Iatrogenic Causes of Salivary Gland Dysfunction

1987 ◽  
Vol 66 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 680-688 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. Schubert ◽  
K. T. Izutsu
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Salivary Flow ◽  
Autonomic Nerve ◽  
Electrolyte Balance ◽  
Physical Damage ◽  
Autonomic Nerve Function ◽  
Salivary Gland Dysfunction ◽  
Physical Trauma ◽  
Cell Functions

Saliva is important for maintaining oral health and function. There are instances when medical therapy is intended to decrease salivary flow, such as during general anesthesia, but most instances of iatrogenic salivary gland dysfunction represent untoward or unavoidable side-effects. The clinical expression of the salivary dysfunction can range from very minor transient alteration in saliva flow to a total loss of salivary function. The most common forms of therapy that interfere with salivation are drug therapies, cancer therapies (radiation or chemotherapy), and surgical therapy. These therapies can affect salivation by a number of different mechanisms that include: Disruption of autonomic nerve function related to salivation, interference with acinar or ductal cell functions related to salivation, cytotoxicity, indirect effects (vasoconstrictiondilation, fluid and electrolyte balance, etc.), and physical trauma to salivary glands and nerves. A wide variety of drugs is capable of increasing or decreasing salivary flow by mimicking autonomic nervous system actions or by directly acting on cellular processes necessary for salivation; drugs can also indirectly affect salivation by altering fluid and electrolyte balance or by affecting blood flow to the glands. Ionizing radiation can cause permanent damage to salivary glands, damage that is manifest as acinar cell destruction with subsequent atrophy and fibrosis of the glands. Cancer chemotherapy can cause changes in salivation, but the changes are usually much less severe and only transient. Finally, surgical and traumatic injuries interfere with salivation because of either disruption of gland innervation or gross physical damage (or removal) of glandular tissue (including ducts).

Iatrogenic Causes of Salivary Gland Dysfunction

1987 ◽  
Vol 66 (2_suppl) ◽  
pp. 680-688 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. Schubert ◽  
K. T. Izutsu
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Salivary Flow ◽  
Autonomic Nerve ◽  
Electrolyte Balance ◽  
Physical Damage ◽  
Autonomic Nerve Function ◽  
Salivary Gland Dysfunction ◽  
Physical Trauma ◽  
Cell Functions

Saliva is important for maintaining oral health and function. There are instances when medical therapy is intended to decrease salivary flow, such as during general anesthesia, but most instances of iatrogenic salivary gland dysfunction represent untoward or unavoidable side-effects. The clinical expression of the salivary dysfunction can range from very minor transient alteration in saliva flow to a total loss of salivary function. The most common forms of therapy that interfere with salivation are drug therapies, cancer therapies (radiation or chemotherapy), and surgical therapy. These therapies can affect salivation by a number of different mechanisms that include: disruption of autonomic nerve function related to salivation, interference with acinar or ductal cell functions related to salivation, cytotoxicity, indirect effects (vasoconstriction/dilation, fluid and electrolyte balance, etc.), and physical trauma to salivary glands and nerves. A wide variety of drugs is capable of increasing or decreasing salivary flow by mimicking autonomic nervous system actions or by directly acting on cellular processes necessary for salivation; drugs can also indirectly affect salivation by altering fluid and electrolyte balance or by affecting blood flow to the glands. Ionizing radiation can cause permanent damage to salivary glands, damage that is manifest as acinar cell destruction with subsequent atrophy and fibrosis of the glands. Cancer chemotherapy can cause changes in salivation, but the changes are usually much less severe and only transient. Finally, surgical and traumatic injuries interfere with salivation because of either disruption of gland innervation or gross physical damage (or removal) of glandular tissue (including ducts).

scholarly journals VIRUS AS A CAUSE OF SALIVARY GLAND DISEASES

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Etis Duhita Rahayuningtyas ◽  
Riani Setiadhi
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Salivary Flow ◽  
Salivary Secretion ◽  
Coxsackie Virus ◽  
Parasympathetic Nerves ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Salivary Gland Diseases ◽  
Simplex Virus

