Filigree burns of a lightning strike: A case series

2021 ◽  
pp. 002581722110110
Author(s):  
Kishor S Thakur ◽  
Nagendra S Sonwani ◽  
Navneet Ateriya
Keyword(s):  
Case Series ◽  
Daily Activities ◽  
Lightning Strike ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Lightning Strikes ◽  
Underdeveloped Countries ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Scene Investigation ◽  
Sporting Activities ◽  
Specific Symptoms

Lightning is the discharge of an electric charge forming in the atmosphere between the earth and clouds which travels downward in a branching pattern. It is estimated that there are some 1800 active thunderstorms at any given moment. Lightning may injure or kill a person by a direct strike, a side-flash or conduction through another object. Agricultural workers are at risk in developing and underdeveloped countries, as are those engaging in sporting activities elsewhere. Fatalities resulting from lightning strikes may not show specific symptoms at autopsy, but there may be symptoms of burns on clothes and body and fernlike marks specific to lightning strikes on their bodies. Other signs are acute kidney failure, cardiac arrhythmias and deaths, and while internal organs may show oedema, congestion, etc, this is not in itself sufficient to establish causation. When diagnosing death from a lightning strike, it is essential to examine the deceased’s clothes, their external body and carry out a crime scene investigation. We report a series of three cases of death from a lightning strike in previously healthy men engaged in their daily activities.

scholarly journals Stop playing football in lightning: An urgent issue

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-22
Author(s):  
Muhammad Shahidul Islam ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Lightning Strike ◽  
Natural Phenomenon ◽  
Lightning Strikes ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Almost Everywhere ◽  
The World

A bolt of lightning hits occurs when there are electrical imbalances between storm clouds and the ground, or within the clouds themselves. The majority of lightning strikes inside clouds [1] . However, this lightning is a natural phenomenon that occurs when lightning strikes the earth. Lightning strike, one of the most severe convective natural events, occurs suddenly almost everywhere on the earth’s surface. Around the world, more than 1600–2400 thunderstorms occur at any given time, with 50,000 occurring per day

scholarly journals Electric Filed Intensity of the Lightning Strikes on Lightning Air Terminals Installed on Building Structures

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 3105
Author(s):  
Irshad Ullah ◽  
MNR Baharom ◽  
H.M. Luqman ◽  
H. Ahmad ◽  
Zainab Zainal
Keyword(s):  
Harmful Effect ◽  
Lightning Strike ◽  
Maximum Effect ◽  
Building Structures ◽  
Growing Up ◽  
Building Structure ◽  
Lightning Strikes ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Geometrical Shapes ◽  
Electric Filed

Lightning activities are growing up rapidly with global warming. It can affect anything on the earth. All the constructed buildings need proper protection from the harmful effect of lightning. Lightning strike points on different geometrical shapes have been investigated. Lightning strike distribution of different building structure is very important to be studied. In order to analyse the maximum effect of lightning strike pattern is obtained of different air terminals installed on scaled building structures. High voltage impulse generator is used in order to get the impulse voltage. Different numbers of air terminals have been applied to all the shapes in order to see the lightning strike points. Electric field is obtained in order to see its minimum and maximum effect on the entire building structure. Interestingly the phenomenon of lightning air terminal bypasses has been proved in this paper.

Combination of musculoskeletal and wear models to investigate the effect of daily living activities on wear of hip prostheses

2021 ◽  
Vol 235 (12) ◽  
pp. 2675-2687
Author(s):  
Lorenza Mattei ◽  
Matilde Tomasi ◽  
Alessio Artoni ◽  
Enrico Ciulli ◽  
Francesca Di Puccio
Keyword(s):  
Motor Task ◽  
Analysis Data ◽  
Daily Activities ◽  
Wear Depth ◽  
Motor Tasks ◽  
Hip Prostheses ◽  
Wear Modelling ◽  
Sporting Activities ◽  
Joint Prostheses ◽  
Hip Arthroplasties

Abstract Numerical wear predictions are gaining increasing interest in many engineering applications, as they allow to simulate complex operative conditions not easily replicable in the laboratory. As far as hip prostheses are concerned, most of the wear models in the literature are based on the simulation of gait (recommended also in experimental wear tests), since gait is considered the most frequent and important motor task to recover after arthroplasty. However, since joint prostheses have been increasingly implanted in younger people, high loads and potentially severe conditions, e.g. due to sporting activities, should also be considered for a more reliable wear assessment of these implants. In this study, we propose a profitable combination of musculoskeletal and analytical wear modelling for the prediction of wear caused by common daily activities in metal-on-plastic hip arthroplasties. Several motion analysis data available in the literature (walking, fast walking, lunge, squat, stair negotiation) were selected and the effects of such motor tasks on prosthesis wear were investigated, both separately and in combination. Additionally, for comparative purposes, wear prediction for simplified gait conditions prescribed by the ISO 14242 standard, were also considered. Results suggest that this latter case produces lower wear depth and volume with respect to a relatively demanding combination of the selected daily activities. The preliminary results of the present study represent a first step towards the auspicious goal of validating the proposed procedure for in silico trials of hip arthroplasties.

scholarly journals Effect of indirect lightning strike to 66kV transmission line in Java-Bali system

2018 ◽  
Vol 197 ◽  
pp. 11001
Author(s):  
Aristo Adi Kusuma ◽  
Putu Agus Aditya Pramana ◽  
Brian Bramantyo S.D.A. Harsono ