Racially Imbalanced Peremptory Challenges by the Defense as a Reactionary Process

2021 ◽  
pp. 001112872110077
Author(s):  
Elise DeCamp ◽  
Whitney DeCamp
Keyword(s):  
Jury Selection ◽  
Criminal Trials ◽  
Average Proportion ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Made In

The use of peremptory challenges in American criminal trials has been found to be racially discriminatory despite race-based motivation being unconstitutional in jury selection. One argument made in defense of peremptory challenges is that the prosecution and the defense counteract each other, and “cancel out” each other’s impact. Using data from 208 criminal trials in Mississippi, this study examines whether the prosecution and defense counteract each other and what impact this has on juries. Findings suggest that the prosecution has a significant effect on the defense’s use of peremptory challenges. Although the average proportion of Black jurors is not significantly different as a result of peremptory challenges, the greater dispersion in proportions increases the volatility in jury composition.

scholarly journals It’s Still about Race: Peremptory Challenge Use on Black Prospective Jurors

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Whitney DeCamp ◽  
Elise DeCamp
Keyword(s):  
Propensity Score ◽  
Propensity Score Matching ◽  
Racial Discrimination ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
Jury Selection ◽  
Racially Diverse ◽  
Criminal Trials ◽  
Peremptory Challenge ◽  
Using Data

Objectives: The use of race as a motive for excluding individuals from serving on juries in American criminal trials is unconstitutional. Nevertheless, Black individuals remain substantially more likely than others to be removed during jury selection through peremptory challenges. This study tests whether and to what extent there is a racial effect on peremptory challenge use by the prosecution or the defense. Method: Using data from 2,542 venire members in Mississippi, propensity score matching is used to examine racial differences in jury selection by comparing Black venire members to similarly situated White venire member counterparts. Results: Findings suggest that Black venire members are 4.51 times as likely to be excluded from a jury due to peremptory challenges from the prosecution in comparison to White venire members. Conversely, White venire members are 4.21 times as likely to be excluded through peremptory challenges by the defense in comparison to Black venire members. Conclusions: After controlling for all observed variables, there remain significant differences between White and Black venire members, suggesting racial discrimination by both the prosecution and the defense in peremptory challenge usage. Black individuals are more likely to be excluded from juries through these effects, resulting in less racially diverse juries.

scholarly journals Gestation at completion of prenatal questionnaires in ALSPAC

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 100
Author(s):  
Yasmin Iles-Caven ◽  
Kate Northstone ◽  
Jean Golding
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Environmental Data ◽  
Parents And Children ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Time Critical ◽  
Avon Longitudinal Study ◽  
In Pregnancy ◽  
Made In

Enrolling a cohort in pregnancy can be methodologically difficult in terms of structuring data collection. For example, some exposures of interest may be time-critical while other (often retrospective) data can be collected at any point during pregnancy.  The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) is a prime example of a cohort where certain data were collected at specific time points and others at variable times depending on the gestation at contact.  ALSPAC aimed to enrol as many pregnant women as possible in a geographically defined area with an expected date of delivery between April 1991 and December 1992. The ideal was to enrol women as early in pregnancy as possible, and to collect information, when possible, at two fixed gestational periods (18 and 32 weeks). A variety of methods were used to enrol participants.   Approximately 80% of eligible women resident in the study area were enrolled. Gestation at enrolment ranged from 4-41 (median = 14) weeks of pregnancy. Given this variation in gestation we describe the various decisions that were made in regard to the timing of questionnaires to ensure that appropriate data were obtained from the pregnant women.  45% of women provided data during the first trimester, this is less than ideal but reflects the fact that many women do not acknowledge their pregnancy until the first trimester is safely completed. Data collection from women at specific gestations (18 and 32 weeks) was much more successful (80-85%). Unfortunately, it was difficult to obtain environmental data during the first trimester. Given the time critical nature of exposures during this trimester, researchers must take the gestational age at which environmental data was collected into account. This is particularly important for data collected using the questionnaire named ‘Your Environment’ (using data known as the A files).

scholarly journals EVALUASI PELAPORAN KAMSELTIBCAR LANTAS DALAM MENDUKUNG PELAPORAN DEKADE AKSI KESELAMATAN JALAN

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Nunung Nuring Hayati ◽  
Ni Nyoman Suartini ◽  
Achmad Wicaksono ◽  
Ike Fibriani ◽  
Mirtha Firmansyah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Mining ◽  
Road Safety ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Public Knowledge ◽  
Traffic Law ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
Self Protection ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Made In