Background: Enlargement in the extraoral region with the absence of abnormal dental and periodontal structures are sometimes seen in dental practice, sometimes followed by xerostomia. Enlargement of the acute nonsuppurative salivary glands has been associated with several types of viruses. The purpose of this paper is to review salivary gland diseases associated with non-HIV and HIV viral infections.Discussion: Non-HIV viruses which were detected in the salivary glands including Paramyxovirus, cytomegalovirus (CMV), Hepatitis C virus (HCV), human papilloma viruses (HPV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), human herpes simplex virus (HHSV-8), and coxsackie virus. HIV-associated salivary gland disease typically presents with xerostomia and/or intraglandular lymph nodes, and diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome (DILS). The most common viral infection conditions in salivary gland disorders are mumps and HIV. Enlargement and inflammation of the glandular structures will affects the control of salivary secretion by nerves. Parasympathetic nerves block conducted signals to the salivary glands, so the salivary flow isdecreased.Conclusion: There is association between viral infection and diseases of thesalivary gland. By knowing sequelae viruses on the salivary gland, dentists are expected to understand the clinical condition and therapeutic that should be given to the patients.

scholarly journals Cytokine/Chemokine/Growth Factor Profiles Contribute to Understanding the Pathogenesis of the Salivary Gland Dysfunction in Euthyroid Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis Patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
K. Morawska ◽  
M. Maciejczyk ◽  
S. Zięba ◽  
Ł. Popławski ◽  
A. Kita-Popławska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Growth Factors ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Hashimoto’S Thyroiditis ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Hormonal Treatment ◽  
Hashimoto's Thyroiditis ◽  
Salivary Gland Dysfunction ◽  
Whole Saliva ◽  
Unstimulated Whole Saliva

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) is one of the most common autoimmune diseases. It is suggested that, in addition to thyroid gland dysfunction, HT is responsible for impaired secretion from the salivary glands. The aim of this study was to evaluate the extent of symptoms of salivary gland dysfunction. We also assessed the relationship between the levels of selected cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors in unstimulated whole saliva (UWS) and the rate of UWS secretion and symptoms of xerostomia in HT patients. The study group consisted of 25 female patients diagnosed with Hashimoto’s disease in its spontaneous euthyroid state who had never received hormonal treatment. In more than half of the examined patients, we observed the level of UWS secretion below 0.2 mL/min, indicating impaired secretory function of the salivary glands. Moreover, we demonstrated that the clinical symptoms of salivary gland dysfunction worsen with disease duration. Nevertheless, the inflammatory changes occurring in these glands are independent of general inflammation in the course of HT. Our results clearly indicate an abnormal profile of cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors in the UWS of HT euthyroid women as well as the fact that concentrations of IL-6 and IL-1 as well as INF-γ, TNF-α, and IL-12 may be potential biomarkers for salivary gland dysfunction in the course of HT. Furthermore, salivary IL-12 (p40) may be helpful in assessing the progression of autoimmunity-related inflammation in the course of HT. In conclusion, secretory dysfunction of the salivary glands is closely related to autoimmunity-related inflammation in the course of HT, which leads to objective and subjective symptoms of dry mouth.

scholarly journals Integration of metabolomics and transcriptomics reveals convergent pathways driving radiation-induced salivary gland dysfunction

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren Gayle Meeks ◽  
Diogo De Oliveira Pessoa ◽  
Jessica Anne Martinez ◽  
Kirsten H. Limesand ◽  
Megha Padi
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Head And Neck ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Metabolic Phenotype ◽  
Glutathione Metabolism ◽  
Metabolic Reaction ◽  
Salivary Gland Dysfunction ◽  
Damage Response ◽  
Radiation Induced

