New Insights into the Composition and Functions of the Acquired Enamel Pellicle

2012 ◽  
Vol 91 (12) ◽  
pp. 1110-1118 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.L. Siqueira ◽  
W. Custodio ◽  
E.E. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Oral Health ◽  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
3D Structure ◽  
Salivary Proteins ◽  
Oral Environment ◽  
Tooth Surfaces ◽  
Microscopy Techniques ◽  
Acquired Enamel Pellicle ◽  
Insight Into

The acquired enamel pellicle (AEP) is a thin acellular film that forms on tooth surfaces upon exposure to the oral environment. It consists predominantly of salivary proteins, but also includes non-salivary-derived proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. Since it is the interface between teeth and the oral environment, the AEP plays a key role in the maintenance of oral health by regulating processes including lubrication, demineralization, and remineralization and shaping the composition of early microbial flora adhering to tooth surfaces. Knowledge of the 3D structure of the AEP and how that correlates with its protective functions may provide insight into several oral pathological states, including caries, erosion, and periodontal disease. This review intends to update readers about the latest discoveries related to the formation, ultrastructure, composition, and functions of the AEP, as well as the future of pellicle research, with particular emphasis on the emerging role of proteomic and microscopy techniques in oral diagnosis and therapeutics.

The role of sugar-rich diet and salivary proteins in dental plaque formation and oral health

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asma Gasmi Benahmed ◽  
Amin Gasmi ◽  
Maryam Dadar ◽  
Maria Arshad ◽  
Geir Bjørklund
Keyword(s):  
Oral Health ◽  
Dental Plaque ◽  
Plaque Formation ◽  
Salivary Proteins

scholarly journals An Insight into the Role of Benefical Bacteria in Periodontal Pocket Recolonization: A Literature Review

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-50
Author(s):  
SM Apoorva ◽  
A Suchetha ◽  
DB Mundinamane ◽  
DP Bhopale ◽  
A Bharwani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Periodontal Pocket ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Beneficial Bacteria ◽  
Initial Attachment ◽  
Bacterial Interactions ◽  
Tooth Surfaces ◽  
Free People ◽  
Insight Into

ABSTRACT Microflora can be found in both caries-free and periodontitis-free people and caries-affected and periodontitis-affected people, and many clinical studies reveal that the portion of certain bacterial species such as Streptococcus mutans or Porphyromonas gingivalis, respectively, is increased in patients with caries or periodontitis. Therefore, it seems that the competition that results between beneficial bacteria and virulent bacteria leads to either a healthy or sick status of human beings. Competition between members of the dental microflora and there role in pocket recolonization is very complex and many antagonistic characteristics can be observed from competition for initial attachment on tooth surfaces or for later attachment to pioneer bacteria, competition from bacteriocins or hydrogen peroxide secreted and from facilitating the growth of some species which inhibit other species. To date only some of the details of these mechanisms are known. The present review will provide an overview on the prevalence of beneficial bacteria and the major mechanisms of oral bacterial interactions. Due to the large number of oral bacterial species, only the best characterized species are included in this review.

The Role of Toothbrushing in the Prevention and Treatment of Periodontal Disease: Personal Experience of Both Clinical and Experimental Observation for More than Thirty Years

1988 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 204-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Ishikawa
Keyword(s):  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
Personal Experience ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Food Habit ◽  
Tooth Surface ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Oral Environment ◽  
Systemic Factors ◽  
Bacterial Plaque

There have been dramatic developments in the theory and therapy of periodontal disease in the last few decades. This paper focuses on the role of toothbrushing in the treatment and prevention of periodontal disease, based on the author's personal experience gained from both clinical and experimental observations for more than 30 years. Even in the recent past, periodontal disease was considered to be untreatable because of various misconceptions regarding its etiology. Attention was concentrated mainly on systemic factors. As a result, periodontallyinvolved teeth were extracted mostly due to lack of technical know-how. The author devoted his primary investigative efforts to systemic factors and found that those were only minimally significant. Later, after using wild and captive monkeys to make extensive experimental studies on local factors, he was convinced that food habit (hard, fibrous, or soft) contributes directly to the etiology of periodontal disease which is restricted in the oral environment itself. Today it is well-established that accumulation of bacterial plaque on the tooth surface is the most important single factor responsible for periodontal disease, and systemic influence can merely modify the condition. Therefore, the accumulated plaque should be mechanically removed by toothbrushing. The essence of mechanical toothbrushing is not only to remove the plaque but also to compensate for the mechanical stimulation of the gingiva (gingival massage), which is lacking with modern soft food. This lecture reviews the effect of methodical toothbrushing obtained from both clinical and experimental studies in animals.

scholarly journals Periodontal disease and ‘oral health’ in the past: new insights from ancient Sudan on a very modern problem.