Kamsebtibcar Lantas or secure, safety, orderliness, and fluency of traffic are made in support of road safety actions reporting on traffic due to the lack of public knowledge about the importance of using self-protection tools that have been determined in traffic law number 22 of 2009 concerning traffic and road transport. By using this program, you can find out the relationship between the factors that cause accidents. From those collected from various regions in East Java, taken from 2016 to 2018. The data obtained can be processed using data mining techniques. This technique works by using a pattern that is a reference for decision making. By using the Fp-Growth algorithm that works with the data tree system to find out the patterns of reporting activities that are happening, this pattern is determined by two parameters, namely support (support value) and confidence (certainty value). With this system, it can help the parties concerned to improve facilities in various Kamseltibcar Lantas reporting activities. Kamsebtibcar lantas atau keamanan, keselamatan, ketertiban, dan kelancaran lalu lintas dibuat dalampedalam mendukung pelaporan aksi keselamatan jalan pada lalu lintas yang dikarenakan minimnya pengetahuan masyarakat tentang pentingnya penggunaan alat perlindungan diri yang telah ditentukan pada undang-undang nomor 22 tahun 2009 tentang lalu lintas dan angkutan jalan. Dengan menggunakan program ini dapat mengetahui hubungan antara faktor-faktor penyebab kecelakaan. Data yang dikumpulkan dari berbagai daerah yang ada di wilayah Jawa Timur diambil pada tahun 2016 sampai dengan 2018. Data yang telah didapat dapat diolah menggunakan teknik data mining. Teknik ini berfungsi dengan menggunakan pola yang menjadi acuan untuk penentuan keputusan. Dengan menggunakan algoritma Fp-Growth yang bekerja dengan sistem data tree untuk mengetahui pola kegiatan pelaporan kamsebticar lalu lintas yang sedang terjadi, pola ini ditentukan dengan dua parameter, yaitu support (nilai penunjang) dan confidence (nilai kepastian). Dengan sistem ini dapat membantu pihak yang berkaitan untuk meningkatkan fasilitas dalam berbagai kegiatan pelaporan Kamseltibcar Lantas.

scholarly journals Density Variations during Solidification of Grey Cast Iron

2018 ◽  
Vol 925 ◽  
pp. 155-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristina Hellström ◽  
Péter Svidró ◽  
Lucian Vasile Diaconu ◽  
Attila Diószegi
Keyword(s):  
Complex Geometry ◽  
Control Volume ◽  
Solidification Process ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Volume Changes ◽  
Silicon Alloys ◽  
Know How ◽  
Grey Cast ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Made In

As part of moving towards a sustainable production of diesel engines for heavy vehicle applications, the ability to predict casting defects has become ever so important. In order to model the solidification process for cast components correctly, it is of essence to know how the material will actually behave. To produce sound castings, often of complex geometry, the industry relies on various simulation software for the prediction and avoidance of defects. Thermophysical properties, such as density, play an important part in these simulations.Previous measurements of how the volume of liquid grey iron changes with temperature has been made with a conventional dilatometer. Measurements have also been made in the austenitic range, then on iron-carbon-silicon alloys with a carbon content lower than 1.5 wt%. Based on these measurements the density variations during solidification were calculated. The scope for this paper is to model the volume changes during solidification with the control volume finite difference method, using data from the density measurements.

Advances in Fish Tagging and Marking Technology

2012 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Release Time ◽  
Tag Identification ◽  
Penobscot River ◽  
Salmon Population ◽  
Declining Populations ◽  
Simple Change ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Made In

<i>Abstract</i>.—Atlantic salmon <i>Salmo salar </i>smolts are stocked in the Penobscot River, Maine to supplement declining populations. Since 2000, approximately 550,000 hatchery smolts are annually released into the river, of which 32% of these (175,000) were marked with visual implant elastomer (VIE) tags indicating release time and location. Our study found that tag colors of adult returns were often misread due to confusion between green and yellow marks and between red and pink marks. Using data collected on mark readings in a controlled hatchery environment, we corrected for tag identification errors made in the field, thereby allowing adjustments to be made in the marked returns to accurately assess the number of returns from multiple stocking groups. When adult returns from multiple stocking groups were compared, significant differences were detected between stocking groups, including a three-fold difference between two of the stocking groups. Hence, a simple change in smolt stocking locations and times may be of value in the recovery of the Penobscot River salmon population.

scholarly journals The Space Distribution of Planetary Nebulae

1968 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 44-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.H. Cahn
Keyword(s):  
Computer Program ◽  
White Dwarf ◽  
Local Density ◽  
Planetary Nebulae ◽  
Interstellar Extinction ◽  
Space Distribution ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Dust Distribution ◽  
Made In

A punched-card catalogue of planetary nebulae has been prepared, using data extracted from all existing catalogues. A computer program calculates distances and radii using the method of Shklovsky, in which all nebulae are assumed to have the same ionized mass, and allowance for interstellar extinction is made assuming a continuous galactic-dust distribution. The assumption made in Shklovsky's method, that the nebulae are optically thin, is considered to be satisfied if the calculated radii lie within a certain well-defined interval. The reddening constants obtained are in satisfactory statistical agreement with constants determined by other methods. The local density of planetary nebulae is in agreement with estimates of local white-dwarf densities.

