scholarly journals Microbiota populations in supragingival plaque, subgingival plaque, and saliva habitats of adult dogs

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrícia M. Oba ◽  
Meredith Q. Carroll ◽  
Celeste Alexander ◽  
Helen Valentine ◽  
Amy J. Somrak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Health ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Oral Disease ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Subgingival Plaque ◽  
Oral Diseases ◽  
Supragingival Plaque

Abstract Background Oral diseases are common in dogs, with microbiota playing a prominent role in the disease process. Oral cavity habitats harbor unique microbiota populations that have relevance to health and disease. Despite their importance, the canine oral cavity microbial habitats have been poorly studied. The objectives of this study were to (1) characterize the oral microbiota of different habitats of dogs and (2) correlate oral health scores with bacterial taxa and identify what sites may be good options for understanding the role of microbiota in oral diseases. We used next-generation sequencing to characterize the salivary (SAL), subgingival (SUB), and supragingival (SUP) microbial habitats of 26 healthy adult female Beagle dogs (4.0 ± 1.2 year old) and identify taxa associated with periodontal disease indices. Results Bacterial species richness was highest for SAL, moderate for SUB, and lowest for SUP samples (p < 0.001). Unweighted and weighted principal coordinates plots showed clustering by habitat, with SAL and SUP samples being the most different from one another. Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Fusobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Spirochaetes were the predominant phyla in all habitats. Paludibacter, Filifactor, Peptostreptococcus, Fusibacter, Anaerovorax, Fusobacterium, Leptotrichia, Desulfomicrobium, and TG5 were enriched in SUB samples, while Actinomyces, Corynebacterium, Leucobacter, Euzebya, Capnocytophaga, Bergeyella, Lautropia, Lampropedia, Desulfobulbus, Enhydrobacter, and Moraxella were enriched in SUP samples. Prevotella, SHD-231, Helcococcus, Treponema, and Acholeplasma were enriched in SAL samples. p-75-a5, Arcobacter, and Pasteurella were diminished in SUB samples. Porphyromonas, Peptococcus, Parvimonas, and Campylobacter were diminished in SUP samples, while Tannerella, Proteocalla, Schwartzia, and Neisseria were diminished in SAL samples. Actinomyces, Corynebacterium, Capnocytophaga, Leptotrichia, and Neisseria were associated with higher oral health scores (worsened health) in plaque samples. Conclusions Our results demonstrate the differences that exist among canine salivary, subgingival plaque and supragingival plaque habitats. Salivary samples do not require sedation and are easy to collect, but do not accurately represent the plaque populations that are most important to oral disease. Plaque Actinomyces, Corynebacterium, Capnocytophaga, Leptotrichia, and Neisseria were associated with higher (worse) oral health scores. Future studies analyzing samples from progressive disease stages are needed to validate these results and understand the role of bacteria in periodontal disease development.

Oral probiotic and its delivery carriers to improve oral health: A review

Microbiology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 167 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-Hsuan How ◽  
Siok-Koon Yeo
Keyword(s):  
Oral Health ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Oral Diseases ◽  
Probiotic Product ◽  
Adherence Ability ◽  
Probiotic Delivery

In recent years, oral probiotics have been researched on their effectiveness in reducing and preventing oral diseases. Oral probiotics could be introduced into the oral cavity to keep the equilibrium of the microbiome. Hence, the delivery carrier for oral probiotics plays an important factor to ensure a high number of oral probiotics were delivered and released into the oral cavity. This review presents a brief overview of oral microbiota and the role of oral probiotics in reducing oral diseases. Moreover, important aspects of the oral probiotic product such as viability, adherence ability, health effects, safety, and delivery site were discussed. Besides that, the importance of utilizing indigenous oral probiotics was also emphasized. Oral probiotics are commonly found in the market in the form of chewing tablets, lozenges, and capsules. Hence, the oral probiotic carriers currently used in the market and research were reviewed. Furthermore, this review introduces new potential oral probiotic delivery carriers such as oral strip, bucco-adhesive gel, and mouthwash. Their effectiveness in delivering oral probiotics for oral health was also explored.

scholarly journals Differences in the Composition of Cultivable Aerobic and Facultative Anaerobic Oral Microbiota in Cats of Various Age Groups

