scholarly journals It’s Still about Race: Peremptory Challenge Use on Black Prospective Jurors

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Whitney DeCamp ◽  
Elise DeCamp
Keyword(s):  
Propensity Score ◽  
Propensity Score Matching ◽  
Racial Discrimination ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
Jury Selection ◽  
Racially Diverse ◽  
Criminal Trials ◽  
Peremptory Challenge ◽  
Using Data

Objectives: The use of race as a motive for excluding individuals from serving on juries in American criminal trials is unconstitutional. Nevertheless, Black individuals remain substantially more likely than others to be removed during jury selection through peremptory challenges. This study tests whether and to what extent there is a racial effect on peremptory challenge use by the prosecution or the defense. Method: Using data from 2,542 venire members in Mississippi, propensity score matching is used to examine racial differences in jury selection by comparing Black venire members to similarly situated White venire member counterparts. Results: Findings suggest that Black venire members are 4.51 times as likely to be excluded from a jury due to peremptory challenges from the prosecution in comparison to White venire members. Conversely, White venire members are 4.21 times as likely to be excluded through peremptory challenges by the defense in comparison to Black venire members. Conclusions: After controlling for all observed variables, there remain significant differences between White and Black venire members, suggesting racial discrimination by both the prosecution and the defense in peremptory challenge usage. Black individuals are more likely to be excluded from juries through these effects, resulting in less racially diverse juries.

scholarly journals Impact Evaluation of Raskin Program using Matching Method: Case of IFLS 5

JEJAK ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 207-223
Author(s):  
Endiarjati Dewandaru Sadono
Keyword(s):  
Propensity Score ◽  
Propensity Score Matching ◽  
Family Life ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Impact Evaluation ◽  
Matching Method ◽  
Indonesia Family Life Survey ◽  
Small Benefit ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact

Beras untuk Keluarga Miskin (RASKIN) program has been applied since 1998 and has been renamed as Beras Sejahtera (RASTRA) in early 2017, but their effectiveness is still debatable. This study tries to evaluate the impact of RASKIN program on household income. Using data from 3,745 households in Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS) 5 that has been estimated using propensity score matching, this study has identified precisely that RASKIN program has a negative and significant effect on household income. This happens because the benefits that reveived by Rumah Tangga Sasaran (RTS) are very small. The small benefit is affected by the amount of rice received, frequency and price that have been paid to get RASKIN is not in accordance with the guidelines. The result of this study is along with previous studies, where the amount and price of rice that distributed through RASKIN program is not exactly correct. Therefore, there must be a change in program format, not just renaming from RASKIN to RASTRA only.

scholarly journals Propensity score matching/reweighting analysis comparing intravenous golimumab to infliximab for ankylosing spondylitis using data from the GO-ALIVE and ASSERT trials

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (10) ◽  
pp. 2907-2917
Author(s):  
L. S. Gensler ◽  
S. D. Chakravarty ◽  
Chris Cameron ◽  
S. Peterson ◽  
P. Spin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ankylosing Spondylitis ◽  
Propensity Score ◽  
Propensity Score Matching ◽  
Individual Patient Data ◽  
C Reactive Protein ◽  
Comparative Efficacy ◽  
Functional Index ◽  
Phase 3 ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Using Data

Abstract Objective To compare the relative efficacy of intravenous golimumab (GOL IV) and infliximab (IFX) for active ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Methods Propensity score (PS) methods were used to compare the efficacy of GOL IV 2 mg/kg and IFX 5 mg/kg using individual patient data (IPD) from the active arms of the phase 3 GO-ALIVE and ASSERT studies. Outcomes included the proportion of patients with a ≥ 20% improvement in the Assessment of Spondyloarthritis International Society Criteria (ASAS20), change from baseline in Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI) score, and change from baseline in C-reactive protein (CRP) levels from weeks 4–52. Results Before matching, 105 patients were treated with GOL IV and 201 patients were treated with IFX. After matching on all covariates, 118 patients were included in the ASAS20 analysis, 96 in the BASFI analysis, and 160 in the CRP analysis. After matching, GOL IV showed significantly greater improvement in ASAS20 response than IFX for weeks 28–44 (e.g., OR = 9.05 [95% CI 1.62–50.4] at week 44) and was comparable in change from baseline in BASFI scores and CRP levels to IFX at all time points. Results were robust for inclusion of different sets of covariates in scenario analyses. Conclusions This is the first analysis of its kind to leverage clinical trial data to compare two biologics using PS methods in the treatment of active AS. Overall, GOL IV was associated with greater improvement in ASAS20 response than IFX in patients with AS at 28, 36, and 44 weeks of follow-up. Key Points• Although intravenous golimumab (GOL IV) and infliximab (IFX) are the only two IV-based tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors with demonstrated phase 3 clinical efficacy in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS), no study has evaluated their comparative efficacy in a head-to-head trial.• Propensity score matching was used to derive indirect treatment comparisons of GOL IV and IFX for ≥ 20% in the Assessment of Spondyloarthritis International Society Criteria (ASAS20), change in Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI), and change in C-reactive protein (CRP) using individual patient data from the GO-ALIVE and ASSERT phase 3 trials.• Propensity score matched indirect comparisons showed improved relative efficacy of GOL IV compared to IFX; after matching for up to 16 baseline covariates, GOL IV was associated with significantly greater odds of ASAS20 response at weeks 28, 36, and 44 than IFX as well as equivalent changes from baseline in BASFI and CRP.• This novel application of propensity score matching using data from phase 3 trials, the first analysis of its kind in AS, allowed adjustment for important imbalances in prognostic factors between trials to generate estimates of comparative efficacy between GOL IV and IFX in the absence of a head-to-head trial between these treatments.