Radiation therapy for head and neck cancer causes damage to the surrounding salivary glands, resulting in salivary gland hypofunction and xerostomia. Current treatments do not provide lasting restoration of salivary gland function following radiation; therefore, a new mechanistic understanding of the radiation-induced damage response is necessary for identifying therapeutic targets. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the metabolic phenotype of radiation-induced damage in parotid salivary glands by integrating transcriptomic and metabolomic data. Integrated data were then analyzed to identify significant gene-metabolite interactions. Mice received a single 5 Gy dose of targeted head and neck radiation. Parotid tissue samples were collected 5 days following treatment for RNA sequencing and metabolomics analysis. Altered metabolites and transcripts significantly converged on a specific region in the metabolic reaction network. Both integrative pathway enrichment using rank-based statistics and network analysis highlighted significantly coordinated changes in glutathione metabolism, energy metabolism (TCA cycle and thermogenesis), peroxisomal lipid metabolism, and bile acid production with radiation. Integrated changes observed in energy metabolism suggest that radiation induces a mitochondrial dysfunction phenotype. These findings validated previous pathways involved in the radiation-damage response, such as altered energy metabolism, and identified robust signatures in salivary glands, such as reduced glutathione metabolism, that may be driving salivary gland dysfunction.

scholarly journals SAT0546 COMPARISON OF SHEAR WAVE ELASTOGRAPHY AND CONVENTIONAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF SALIVARY GLANDS IN PATIENTS WITH PRIMARY SJOGREN’S SYNDROME: CAN SHEAR WAVE ELASTOGRAPHY CAPTURE LESIONS THAT ARE DIFFICULT TO DIAGNOSE WITH CONVENTIONAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY?

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 1230.2-1230
Author(s):  
N. Hashimoto ◽  
S. Uchiyama ◽  
M. Kitano ◽  
T. Nakazawa ◽  
T. Iwasaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Shear Wave ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Shear Wave Elastography ◽  
Salivary Flow ◽  
Advanced Stage ◽  
Tissue Elasticity ◽  
Doppler Us ◽  
Pulsed Wave Doppler

Background:Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease characterized by lymphocyte infiltration in salivary and lacrimal glands. Recently, salivary gland ultrasonography (US) proved valuable for assessing salivary gland involvement in SS and seemed to exhibit good diagnostic properties. In the literature, studies conducted by the scoring of the structural changes according to B-Mode US of salivary glands showed a wide variability regarding sensitivity and specificity. Our previously study demonstrated that although conventional B-mode US findings were useful for the diagnosis of SS with low salivary flow they were not for subclinical SS with normal salivary flow (EULAR 2016). Recently, we reported that the tissue elasticity was decreased due to structural changes in the submandibular glands (SG) at the advanced stage of the disease and the shear wave elastography (SWE) is useful to distinguish pathological changes of the SG in patients with SS (EULAR2018).Objectives:The aim of this study was to compare the usefulness of SG conventional B-mode US and SWE findings in non-SS and SS patients classified by salivary flow.Methods:Twenty-two non-SS patients and 99 SS patients who fulfilled the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) / European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) classification criteria for SS were studied. SS patients were divided into three groups according to salivary flow using gum test (VL/SS <5mL/10min. (n=38), L/SS 5-10mL/10min. (n=41) and N/SS >10mL/10min. (n=20)). All patients were examined SGUS by a single investigator who was blinded to device (TUS-A300; Canon Medical Systems, Tokyo, Japan) with a linear transducer (7.5-10MHz). The examination consisted of conventional B-mode US (US staging score), pulsed wave Doppler US (PD grading score) and SWE with quantitative assessment. US staging scores were assessed by glandular size, inhomogeneity and contrast of diagastric muscle (stage 0 to 3). PD grading scores were graded by pulsed wave pattern in pulsed wave Doppler US at the internal SG facial arteries (grade 0 to 2). With the region-of-interest (ROI) placed over the stiffest areas of the lesion on SWE, the quantitative means of the elasticity values were measured by shear wave velocity (Vs; m/s) and elasticity (E; kPa) for each lesion.Results:The US staging score, the PD grading score, the values of Vs and E were significantly higher in patients with SS than in non-SS group (SS vs non-SS; US staging score 2.10±1.07 vs 0.86±0.99, p<0.0001, PD grading score 1.17±0.83 vs 0.23±0.61, p<0.0001, Vs 1.75±0.34 vs 1.57±0.29m/s, p=0.02, E 9.64±4.02 vs 7.81±2.27kPa, p=0.04). However, there was no significant difference between non-SS and N/SS in early-stage SS by US staging score (N/SS vs non-SS; 0.95±0.89 vs 0.86±0.99) and PD grading score (N/SS vs non-SS; 0.40±0.15 vs 0.23±.061). In contrast, the values of Vs and E were highest in N/SS as compared with all groups, and were significantly higher in N/SS than in non-SS (N/SS vs non-SS; Vs 2.02±0.24 vs 1.57±0.29m/s, p<0.01, E 12.58±3.16 vs 7.81±2.27kPa, p<0.01).Conclusion:The present study demonstrated that although the tissue elasticity was decreased due to structural changes at the advanced stage, it increased due to inflammation and high viscosity in the SG at the subclinical SS with normal salivary flow comparing that in non-SS patients. The SWE may be a useful tool for the differential diagnosis between patients with non-SS and subclinical SS with normal salivary flow, which is difficult to distinguish by conventional B-mode US.Disclosure of Interests:None declared

