 samples from chilled chicken carcasses were acquired, 18 of which (19.56%) tested positive for C. jejuni. A total of 16 strains were tested for susceptibility to eight antimicrobial drugs. All 16 strains were resistant to ciprofloxacin, 15 strains to nalidixic acid, streptomycin, tetracycline, and gentamycin, 14 strains to amoxicillin, 11 strains to erythromycin, and 6 strains to chloramphenicol. The present study is the first to report on the presence of C. jejuni in chilled chicken carcasses marketed in the Federal District region of Brazil. These results may indicate flaws in certain steps of this food processing and highlight a possible public health problem due to the high level of resistance exhibited by the isolated strains.

scholarly journals The Socio-cultural Dynamics of Antibiotic Misuse in Hyderabad City, India: a Qualitative Study of Dentist and Pharmacist

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 197-202
Author(s):  
Shoeb Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Pharmacy Practice ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Cultural Dynamics ◽  
Dental Infection ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Self Medication

 Background: Antibiotic resistance and antibiotic-associated adverse events are rapidly escalating and considered as a global health threat and public health problem. There is poor evidence base on the contextual specificities and everyday use of antibiotic in public health dentistry and pharmacy dispensing practices. The study explores the socio-cultural dynamics emergent around antimicrobials in the Indian Public dentistry and pharmacy practice in India. Methods: Using purposive sampling, dentists and pharmacists were recruited for the study in Hyderabad City, Telangana State, India. Using semi-structured interviews, dentists and pharmacists were asked about how antibiotics were prescribed and dispensed, perceptions of antibiotic use in community and socio-cultural norms prevailing in the use of the antimicrobial practice. Results: The dominant themes, emerged by both dentists and pharmacists, was the avoidance of dentist visit on encountering dental infection, reliance on self-medication, use of over-the-counter antibiotics and easy accessibility of antibiotics without prescription as a primary driver of antibiotic misuse and development of antimicrobial resistance, which is associated with socio-cultural practices and economic problems.  Conclusions: The speculations of qualitative responses to antimicrobial resistance are profoundly entangled in the specificities of dental infection management across cultures and locales in daily life. This study emphasizes the need for enforcement of regulatory mechanism on antibiotic dispensing over the counters, educating dental patients in avoiding self medications, educational and training initiatives are necessary to sensitize and rationalize dentist and pharmacist in the use of antibiotics. 

scholarly journals Editorial: Antimicrobial Resistance as a Global Public Health Problem: How Can We Address It?

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciene Andrade Da Rocha Minarini ◽  
Leonardo Neves de Andrade ◽  
Eliana De Gregorio ◽  
Filipa Grosso ◽  
Thierry Naas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Global Public Health Problem

Health-Related Services Provided by Public Health Educators

2011 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 723-733 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans H. Johnson ◽  
Craig M. Becker
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Educators ◽  
Related Services ◽  
Health Related

scholarly journals Genes de resistencia en bacilos Gram negativos: Impacto en la salud pública en Colombia

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Paola López Velandia ◽  
María Inés Torres Caycedo ◽  
Carlos Fernando Prada Quiroga
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
World Health ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
The Cochrane Library

