Testing the Effectiveness of Alternative Foot-in-the-Door Manipulations

1980 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Hansen ◽  
Larry M. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Response Times ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Response Rates ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Business Research ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Managerial Implications ◽  
Single Contact

Recently the foot-in-the-door principle was applied in a typical business research setting by Reingen and Kernan. Results of this single-contact or nondelay foot application were mixed; compliance rates for the foot treatment groups lacked statistical significance when compared with those of appropriate control groups. A field experiment undertaken to explain these results yields evidence that the specific nature of the foot manipulation in part determines its effectiveness. The study compares the effectiveness of high and low involvement foot manipulations in generating compliance with both short and long forms of a mail questionnaire. The high and the low involvement foot manipulations generate significantly higher response rates and faster response times than a noncontact control situation. In addition, the short form questionnaires generate a higher return rate. High involvement foot treatments generate higher response rates than low involvement foot treatments. Managerial implications of the results and suggestions for future research are presented.

Comparing Two Web/Mail Mixed-mode Contact Protocols to a Unimode Mail Survey

Field Methods ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milton G. Newberry ◽  
Glenn D. Israel
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Mode ◽  
Survey Methodology ◽  
Mail Survey ◽  
Response Rates ◽  
Nonresponse Bias ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Similar Response ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Mode Effects ◽  
Utilization Data

Recent research has shown mixed-mode surveys are advantageous for organizations to use in collecting data. Previous research explored web/mail mode effects for four-contact waves. This study explores the effect of web/mail mixed-mode systems over a series of contacts on the customer satisfaction data from the Florida Cooperative Extension Service during 2012–2013. The experimental design involved a group of clients who provided e-mail and mail contact information randomly assigned to two mixed-mode treatment groups and a mail-only control. Demographic and service utilization data were compared to assess response rates and nonresponse bias. Logistic regression showed the treatment groups had similar response rates and nonresponse bias. The fifth contact was statistically significant in increasing response rates but did not reduce nonresponse bias. Future research should continue exploring optimizing the number of contacts in mixed-mode survey methodology.

scholarly journals Analysis of Variance: The Fundamental Concepts and Application with R

2021 ◽  
Vol 09 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adeniran, A. T. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Data Entry ◽  
P Value ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
R Software ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Anova Model ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Mathematical Foundations

The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test has long been an essential tool for researchers conducting studies on multiple experimental groups with or without one or more control groups. This article encapsulates the fundamentals of ANOVA for an intended benefit of the reader of scientific literature who does not possess expertise in statistics. The emphasis is on conceptually-based perspectives regarding the use and interpretation of ANOVA results, with minimal coverage of the mathematical foundations. Data entry, checking basic parametric assumptions of ANOVA, descriptive statistics of the data by treatment groups, fitting ANOVA model, statistical significance of the test based on p-value, and post-hoc analysis are all explored using R-software.

scholarly journals The Correlation Between Blue Light Glasses and High School Student Retention in Class

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren Skelly ◽  
Patricia Talarczyk
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Blue Light ◽  
High School Student ◽  
Light Exposure ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Comprehension Tests

Blue light is known to have a multitude of negative effects on the health and well-being of someone who is frequently exposed to the harmful light. Blue light glasses are able to provide temporary relief from blue light exposure through filtering out concentrations of blue light, discontinuing the transfer through the retina of the eye. The experiment consists of three reading comprehension tests, all of equal difficulty and length. There are two treatment groups: wearing blue light blocking glasses and not wearing blue light blocking glasses. After participating in the experiment, participants also answered a short survey in regards to their experiences with blue light during school and outside of school. The results of the study were inconclusive, showing little to no correlation between wearing blue light blocking glasses and improved test scores. The survey allowed for further discovery about the negative implications resulting from blue light exposure, as many participants felt blue light has harmed their health and focus both in the classroom and outside of school. Since there was no statistical significance between treatment groups, considerations should be taken into perspective for future research to ensure more accurate results. Overall, blue light blocking glasses did not improve the ability to retain more information for high school student participants.