scholarly journals Potential Applications of 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT in the Evaluation of Salivary Gland Uptake Function: Preliminary Observations and Comparison with 99mTcO4− Salivary Gland Scintigraphy

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Yanhong Zhao ◽  
Yuxiao Xia ◽  
Huipan Liu ◽  
Zi Wang ◽  
Yue Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Lacrimal Glands ◽  
Clinical Value ◽  
Salivary Gland Dysfunction ◽  
Salivary Gland Scintigraphy ◽  
Imaging Tool ◽  
Pet Ct ◽  
Potential Applications

Purpose. To preliminarily evaluate the feasibility and potential of using 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT in evaluating the function of salivary glands and lacrimal glands in comparison with 99mTc-pertechnetate (T99mcO4−) salivary gland scintigraphy (SGS). Methods. A retrospective study was performed in 15 patients with different degrees of xerostomia and suspected salivary gland dysfunction. Each patient underwent 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT first and SGS the next day, and the findings of both scans were compared. Results. The results of 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT and SGS were consistent in 12/15 patients (80%) and were inconsistent in the remaining patients (20%). For 5 (33.3%) of 15 patients, 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT provided more information than did SGS. Additionally, 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT corrected the misdiagnosis by SGS for 1 patient. Conclusions. 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT is a potentially useful imaging tool for evaluating the function of salivary glands and lacrimal glands. 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT can be a promising supplement to SGS, and its clinical value deserves further study.

scholarly journals Salivary Gland Dysfunction in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure Is Aggravated by Nitrosative Stress, as Well as Oxidation and Glycation of Proteins

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 119
Author(s):  
Anna Klimiuk ◽  
Anna Zalewska ◽  
Małgorzata Knapp ◽  
Robert Sawicki ◽  
Jerzy Robert Ładny ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Chronic Heart Failure ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Nitrosative Stress ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Free Oxygen Radicals ◽  
Enzymatic Antioxidants ◽  
Secretory Function ◽  
Salivary Gland Dysfunction