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 30-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Whiting ◽  
Daniel Antoine ◽  
Simon Hillson
Keyword(s):  
Oral Health ◽  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Neolithic Period ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Archaeological Remains ◽  
Modern Problem ◽  
The Past ◽  
Insight Into

As one of today’s major oral health issues, periodontal disease affects populations worldwide. Here, methods used to record its past prevalence are reviewed, including the problems associated with the use of measurements to record bone loss. Clinical and bioarchaeological research offers strong support for the Kerr method that records interdental septum morphological changes as a means of identifying gingivitis and periodontal disease. Using Kerr’s approach, four assemblages from Sudan dating to the Neolithic, Kerma and Medieval periods are examined to track the progression of the disease through time. Results show a significantly lower prevalence of periodontal disease and a limited distribution across the mouth in the Neolithic period. Significant differences were found between the sexes at the Medieval sites, which were not present at the Neolithic and Kerma sites. With no patient history and the cumulative effects of a dynamic and episodic disease - only a snapshot of which is captured at death - the concept of ‘oral health’ may be hard to apply in archaeological remains. As suggested by Kerr, it at best provides an insight into the periodontal status at death. Here, this ‘snapshot’ reveals differences across the mouth, over time and between sexes.

scholarly journals Probiotics and Periodontal Disease: A Current Update

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (Spl) ◽  
pp. 35-37
Author(s):  
Vivek Gupta ◽  
Bhavana Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Oral Health ◽  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Periodontal Health ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Systemic Health ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
The Impact ◽  
A Current

ABSTRACT Probiotics are live micro-organisms that when administered in adequate amounts confer health benefits upon the host. Although a lot of work has been done regarding the effects of probiotic applications on systemic health particularly gastro-intestinal, the impact of probiotics on oral health is relatively new with lots of research going on; the area of probiotics and periodontal disease is still in its infancy. The present article summarizes the role of probiotics in periodontal health and disease and its effectiveness in periodontal therapy.

scholarly journals Cryo-EM structure of native human thyroglobulin

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Adaixo ◽  
Eva M. Steiner ◽  
Ricardo D. Righetto ◽  
Alexander Schmidt ◽  
Henning Stahlberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secretory Pathway ◽  
3D Structure ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Hormone Synthesis ◽  
Cryo Electron Microscopy ◽  
Glycosylation Sites ◽  
Regulation Of Metabolism ◽  
Fundamental Understanding ◽  
Insight Into

The thyroglobulin (Tg) protein is essential to thyroid hormone synthesis, playing a vital role in the regulation of metabolism, development and growth. Its structure is conserved among vertebrates. Tg is delivered through the secretory pathway of the thyroid follicular unit to the central colloid depository, where it is iodinated at specific tyrosine sites to form mono- or diiodotyrosine, which combine to produce triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), respectively. Synthesis of these hormones depends on the precise 3D structure of Tg, which has remained unknown despite decades of research. Here, we present the cryo-electron microscopy structure of human thyroglobulin (hTg) to a global resolution of 3.2 Å. The structure provides detailed information on the location of the hTg hormonogenic sites and reveals the position as well as the role of many of its glycosylation sites. Our results offer structural insight into thyroid hormonogenesis and provide a fundamental understanding of clinically relevant hTg mutations, which can improve treatment of thyroid diseases.

scholarly journals Cryo-EM structure of native human thyroglobulin

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Adaixo ◽  
Eva Steiner ◽  
Ricardo Righetto ◽  
Alexander Schmidt ◽  
Henning Stahlberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secretory Pathway ◽  
3D Structure ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Hormone Synthesis ◽  
Cryo Electron Microscopy ◽  
Glycosylation Sites ◽  
Regulation Of Metabolism ◽  
Fundamental Understanding ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract The thyroglobulin (Tg) protein is essential to thyroid hormone synthesis, playing a vital role in the regulation of metabolism, development and growth. Its structure is conserved among vertebrates. Tg is delivered through the secretory pathway of the thyroid follicular unit to the central colloid depository, where it is iodinated at specific tyrosine sites to form mono- or diiodotyrosine, which combine to produce triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), respectively. Synthesis of these hormones depends on the precise 3D structure of Tg, which has remained unknown despite decades of research. Here, we present the cryo-electron microscopy structure of human thyroglobulin (hTg) to a global resolution of 3.2 Å. The structure provides detailed information on the location of the hTg hormonogenic sites and reveals the position as well as the role of many of its glycosylation sites. Our results offer structural insight into thyroid hormonogenesis and provide a fundamental understanding of clinically relevant hTg mutations, which can improve treatment of thyroid diseases.

scholarly journals Microbiota populations in supragingival plaque, subgingival plaque, and saliva habitats of adult dogs