Children's Perceived Value: Conceptualization, Scale Development, and Validation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janine Williams ◽  
A Gazley ◽  
N Ashill
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Perceived Value ◽  
Internal Consistency Reliability ◽  
Future Research ◽  
New York University ◽  
Consumer Decisions ◽  
Managerial Implications ◽  
Stage Process ◽  
Development And Validation ◽  
Value Measure

© 2020 New York University Perceived value among children is an important concept in consumer decisions, yet surprisingly no research has operationalized value for this consumer group. To address this omission, and following the guidelines of DeVellis (2016), this investigation reports the findings of a seven-stage process to develop a valid and reliable instrument for measuring perceived value among children aged 8–14 years. Value for children is conceptualized as a multidimensional construct capturing perceptions of what is received and what is given up, which differs from adult measures in terms of its composition and complexity. A 24-item scale is developed that shows internal consistency, reliability, construct validity, and nomological validity. We also demonstrate the validity of the new scale beyond an existing adult perceived value measure. Directions for future research and managerial implications of the new scale for studying children's consumer behavior are discussed.

PENGEMBANGAN SKALA LOCUS OF CONTROL

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 417-424
Author(s):  
Hendryadi Hendryadi
Keyword(s):  
Locus Of Control ◽  
Internal Consistency ◽  
Convergent Validity ◽  
Discriminant Validity ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Employee Selection ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Control Scale ◽  
Two Stages

This article aims to develop a short form of the locus of control scale. The study was conducted in two stages: a study of 66 respondents as pilot testing which aims to test content validity, structure validity, and internal consistency. Study 2 was conducted on 328 respondents used to test the validity and reliability of the scale evaluated by the PLS-SEM method (such as internal consistency, convergent validity, and discriminant validity). The analysis concludes that the 8-item locus of control scales tested have adequate validity and reliability. A short form locus of control scale was developed and validated in this study, so it can be used in future research and evaluation for HR management practitioners in employee selection Keywords: locus of control, EFA, CFA, scale construction

Exploring the Interrelationship Among Organizational Climate, Employee Motivation and Job Satisfaction: A Review of Literature

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rakhi ◽  
Anil Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Organizational Climate ◽  
Employee Motivation ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Review Of Literature ◽  
Managerial Implications

This article offers a brief review of studies on organizational climate, employee motivation and job satisfaction. A relationship among organizational climate, employee motivation and job satisfaction has been reviewed in the paper. The paper consists of four sections beginning with a brief introduction of variables along with their dimensions. It is followed by exploring their interrelationship using previous studies. Conclusion and discussions, managerial implications and direction for future research have been given in the end.

scholarly journals Non-Invasive Monitoring of Adrenocortical Activity in Three Sympatric Desert Gerbil Species

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
Álvaro Navarro-Castilla ◽  
Mario Garrido ◽  
Hadas Hawlena ◽  
Isabel Barja
Keyword(s):  
Small Sample ◽  
Post Injection ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Adrenocortical Activity ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Endocrine Status ◽  
Corticosterone Metabolites ◽  
Small Sample Sizes ◽  
Fecal Corticosterone Metabolites

The study of the endocrine status can be useful to understand wildlife responses to the changing environment. Here, we validated an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) to non-invasively monitor adrenocortical activity by measuring fecal corticosterone metabolites (FCM) in three sympatric gerbil species (Gerbillus andersoni, G. gerbillus and G. pyramidum) from the Northwestern Negev Desert’s sands (Israel). Animals included into treatment groups were injected with adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) to stimulate adrenocortical activity, while control groups received a saline solution. Feces were collected at different intervals and FCM were quantified by an EIA. Basal FCM levels were similar in the three species. The ACTH effect was evidenced, but the time of FCM peak concentrations appearance differed between the species (6–24 h post-injection). Furthermore, FCM peak values were observed sooner in G. andersoni females than in males (6 h and 18 h post-injection, respectively). G. andersoni and G. gerbillus males in control groups also increased FCM levels (18 h and 48 h post-injection, respectively). Despite the small sample sizes, our results confirmed the EIA suitability for analyzing FCM in these species as a reliable indicator of the adrenocortical activity. This study also revealed that close species, and individuals within a species, can respond differently to the same stressor.

