Time is of the essence: The causal effect of duration on support for war

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 783-796
Author(s):  
Ali Sanaei
Keyword(s):  
Causal Effect ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Public Support ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
War Of Attrition ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Levels Of Support ◽  
Over Time

It is often observed that public support for asymmetric wars diminishes over time, but the micro foundations of this observation are not fully understood. I present a modified war of attrition model for asymmetric wars which shows that as time passes, belligerents’ expectations for the remaining duration of war increase and they find fighting less favorable. Even when we keep the average rate of casualty accrual constant, the anticipated length of fighting into the future affects expected remaining costs of war. Therefore, in a cost-benefit calculation, observed duration causally affects expected remaining costs of war and, hence, leads to lower levels of support for war over time. The longer the war lasts, the more it will look like a never-ending war which may encourage the strong side to cut its losses short and stop the war. Because duration and aggregate costs are highly correlated in observational data, I use a randomized survey experiment to separate the effect of duration from the effect of costs on support for war. The result is that duration has a negative effect on public support which is independent of aggregate costs. This helps us better understand the limits of democratic states’ capabilities in fighting asymmetric wars and suggests that when military planners ignore the role of time, they deploy weaker-than-optimal forces.

Managing Emotions

2019 ◽  
pp. 101-110
Author(s):  
Dennis C. Daley ◽  
Antoine Douaihy
Keyword(s):  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Coping Skills ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Life Problems ◽  
Interpersonal Difficulties ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Drug Free ◽  
Over Time

An emotion that is prolonged or persists over time is referred to as a mood. Emotions or moods that are too intense, extreme, or chronic and that cause problems in life often need to be addressed as part of ongoing substance use recovery. An overall goal of recovery is to reduce negative emotions and increase positive emotions, although any emotion can have a positive or negative effect depending on the circumstance. Negative emotional states can also be exacerbated by physical withdrawal, in addition to life problems, stresses, and interpersonal difficulties. These emotions are also associated with the initial period of becoming drug-free. The objectives of this chapter are to identify the role of negative and positive emotions in recovery and relapse, to help clients identify high-risk emotional issues (specific emotions or deficits in coping skills) to address in recovery, and to help clients learn appropriate strategies to manage emotions.

scholarly journals Effects of eutrophication and Typha domingensis Pers on methanogenesis in tropical constructed wetland

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Maria da Cunha de Oliveira Santos Neves ◽  
Glauca Torres Aragon ◽  
Emmanoel Vieira da Silva Filho
Keyword(s):  
Constructed Wetlands ◽  
Aquatic Macrophyte ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Methanogenic Bacteria ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Typha Domingensis ◽  
Nutrient Inputs ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Emission Of Greenhouse Gases

AIM: Constructed wetlands (CWs) have shown to be an efficient way for removing nutrients from wastewaters. However, a negative effect is the emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs). Methane (CH4) is a GHG released from the organic matter degradation under anaerobic conditions by methanogenic bacteria. In CWs, the excessive nutrient inputs may stimulate both primary production and methanogenesis and then affect the overall cost-benefit balance of this system. Here, we assessed the role of cattail stands (Typha domingensis Pers) on CH4 concentrations in eutrophic and mesotrophic constructed wetlands. METHODS: CWs were filled with water and sediment colonized by the aquatic macrophyte Typha domingensis Pers from two tropical freshwater lakes, one mesotrophic and another eutrophic. RESULTS: Our results showed consistently higher CH4 concentrations in waters and sediment in the eutrophic CWs than in the mesotrophic CWs (two times), indicating a positive influence of eutrophication on methanogenesis. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, CH4 emissions from tropical CWs demand to be considered or even mitigated in any use of this system.

scholarly journals Research on the Protection Mechanism of the Party Building in Rural Areas from the Perspective of Governing Ethics

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Baoquan Hao
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural Economy ◽  
Public Support ◽  
Community Level ◽  
Floating Population ◽  
Protection Mechanism ◽  
Party Organizations ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Party Members