ResumenIntroducción: La resistencia antimicrobiana es un grave problema de salud pública que se encuentra en aumento. Entre los factores más importantes relacionados con la diseminación de bacterias multirresistentes está el uso inapropiado de antibióticos y la aplicación insuficiente de las medidas de prevención y control. Adicionalmente, las bacterias tienen la capacidad de mutar o generar mecanismos de transferencia de genes de resistencia mediante plásmidos, transposones e integrones. Materiales y métodos: Se hizo una revisión crítica de la literatura sobre los principales genes de resistencia Gram negativos y su impacto en la salud pública. Fueron utilizadas las bases de datos de Medline, Embase, Lilacs, ScienceDirect, Scopus, SciELO, the Cochrane Library y Lilacs. Resultados: Se presenta una revisión de literatura que describe y analiza los principales genes de resistencia a antibióticos presentes en bacilos gram negativos, su origen, evolución y diseminación a microorganismos mediante la transferencia horizontal de genes; justificando la importancia de realizar una vigilancia epidemiológica del tránsito de clones con diferentes perfiles de resistencia y principales enzimas. Conclusiones: El seguimiento de la resistencia antimicrobiana desde el punto de vista de la epidemiología molecular forma parte transcendental de la vigilancia antibiótica como lo recomienda la Organización Mundial de la Salud; pues representa el futuro del monitoreo de la resistencia.AbstractIntroduction: Antimicrobial resistance is a serious public health problem that is increasing. Among the most important factors related to the spread of multi-resistant bacteria are the inappropriate use of antibiotics and the insufficient  implementation of prevention and control measures. Additionally, bacteria have the ability to mutate or create mechanisms for transfer of resistance genes via plasmids, transposons and integrons. Materials and methods: A critical review of the literature on major resistance genes in Gram negative bacteria and its impact on public health was conducted. Data have been collected from Medline, Embase, Lilacs, ScienceDirect, Scopus, SciELO, the Cochrane Library and Lilacs. Results: A review of literature that describes and analyzes the main antibiotic resistance genes present in gram-negative bacilli is presented, as well as their origin, evolution, and subsequent spread to hundreds of species of microorganisms by Horizontal gene transfer which justifies the importance of conducting an epidemiological surveillance on transit of clones with different resistance profiles and major enzymes. Conclusions: The control of antimicrobial resistance from the point of view of molecular epidemiology is part of the antibiotic surveillance control as recommended by the World Health Organization; as it represents the future of the surveillance of resistance.

scholarly journals A review on Antibiotic Policy and Antimicrobial Stewardship Program (AMSP) – Need of the hour

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 1233-1237
Author(s):  
Manoj Kumar ◽  
Anu Sharma ◽  
Yasmeen M ◽  
Parwez
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Stewardship ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antimicrobial Stewardship Program ◽  
Antibiotic Policy ◽  
Stewardship Program

Emerging trends of antimicrobial resistance and development of multidrug resistance and pan resistant strains have become a significant public health problem worldwide. The rate at which newer drugs are developing has slowed down and clinicians are left with only limited therapeutic options for treatment of the patient. We are heading towards the pre antibiotic discovery phase where mortality was high due to unavailability of appropriate drugs; however, in current situation due to misuse or over use of antibiotics, microbes have developed newer methods of resistance, thus rendering these antimicrobials ineffective in their action which has resulted in increased morbidity and mortality among patient and increase in the health care expenditure. Antimicrobial resistance continues to be a major public health problem of international concern. As there is alarming situation globally due to development of multi and pan resistant bacteria which are also known as superbugs, these superbugs have resulted in havoc as these infections are not treatable and is of great concern to the treating physician. Judicious use of antibiotics and implementation of antibiotic stewardship program are the only ways to combat the current situation. The present review aims to provide information on framing of antibiotic policy and implementation of antimicrobial stewardship program.      

scholarly journals Keeping up with the times: how national public health and governmental organizations communicate about cannabis on Twitter

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenna van Draanen ◽  
Tanvi Krishna ◽  
Christie Tsang ◽  
Sam Liu
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
National Level ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Medical Cannabis ◽  
The Public ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
National Public Health ◽  
Health Related ◽  
The Times

Abstract Background Public health and governmental organizations are expected to provide guidance to the public on emerging health issues in accessible formats. It is, therefore, important to examine how such organizations are discussing cannabis online and the information that is being provided to the public about this increasingly legal and available substance. Methods This paper presents a concise thematic analysis of both the volume and content of cannabis-related health information from selected (n = 13) national-level public health and governmental organizations in Canada and the U.S. on Twitter. Results There were eight themes identified in Tweets including 1) health-related topics; 2) legalization and legislation; 3) research on cannabis; 4) special populations; 5) driving and cannabis; 6) population issues; 7) medical cannabis, and 8) public health issues. The majority of cannabis-related Tweets from the organizations studied came from relatively few organizations and there were substantial differences between the topics covered by U.S. and Canadian organizations. The organizations studied provided limited information regarding how to use cannabis in ways that will minimize health-related harms. Conclusions Authoritative organizations that deal with public health may consider designing timely social media communications with emerging cannabis-related information, to benefit a general public otherwise exposed to primarily pro-cannabis content on Twitter.

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