scholarly journals EXPRESS: Efficacy and Safety of Tadalafil in a Pediatric Population with Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Phase 3 randomized, Double Blind Placebo-Controlled Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 204589402110249
Author(s):  
David D Ivy ◽  
Damien Bonnet ◽  
Rolf MF Berger ◽  
Gisela Meyer ◽  
Simin Baygani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Significance Testing ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Phase 3 ◽  
Statistical Significance Testing ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Double Blind Placebo ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Pulmonary Arterial

Objective: This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of tadalafil in pediatric patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Methods: This phase-3, international, randomized, multicenter (24 weeks double-blind placebo controlled period; 2-year, open-labelled extension period), add-on (patient’s current endothelin receptor antagonist therapy) study included pediatric patients aged <18 years with PAH. Patients received tadalafil 20 mg or 40 mg based on their weight (Heavy-weight: ≥40 kg; Middle-weight: ≥25—<40 kg) or placebo orally QD for 24 weeks. Primary endpoint was change from baseline in 6-minute walk (6MW) distance in patients aged ≥6 years at Week 24. Sample size was amended from 134 to ≥34 patients, due to serious recruitment challenges. Therefore, statistical significance testing was not performed between treatment groups. Results: Patient demographics and baseline characteristics (N=35; tadalafil=17; placebo=18) were comparable between treatment groups; median age was 14.2 years (6.2 to 17.9 years) and majority (71.4%, n=25) of patients were in HW cohort. Least square mean (SE) changes from baseline in 6MW distance at Week 24 was numerically greater with tadalafil versus placebo (60.48 [20.41] vs 36.60 [20.78] meters; placebo-adjusted mean difference [SD] 23.88 [29.11]). Safety of tadalafil treatment was as expected without any new safety concerns. During study period 1, two patients (1 in each group) discontinued due to investigator’s reported clinical worsening, and no deaths were reported. Conclusions: The statistical significance testing was not performed between the treatment groups due to low sample size, however, the study results show positive trend in improvement in non invasive measurements, commonly utilized by clinicians to evaluate the disease status for children with PAH. Safety of tadalafil treatment was as expected without any new safety signals.

Sub-Ethnicity and Survivorship Experience: Asian American Breast Cancer Survivors

2021 ◽  
pp. 019394592110319
Author(s):  
Wonshik Chee ◽  
Eun-Ok Im
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Cancer Survivors ◽  
Asian American ◽  
Breast Cancer Survivors ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Japanese American ◽  
Personal Resource ◽  
Cancer Data

The purpose of the study was to explore the associations of sub-ethnicity to the survivorship experience of Asian American breast cancer survivors and identify the multiple factors that influenced their survivorship experience. This was a secondary analysis of the data among 94 Asian American breast cancer survivors from a larger ongoing study. Instruments included: questions on background characteristics, the perceived isolation scale, the Personal Resource Questionnaire, the Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale-Short Form, and the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast Cancer. Data were analyzed using hierarchical logistic and multiple regression analyses. After controlling for other factors, being a Japanese American (ref. = being a Chinese American) was significantly associated with pain scores (odds ratio [OR] = −0.32, p < .01), symptom distress scores ( β = −0.27, p < .01), and the quality of life scores ( β = 0.22, p = .03). Sub-ethnic variations in cultural attitudes, values, and beliefs need to be considered in future research/practice with Asian American breast cancer survivors.

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