Governing ethics act as the moral basis for the political authority of the governing Party and the value guidance of the behaviors of the governing Party and its members. Community-level Party organizations, playing a key role in the work of the Communist Party of China (CPC) in rural areas, are the basic platforms for rural Party members to be acknowledged and respected. The building of them has always been highly emphasized by the Party. However, the key role of community-level Party organizations in rural areas has been weakened to some extent by the increasing amount of rural Party members joining the floating population, the negative effect of pan-market phenomenon in the whole society, and the hollowing condition caused by the floating away of population in the under-developed rural areas, which all have added up a critical problem hindering the building of governing ethics of the Party in the rural areas. Thus, this paper proposes a comprehensive protection mechanism which is constituted by five steps as the standard for the building of community-level Party organizations in rural areas, a stimulus for the effective restoration of the role of community-level Party organizations in rural areas in enhancing the development of rural economy, serving people, rallying public support and promoting harmony, and a choice for community-level Party organizations in rural areas to regain their function and subjective position in the vision of governing ethics.

scholarly journals The politics of renewable power in Spain

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-25
Author(s):  
John S Duffield
Keyword(s):  
Public Support ◽  
Private Investment ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Market Forces ◽  
Fundamental Change ◽  
Role Of Government ◽  
Renewable Power ◽  
Generating Capacity ◽  
Over Time

Government support for renewable power in Spain has varied over time. After fostering a boom in the first decade of the 2000s, public support dried up in the early 2010s before making a reappearance in the last several years. This paper details and explains the fluctuating political fortunes of renewable power in Spain. It argues that the recent revival of support for renewable power should no come as no surprise. Rather, it reflects a reassertion of the underlying imperatives that prompted support by governments of different parties in previous years. Nevertheless, the role of government in promoting renewable power is now undergoing a fundamental change, as it shifts from directly subsidizing new generating capacity to removing barriers that might discourage private investment and facilitating the operation of market forces.

A Person-Centered Perspective on the Role of Peer Support and Extreme Peer Orientation in Youth with Type 1 Diabetes: A Longitudinal Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (11) ◽  
pp. 893-903
Author(s):  
Koen Raymaekers ◽  
Sofie Prikken ◽  
Leen Oris ◽  
Janne Vanhalst ◽  
Philip Moons ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Youth Development ◽  
Peer Support ◽  
Peer Orientation ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Levels Of Support ◽  
High Support ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background Despite clear evidence that peers are crucial for youth development, research on the role of peers for youth with Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is scarce. Purpose The present study identified trajectory classes of perceived peer functioning in youth with T1D, based on peer support and extreme peer orientation (EPO). Further, classes were compared with respect to their trajectories of depressive symptoms, diabetes-specific distress, treatment adherence, and HbA1c values. Methods Five hundred and fifty-nine youth (14–25 years) with T1D completed questionnaires at baseline, 1, 2, and 3 years later. Latent class growth analysis identified classes of perceived peer functioning. Multigroup latent growth curve modelling assessed whether these classes were characterized by different trajectories of general and diabetes-specific functioning. Results A socially normative class (48%) was characterized by trajectories of high support and low EPO over time. A socially reserved class (29%) was characterized by low support and EPO, and a socially oriented class (17%) by high support and EPO. Finally, a socially vulnerable class (6%) was characterized by low support and high EPO. The normative class functioned significantly better over time than the other classes. The vulnerable class functioned significantly worse compared to the reserved class, despite experiencing equally low levels of support. Conclusions The results underscore the need to take youths’ orientation toward the peer context into account alongside support when tapping into the role of peers, because individuals with low levels of support and EPO functioned substantially better than individuals with similar low levels of support but high levels of EPO.