Does Audit Fee Homogeneity Exist? Premiums and Discounts Attributable to Individual Partners

2011 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 249-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart D. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Audit Quality ◽  
Audit Fees ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Audit Market ◽  
Homogeneity Assumption ◽  
Audit Firms ◽  
Audit Fee ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Made In

SUMMARY This paper investigates the implied assumption, made in many audit fee determination studies, that, within a given audit firm, all partners produce a statistically identical level of audit quality and earn a statistically identical level of audit fees. This is referred to as the “homogeneity assumption.” However, this is contradicted by the individual auditor behavioral literature, which shows that different individual auditor characteristics can have an impact on audit quality. Given the fact that audit partners differ in their quality, this paper hypothesizes that different audit partners will be able to earn differing levels of fees. This hypothesis is tested by estimating an audit fee model using data from 822 Australian publicly listed companies for the year 2005. Australia is an ideal audit market for this research, as the disclosure of the name of the audit engagement partner in the audit report is mandatory. The empirical results indicate that individual audit partners earn individual audit fee premiums (or discounts) that are not explainable by the audit firms of which they are members. Data Availability: All data have been extracted from publicly available sources.

scholarly journals Kesalahan Siswa dalam Mengerjakan Soal Sistem Persamaan Linear Dua Variabel Berdasarkan Kriteria Watson

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-228
Author(s):  
Stepania Junita Sari ◽  
Timbul Yuwono
Keyword(s):  
Mathematics Education ◽  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Linear Equation ◽  
Mathematics Teachers ◽  
Equation System ◽  
Linear Equation System ◽  
8Th Grade ◽  
Using Data ◽  
And Mathematics ◽  
Made In

This study aimed to describe the errors that student made in completing the Two Variable Linear Equation System based on Watson's criteria. This was a descriptive qualitative study involving 29 students consisted of of 12 high-skilled students, 5 medium-skilled students, and 12 low-skilled students in 8th grade at SMP PGRI 6 Malang. The data were obtained from the types of errors that student made using the Two Variable Linear Equation System question tests and the results of the interviews based on the Watson's criteria indicators. The question sets used in this study had been verified by mathematics education lecturers and mathematics teachers. The results of this study were: a) high-skilled students were 'less thorough' at work; (2) medium-skilled students were ‘using data incorrectly at the early stages'; while (3) low-skilled students ‘did not give answers' because they did not understand the concepts of the learning materials. The three types of errors frequently made by students were errors in determining the operation to be used (mhk), errors in determining the stages of solving the question problems (mtl), and errors in drawing conclusions from the final results (kh).

scholarly journals STUDI SIMULASI MENGGUNAKAN FUZZY C-MEANS DALAM MENGKLASIFIKASI KONSTRUK TES

2013 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-138
Author(s):  
Rukli Rukli
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Matlab Simulation ◽  
Simulation Data ◽  
Fuzzy C Means ◽  
Test Items ◽  
Parametric Statistics ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Microsoft Office ◽  
Made In

Tulisan ini memperkenalkan metode fuzzy c-means dalam mengklasifikasi konstruk tes. Untuk memverifikasi sifat unidimensional suatu tes biasanya menggunakan analisis faktor sebagai bagian dari statistik parametrik dengan beberapa persyaratan yang ketat sedangkan metode fuzzy c-means termasuk metode heuristik yang tidak memerlukan persyaratan yang ketat. Studi simulasi penelitian ini menggunakan dua metode yakni analisis faktor menggunakan program SPSS dan fuzzy c-means menggunakan program Matlab. Data simulasi menggunakan tipe data dikotomi dan politomi yang dibangkitkan lewat prog-ram Microsoft Office Excel dengan desain 2 kategori, yakni: tiga butir soal dengan banyak peserta tes 10, dan 30 butir soal dengan banyak peserta tes 100. Hasil simulasi menunjukkan bahwa metode fuzzy c-means lebih memberikan gambaran pengelompokan secara deskriptif dan dinamis pada semua desain yang telah dibuat dalam memverifikasi unidimensional pada suatu tes.Kata kunci: fuzzy c-means, analisis faktor, unidimensional_____________________________________________________________ SIMULATION STUDY USING FUZZY C-MEANS FOR CLASIFYING TEST CONSTRUCTIONAbstract This paper introduces the fuzzy c-means method for classifying the test constructs. To verify the unidimensional a test typically uses factor analysis as part of parametric statistics with some strict requirements, while fuzzy c-means methods including method heuristic that do not require strict require-ments. Simulation comparison between the method of factor analysis using SPSS program and fuzzy c-means methods using Matlab. Simulation data using data type dichotomy and politomus generated through Microsoft Office Excel programs each with a number of 3 items using the number of participants 10 tests, while the number of 30 test items using the number as many as 100 participants. The simulation results show that the fuzzy c-means method provides a more descriptive and dyna-mic grouping of all the designs that have been made in verifying the unidimensional as a test.Keywords: fuzzy c-means, factor analysis, unidimensional

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