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-74
Author(s):  
M. Sondorová ◽  
J. Koščová ◽  
J. Kačírová ◽  
M. Maďar
Keyword(s):  
Oral Health ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Microbial Diversity ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Oral Diseases ◽  
Facultative Anaerobic ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Pathogenic Agents ◽  
Micro Organisms

Abstract The feline oral cavity is naturally inhabited by various microorganisms contributing to the maintenance of its oral health. The imbalance of oral microbiota or the presence of pathogenic agents can lead to secondary oral diseases. Various factors such as sex, diet, breed, environment and even age, affect the composition of a healthy oral microbiota during the life of cats. The purpose of this study was to compare the composition of culturable aerobic and facultative anaerobic micro-biota in cats in terms of different age categories. We used conventional cultivation methods in conjunction with microscopic and biochemical methods to isolate and identify the micro organisms found in the oral cavity of cats. The examination of 76 samples confirmed the dominance of the phylum Proteobacteria in almost all groups. Commonly occurring bacteria have been identified, i. e. Streptococcus spp., Neisseria spp. and Pasteurella spp. Although aerobic and facultative anaerobic oral micro biota were examined, differences between age groups were noted. The microbial diversity of the oral microbiota significantly increased with age.

scholarly journals Role of Bacterial Flora in Oral Cancer- An Insight

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Ananthalakshmi ◽  
M Priya ◽  
Nadeem Jeddy ◽  
LJ Sailakshmi
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Bacterial Flora ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
The Body ◽  
Oral Carcinoma ◽  
Oral Diseases ◽  
Organ Systems

The human body contains about 1014 bacteria which usually colonise different parts of the body. The bacterial flora is important for a person’s health as well as normal functioning of tissue and organ systems. Bacteria are single celled organisms and are found on almost all surfaces of human body. They act in synergy with host immune mechanism and provide protection against various undesirable foreign invasions, especially in the oral cavity, where they exist in a diversified form which survive in a symbiotic relationship with the host. When there is a disturbance in this equilibrium due to various factors like trauma or tobacco smoking, betel nut chewing and alcohol intake, which makes the mucous membrane more permeable to invading microorganisms, these commensal bacterial species can become virulent and give rise to oral diseases ranging from dental caries to oral carcinoma. The effects of these bacteria can be either direct or indirect initiation of chronic inflammation, formation of procarcinogens that contribute to the development of oral carcinoma. This article focuses on the role of oral bacterial flora in initiation and progression of oral carcinogenesis. Various bacterial and fungal species associated with oral carcinoma and predominant bacterial species in oral cavity and oropharyngeal region along with measures to prevent their adverse effects are described.

scholarly journals How oral infections can influence chronic kidney disease – a review of the literature

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla Cruvinel Pontes ◽  
Usuf ME Chikte
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Oral Health ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
The Body ◽  
Oral Disease ◽  
Oral Diseases ◽  
Oral Infections ◽  
Source Of Infection

A healthy mouth is necessary for optimal health and quality of life. However, oral health is often compromised in adults with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The aim of this review was to present the scientific foundations behind the connection between oral diseases and chronic kidney disease (CKD) in adults, discuss common oral conditions and their systemic effects, investigate biological pathways through which oral infections affect the body and provide guidelines for physicians/nephrologists. Prevalence of oral disease is increased in CKD, including periodontal disease, oral mucosal lesions, edentulousness, xerostomia, gingival overgrowth in immunosuppressed patients and potentially caries. There is moderate to strong evidence to support a negative impact of oral infections in CKD, particularly periodontal disease, with systemic inflammation, bacteraemia of oral origin, endothelial function and gut dysbiosis being potential pathways for this interaction. Poor oral health can be a hidden source of infection and has been associated with increased mortality in CKD patients. Elimination of potential foci for oral infections is crucial before renal transplantation. Frequent dental monitoring is crucial for these patients and should be part of a multidisciplinary approach to manage CKD, with special attention to end-stage kidney disease.

scholarly journals The Role of Vitamins in Oral Health. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 938 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Grazia Cagetti ◽  
Thomas Gerhard Wolf ◽  
Christian Tennert ◽  
Nicole Camoni ◽  
Peter Lingström ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Health ◽  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
Full Text ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Evaluation Studies ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Oral Diseases ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Meta Analyses