The Role of Ritual in Children's Bereavement

2001 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 321-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary A. Fristad ◽  
Julie Cerel ◽  
Maria Goldman ◽  
Elizabeth B. Weller ◽  
Ronald A. Weller
Keyword(s):  
Externalizing Behavior ◽  
Parental Death ◽  
Child Survivors ◽  
Bereaved Children ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Favorite Song ◽  
Over Time

Three hundred and eighteen parent-bereaved children aged 5–17 recruited from the community and their surviving parents were interviewed at 1, 6, 13, and 25 months post-parental death about their participation in funeral related rituals and subsequent adjustment following the death. Nearly all the children attended their parent's visitation, funeral, and burial. Children from families who did not have such rituals fare less well over time. Children who reported internalizing or externalizing behavior at rituals were more likely to experience some increased problems in the first two years post-death. Children who were withdrawn or quiet during the rituals had fewer subsequent problems than children who acted out during these rituals. Visitation attendance was associated with better outcome one and two years later. The symbolism of rituals (e.g., playing a favorite song) often brings comfort to child survivors. Cremation does not appear to have any negative effect on children's outcome.

scholarly journals The Role of Full and Half Day Preschool Attendance in the Formation of Children’s Social Networks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Watling Neal ◽  
Brian Brutzman ◽  
C. Emily Durbin
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Network ◽  
Network Formation ◽  
Social Play ◽  
The United States ◽  
Preschool Attendance ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Full Day ◽  
Over Time

In the United States, the duration of children’s preschool attendance differs, with some children attending full-day preschool and some children attending half-day preschool. This difference provides uneven daily exposure to peers that may have implications for childhood social outcomes, including the formation of social networks over time. In this study, we examined the role of full and half day preschool attendance in children’s social network formation. Specifically, using stochastic actor-oriented modeling, we analyzed longitudinal social network data from an intensive observational study of 25 3-year-old and 28 4-year-old students’ social play relationships in two preschool classrooms over the course of an entire school year. Full-day preschool attendance had a negative effect on the formation of children’s social play relationships over time for 3-year-olds but not 4-year-olds. Specifically, 3-year-old children who attended full-day preschool were less likely than their half-day peers to be selected as playmates. We discuss potential developmental and contextual factors that might explain this finding as well as future directions for research.

Peacekeepers and the People: Domestic Evaluations of Peacekeeping Operations in Haiti

2013 ◽  
Vol 17 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 385-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malone Mary Fran T. ◽  
Chavda Roslyn K.
Keyword(s):  
Public Support ◽  
Domestic Institutions ◽  
Peacekeeping Operations ◽  
The People ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Peacekeeping Forces ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Levels Of Support ◽  
Better Than

What leads peacekeeping forces to secure the support of the people they serve? This paper answers this question by examining public support for MINUSTAH, the peacekeeping force currently deployed in Haiti. Our analysis of public opinion data finds that in Haiti, peacekeepers have not fared much better than most domestic institutions in terms of legitimacy. We find that both before and after the 2010 earthquake, public support for peacekeepers trailed the low levels of support for domestic institutions. To understand why MINUSTAH has struggled to earn the support of the people it serves, we examine public evaluations of the peacekeeping mission and identify the determinants of support for peacekeepers, focusing in particular on the role of service provision in predicting people’s support for MINUSTAH.

Social Motives Predict Loneliness During a Developmental Transition

2017 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 145-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jana Nikitin ◽  
Alexandra M. Freund
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Social Avoidance ◽  
Social Approach ◽  
Social Motives ◽  
Developmental Transitions ◽  
Avoidance Motivation ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Low Levels

Abstract. Establishing new social relationships is important for mastering developmental transitions in young adulthood. In a 2-year longitudinal study with four measurement occasions (T1: n = 245, T2: n = 96, T3: n = 103, T4: n = 85), we investigated the role of social motives in college students’ mastery of the transition of moving out of the parental home, using loneliness as an indicator of poor adjustment to the transition. Students with strong social approach motivation reported stable and low levels of loneliness. In contrast, students with strong social avoidance motivation reported high levels of loneliness. However, this effect dissipated relatively quickly as most of the young adults adapted to the transition over a period of several weeks. The present study also provides evidence for an interaction between social approach and social avoidance motives: Social approach motives buffered the negative effect on social well-being of social avoidance motives. These results illustrate the importance of social approach and social avoidance motives and their interplay during developmental transitions.

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