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrícia M. Oba ◽  
Meredith Q. Carroll ◽  
Celeste Alexander ◽  
Helen Valentine ◽  
Amy J. Somrak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Health ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Oral Disease ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Subgingival Plaque ◽  
Oral Diseases ◽  
Supragingival Plaque

Abstract Background Oral diseases are common in dogs, with microbiota playing a prominent role in the disease process. Oral cavity habitats harbor unique microbiota populations that have relevance to health and disease. Despite their importance, the canine oral cavity microbial habitats have been poorly studied. The objectives of this study were to (1) characterize the oral microbiota of different habitats of dogs and (2) correlate oral health scores with bacterial taxa and identify what sites may be good options for understanding the role of microbiota in oral diseases. We used next-generation sequencing to characterize the salivary (SAL), subgingival (SUB), and supragingival (SUP) microbial habitats of 26 healthy adult female Beagle dogs (4.0 ± 1.2 year old) and identify taxa associated with periodontal disease indices. Results Bacterial species richness was highest for SAL, moderate for SUB, and lowest for SUP samples (p < 0.001). Unweighted and weighted principal coordinates plots showed clustering by habitat, with SAL and SUP samples being the most different from one another. Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Fusobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Spirochaetes were the predominant phyla in all habitats. Paludibacter, Filifactor, Peptostreptococcus, Fusibacter, Anaerovorax, Fusobacterium, Leptotrichia, Desulfomicrobium, and TG5 were enriched in SUB samples, while Actinomyces, Corynebacterium, Leucobacter, Euzebya, Capnocytophaga, Bergeyella, Lautropia, Lampropedia, Desulfobulbus, Enhydrobacter, and Moraxella were enriched in SUP samples. Prevotella, SHD-231, Helcococcus, Treponema, and Acholeplasma were enriched in SAL samples. p-75-a5, Arcobacter, and Pasteurella were diminished in SUB samples. Porphyromonas, Peptococcus, Parvimonas, and Campylobacter were diminished in SUP samples, while Tannerella, Proteocalla, Schwartzia, and Neisseria were diminished in SAL samples. Actinomyces, Corynebacterium, Capnocytophaga, Leptotrichia, and Neisseria were associated with higher oral health scores (worsened health) in plaque samples. Conclusions Our results demonstrate the differences that exist among canine salivary, subgingival plaque and supragingival plaque habitats. Salivary samples do not require sedation and are easy to collect, but do not accurately represent the plaque populations that are most important to oral disease. Plaque Actinomyces, Corynebacterium, Capnocytophaga, Leptotrichia, and Neisseria were associated with higher (worse) oral health scores. Future studies analyzing samples from progressive disease stages are needed to validate these results and understand the role of bacteria in periodontal disease development.

scholarly journals Probiotics: Evidence of Oral Health Implications

Folia Medica ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jukka H. Meurman ◽  
Iva V. Stamatova
Keyword(s):  
Oral Health ◽  
Periodontal Diseases ◽  
Oral Candidiasis ◽  
Health Programs ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Preventive Strategies ◽  
Oral Diseases ◽  
National Health Programs ◽  
Oral Environment

Abstract The prevalence of common oral diseases, such as dental caries, periodontal diseases and oral candidiasis remains high in the general population. Various preventive strategies have been proposed and included in national health programs promoting oral health. Interest in probiotics in light of oral health has gradually evolved as attractive means in prevention of oral infectious diseases. The aim of the present review is to outline the current evidence on the role of probiotic species on oral health parameters and their beneficial role in contributing to healthier oral environment.

scholarly journals The Role of Vitamins in Oral Health. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 938 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Grazia Cagetti ◽  
Thomas Gerhard Wolf ◽  
Christian Tennert ◽  
Nicole Camoni ◽  
Peter Lingström ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Health ◽  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
Full Text ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Evaluation Studies ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Oral Diseases ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Meta Analyses

The association between vitamins and oral health have recently been discussed, yielding increased attention from medical and dental perspectives. The present review aimed to systematically evaluate and appraise the most recently scientific papers investigating the role of vitamins in the prevention and treatment of the main oral diseases as hard dental pathological processes and gum/periodontal disease. Randomized controlled trials, cross-sectional studies, cohort studies, comparative studies, validation studies and evaluation studies, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, reporting associations between vitamins and oral diseases or the use of vitamins to prevent or treat oral diseases in patients of any age were included. PubMed, Embase and Scopus were searched to November 2019 using an ad hoc prepared search string. All the papers meeting the inclusion criteria were subjected to a quality assessment. The search identified 1597 papers; 741 were selected after removing duplicates. A total of 334 articles were excluded after title and abstract evaluation; 407 were assessed and 73 papers were full-text assessed; other 14 papers were discharged after full text evaluation, leaving finally 58 papers included. In general, there is weak evidence supporting the association between vitamins and both gingival/periodontal disease and hard dental pathological processes.

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