Chronic heart failure (HF) is an important clinical, social, and economic problem. A key role in HF progression is played by oxidative stress. Free oxygen radicals, formed under the conditions of hypoxia and reperfusion, participate in myocardial stunning and other forms of post-reperfusion damage. HF patients also suffer from disorders connected with saliva secretion. However, still little is known about the mechanisms that impair the secretory function of salivary glands in these patients. In the presented study, we were the first to compare the antioxidant barrier, protein glycoxidation, and nitrosative/nitrative stress in non-stimulated (non-stimulated whole saliva (NWS)) and stimulated (SWS) saliva of HF patients. The study included 50 HF patients with normal saliva (NS) secretion (n = 27) and hyposalivation (HS) (n = 23), as well as an age- and gender-matched control group (n = 50). We demonstrated that, in NWS of HF patients with HS, the concentration of low-molecular-weight non-enzymatic antioxidants decreased (↓total polyphenols, ↓ascorbic acid, ↓reduced glutathione, ↓albumin) compared to HF patients with normal saliva (NS) secretion, as well as the control group (except albumin). We also observed increased content of protein glycoxidation products (↑dityrosine, ↑kynurenine, ↑glycophore) in NWS and SWS of HF patients with HS compared to healthy controls. Interestingly, the content of dityrosine, N-formylkynurenine, and glycophore in NWS was also significantly higher in HF patients with HS compared to those with NS secretion. The concentration of NO was considerably lower, while the levels of peroxynitrite and nitrotyrosine were significantly higher in NWS and SWS of HF subjects with HS compared to the controls. Salivary gland dysfunction occurs in patients with chronic HF with the submandibular salivary glands being the least efficient. Oxidative/nitrosative stress may be one of the mechanisms responsible for the impairment of salivary gland secretory function in HF patients.

553-P: Differential Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training on Somatosensory and Autonomic Nerve Function in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Diabetes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 68 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 553-P
Author(s):  
GIDON J. BÖNHOF ◽  
ALEXANDER STROM ◽  
MARIA APOSTOLOPOULOU ◽  
DOMINIK PESTA ◽  
MICHAEL RODEN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
Autonomic Nerve ◽  
Nerve Function ◽  
High Intensity Interval Training ◽  
Differential Effects ◽  
Autonomic Nerve Function ◽  
High Intensity Interval

scholarly journals Disease-Induced Changes in Salivary Gland Function and the Composition of Saliva

2021 ◽  
pp. 002203452110048
Author(s):  
G.B. Proctor ◽  
A.M. Shaalan
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Sjögren Syndrome ◽  
Healthy Population ◽  
Sjogren Syndrome ◽  
Salivary Gland Function ◽  
Salivary Gland Dysfunction ◽  
Gland Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Saliva Composition

Although the physiological control of salivary secretion has been well studied, the impact of disease on salivary gland function and how this changes the composition and function of saliva is less well understood and is considered in this review. Secretion of saliva is dependent upon nerve-mediated stimuli, which activate glandular fluid and protein secretory mechanisms. The volume of saliva secreted by salivary glands depends upon the frequency and intensity of nerve-mediated stimuli, which increase dramatically with food intake and are subject to facilitatory or inhibitory influences within the central nervous system. Longer-term changes in saliva secretion have been found to occur in response to dietary change and aging, and these physiological influences can alter the composition and function of saliva in the mouth. Salivary gland dysfunction is associated with different diseases, including Sjögren syndrome, sialadenitis, and iatrogenic disease, due to radiotherapy and medications and is usually reported as a loss of secretory volume, which can range in severity. Defining salivary gland dysfunction by measuring salivary flow rates can be difficult since these vary widely in the healthy population. However, saliva can be sampled noninvasively and repeatedly, which facilitates longitudinal studies of subjects, providing a clearer picture of altered function. The application of omics technologies has revealed changes in saliva composition in many systemic diseases, offering disease biomarkers, but these compositional changes may not be related to salivary gland dysfunction. In Sjögren syndrome, there appears to be a change in the rheology of saliva due to altered mucin glycosylation. Analysis of glandular saliva in diseases or therapeutic interventions causing salivary gland inflammation frequently shows increased electrolyte concentrations and increased presence of innate immune proteins, most notably lactoferrin. Altering nerve-mediated signaling of salivary gland secretion contributes to medication-induced dysfunction and may also contribute to altered saliva composition in neurodegenerative disease.

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