The association between vitamins and oral health have recently been discussed, yielding increased attention from medical and dental perspectives. The present review aimed to systematically evaluate and appraise the most recently scientific papers investigating the role of vitamins in the prevention and treatment of the main oral diseases as hard dental pathological processes and gum/periodontal disease. Randomized controlled trials, cross-sectional studies, cohort studies, comparative studies, validation studies and evaluation studies, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, reporting associations between vitamins and oral diseases or the use of vitamins to prevent or treat oral diseases in patients of any age were included. PubMed, Embase and Scopus were searched to November 2019 using an ad hoc prepared search string. All the papers meeting the inclusion criteria were subjected to a quality assessment. The search identified 1597 papers; 741 were selected after removing duplicates. A total of 334 articles were excluded after title and abstract evaluation; 407 were assessed and 73 papers were full-text assessed; other 14 papers were discharged after full text evaluation, leaving finally 58 papers included. In general, there is weak evidence supporting the association between vitamins and both gingival/periodontal disease and hard dental pathological processes.

scholarly journals Metagenomics: A New Realm of Uncultured Periodontal Microbes

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 36-40
Author(s):  
L Pathak
Keyword(s):  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Periodontal Diseases ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Metagenomic Analysis ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Direct Examination ◽  
Dental Research ◽  
Cultural Methods

With over 400 bacterial species the periodontal microbiota has clearly a diverse ecology and uncultivated organisms are found to be associated with the periodontal diseases. Many efforts have been made to determine why so many bacterial species cannot be cultured on conventional bacteriological media and to develop new cultural methods for their isolation. In recent years, metagenomic analysis is available, based on the direct examination of nucleic acids from samples.This review will address the new dimensions of this novel procedure which will lead to a better understanding of the role of oral microbiota in periodontal disease. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjdre.v3i2.16611 Bangladesh Journal of Dental Research & Education Vol.3(2) 2013: 36-40

scholarly journals Subgingival microbiota of dogs with healthy gingiva or early periodontal disease from different geographical locations

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Wallis ◽  
L. Milella ◽  
A. Colyer ◽  
C. O’Flynn ◽  
S. Harris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
Clinical Status ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Oral Disease ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Subgingival Plaque ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Quality Filtering ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Geographical Locations

Abstract Background Periodontal disease is the most common oral disease of dogs worldwide and results from a complex interplay between plaque bacteria, the host and environmental factors. Recent studies have enhanced our understanding of the associations between the plaque microbiota and canine periodontal disease. These studies, however, were limited in their geographical reach. Thus associations between the canine oral microbiota and geographical location were investigated by determining the composition of subgingival plaque samples from 587 dogs residing in the United Kingdom (UK), United States of America (USA), China and Thailand using 454-pyrosequencing. Results After quality filtering 6,944,757 sequence reads were obtained and clustering of these at ≥98% sequence resulted in 280 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) following exclusion of rare OTUs (present at < 0.05% in all four countries). The subgingival plaque from dog populations located in the UK, USA, China and Thailand had a similar composition although the abundance of certain taxa varied significantly among geographical locations. Exploration of the effect of clinical status and age revealed a marked similarity among the bacteria associated with increased age and those associated with gingivitis: Young dogs and those with no gingivitis were dominated by taxa from the phyla Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria whereas older dogs and those with moderate gingivitis were dominated by members of the Firmicutes. The plaque microbiota of small breed dogs was found to significantly differ to medium and large breeds and was dominated by species belonging to the Firmicutes. Conclusions The bacterial associations with health, gingivitis and periodontitis were conserved across dogs from the UK, USA, China and Thailand. These bacterial signatures of periodontal health and disease have potential as biomarkers for disease detection.

scholarly journals Beneficial Role of Antioxidant Secondary Metabolites from Medicinal Plants in Maintaining Oral Health

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1061
Author(s):  
Manoj Kumar ◽  
Suraj Prakash ◽  
Radha ◽  
Neeraj Kumari ◽  
Ashok Pundir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Health ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Periodontal Diseases ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Oral Diseases

Plant-derived phytochemicals have been touted as viable substitutes in a variety of diseases. All over the world, dentists have turned to natural remedies for dental cure due to the negative possessions of certain antibacterial mediators used in dentistry. Antimicrobial and other drugs are currently in use, but they show some side effects. Since ancient times, antioxidant EOs have been used for different ailments and have grown in popularity over time. Several in vitro, in vivo, and clinical trials have shown the safety and effectiveness of antioxidant essential oils (EOs) in oral health obtained from medicinal plants. The current review of literature provides a summary of secondary metabolites, more specifically EOs from 20 most commonly used medicinal plants and their applications in maintaining oral health. Dental caries and periodontal diseases are the most common and preventable global infectious diseases, with diseases of the oral cavity being considered major diseases affecting a person’s health. Several clinical studies have shown a connection between oral diseases and oral microbiota. This review discusses the role of antioxidant secondary metabolites in inhibiting the growth of oral pathogens and reducing the formation of dental plaque, and as well as reducing the symptoms of oral diseases. This review article contributes a basic outline of essential oils and their healing actions.