Racially Imbalanced Peremptory Challenges by the Defense as a Reactionary Process

2021 ◽  
pp. 001112872110077
Author(s):  
Elise DeCamp ◽  
Whitney DeCamp
Keyword(s):  
Jury Selection ◽  
Criminal Trials ◽  
Average Proportion ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Made In

The use of peremptory challenges in American criminal trials has been found to be racially discriminatory despite race-based motivation being unconstitutional in jury selection. One argument made in defense of peremptory challenges is that the prosecution and the defense counteract each other, and “cancel out” each other’s impact. Using data from 208 criminal trials in Mississippi, this study examines whether the prosecution and defense counteract each other and what impact this has on juries. Findings suggest that the prosecution has a significant effect on the defense’s use of peremptory challenges. Although the average proportion of Black jurors is not significantly different as a result of peremptory challenges, the greater dispersion in proportions increases the volatility in jury composition.

The effect of custodial penalties on juvenile reoffending

2012 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew McGrath ◽  
Don Weatherburn
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Offenders ◽  
Propensity Score ◽  
Propensity Score Matching ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Young Offenders ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Matched Group ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Children’S Court ◽  
Using Data

This study uses propensity score matching to test the proposition that imprisonment deters future criminal activity among juvenile offenders. Using data from all court appearances of juveniles in the NSW Children’s Court (Australia) between 2003 and 2004 ( N = 6196), the reoffending of a group of young offenders sentenced to control (i.e. custodial) orders ( N = 376) was compared to a matched group of offenders receiving community-based sanctions. No differences were observed between the two groups. The young offenders given detention orders had a slightly lower rate of reoffending, but this difference was not significant. The results of this study indicate that, over the time period examined in this study, the imposition of a custodial sentence had no effect on the risk of reoffending.

Code of the Classroom? Social Disadvantage and Bullying Among American Adolescents, U.S. 2011-2012

2016 ◽  
Vol 63 (14) ◽  
pp. 1883-1922 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryan L. Sykes ◽  
Alex R. Piquero ◽  
Jason P. Gioviano
Keyword(s):  
Propensity Score ◽  
Propensity Score Matching ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
Great Recession ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Social Program ◽  
Social Programs ◽  
Program Participation ◽  
Hispanic Adolescents ◽  
The Great Recession

Little research has explored whether social policies aimed at lessening economic hardship affect the prevalence of bullying, particularly after the Great Recession. This article investigates how the strains of neighborhood and cumulative disadvantage are associated with racial differences in bullying, and we consider whether social program participation—enlistment in needs-based social programs to attenuate poverty and disadvantage—upends race-based differences in bullying. Using probit, negative binomial, and propensity score matching methods, we show that adolescents who experience any markers of disadvantage are more likely to bully others, with Black and Hispanic adolescents being more likely to engage in bullying than Whites. Importantly, matched estimates reveal that participation in needs-based social programs eliminates racial differences in bullying.

Direct Victimization Experiences and Fear of Crime: A Gender Perspective

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emiliano Sironi ◽  
Leda Maria Bonazzi
Keyword(s):  
Propensity Score ◽  
Propensity Score Matching ◽  
Fear Of Crime ◽  
European Social Survey ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Gender Perspective ◽  
Safety Perception ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Past Experiences ◽  
Gender Specific

AbstractUsing data from the sixth round of the European Social Survey, we implement propensity score matching methods in order to test whether the presence of past experiences of direct victimization decreases citizens’ safety perception. Results confirm the hypothesis that victimization strongly increases the fear of crime; furthermore the effect is also gender specific: victimized women show higher decrease in safety perception than men.

scholarly journals Outcomes of Pregnancy after Breast Cancer in Korean Women: A Large Cohort Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 426-437
Author(s):  
Moo Hyun Lee ◽  
Young Ae Kim ◽  
Jin Hyuk Hong ◽  
So-Youn Jung ◽  
Sunmi Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Propensity Score ◽  
Propensity Score Matching ◽  
Survival Outcome ◽  
Study Cohort ◽  
Korean Women ◽  
Large Cohort Study ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Insurance Database

Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine the rate and outcomes of pregnancies subsequent to breast cancer in Korea, and the effect of such pregnancies on the prognosis of women who survived breast cancer and subsequently conceived. Materials and Methods We followed a total of 31,761 Korean women 45 years of age or younger who were treated for primary breast cancer from 2002 to 2010. We also included follow-up surveys that were conducted through December 2011. We identified recurrence and mortality from breast cancer using data linked to the Korea National Health Insurance database. We used propensity score matching of the study cohort to analyze the risks of recurrence and mortality from breast cancer depending on pregnancy. Results Within our sample, 992 women (3.1%) became pregnant after receiving treatment for breast cancer. Of those, 622 (67.5%) successfully delivered; the remaining 370 (32.5%) failed to deliver. After propensity score matching, we found that the women who became pregnant after breast cancer did not have a different risk of recurrence (hazard ratio [HR], 0.503; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.434 to 0.584) and death (HR, 0.520; 95% CI, 0.397 to 0.681), compared with those who did not conceive after breast cancer treatment. Conclusion Our study is the first to report outcomes for Korean women who survived breast cancer and subsequently conceived. Women who survived breast cancer and subsequently became pregnant did not show a poorer survival outcome, compared with those who did not become pregnant.

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