scholarly journals The Human Salivary Antimicrobial Peptide Profile according to the Oral Microbiota in Health, Periodontitis and Smoking

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 432-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa Grant ◽  
Ola Kilsgård ◽  
Sigvard Åkerman ◽  
Björn Klinge ◽  
Ryan T. Demmer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Mass Spectrometry Analysis ◽  
Selected Reaction Monitoring ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Periodontal Health ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Peptide Profile ◽  
Innate Defense

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a diverse family of peptides that defend the mucosal surfaces of the oral cavity and other locations. Many AMPs have multiple functions and properties that influence aspects of innate defense and colonization by microorganisms. The human oral cavity is home to the second-most diverse microbiome, and the health of the mouth is influenced by the presence of these bacteria as well as by extrinsic factors such as periodontitis and smoking. This study hypothesized that the AMP profile is different in the presence of extrinsic factors and that this would also be reflected in the bacteria present. The AMP profile was analyzed by quantitative selected-reaction-monitoring mass spectrometry analysis and 40 bacterial species were quantified by DNA-DNA hybridization in saliva donated by 41 individuals. Periodontal status was assessed through dental examination and smoking status through medical charting. Periodontal health (in nonsmokers) was associated with a higher abundance of ribonuclease 7, protachykinin 1, β-defensin 128, lipocalin 1, bactericidal permeability-increasing protein fold-containing family B member 3, and bone-marrow proteoglycan. Nonsmoking periodontal disease was associated with an abundance of neutrophil defensin 1 and cathelicidin. However, 7 AMPs were overabundant in periodontal disease in smokers: adrenomedullin, eosinophil peroxidase, 3 different histones, myeloperoxidase, and neutrophil defensin 1. There were no differentially abundant AMPs in smokers versus nonsmokers with periodontal health. Correlation network inference of healthy nonsmokers, healthy smokers, nonsmoking periodontitis, or smoking periodontitis donors demonstrated very different networks growing in complexity with increasing numbers of stressors. The study highlights the importance of the interaction between the oral cavity and its resident microbiota and how this may be influenced by periodontal disease and smoking.

scholarly journals Oral health in patients with chronic kidney disease

Praxis medica ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 35-40
Author(s):  
Radojica Stolić ◽  
Vekoslav Mitrović ◽  
Naja Suljković ◽  
Dušica Miljković-Jakšić ◽  
Aleksandra Balović ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Oral Health ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
Patient Population ◽  
Periodontal Diseases ◽  
Oral Disease ◽  
Gingival Hyperplasia ◽  
Oral Diseases ◽  
The Impact

Objective: In the available literature data, there is not much information about problems of patients with end stage kidney disease in relation to oral health. Our objective was to show the importance of oral diseases for patients on hemodialysis. Data sources: In this review article, the sources of data are review articles and scientific articles in the English language published in MEDLINE database. The choice of studies was based on keywords: Chronic kidney disease, Hemodialysis, Oral health, Periodontal diseases. Results: It is assumed that almost 90% patients with chronic kidney disease manifest some symptoms of oral disease. Therefore, it is important to determine the impact of periodontal disease on the progression of kidney failure in these individuals, to evaluate inflammatory parameters in this patient population, to assess the degree of bone loss and periodontal disease index, to determine the presence of bacterial strains, paradontopathy of gingival fluid and antibody titers, to examine correlations of proinflammatory cytokines in the gingival sulcus and serum, as well as to determine the relationship between periodontal tissue and inflammatory mediators. Periodontal diseases can increase the possibility of developing chronic kidney disease by 1.5 to 2 times. These oral diseases include gingival hyperplasia, periodontitis, xerostomia, unpleasant breath, changes in the oral mucosa, malignancies, oral infections, dental abnormalities and bone lesions. Conclusion: This requires serious cooperation between nephrologists and dentists to make proper communication possible, in order to provide quality dental care for this growing patient population in accordance with new treatment strategies.

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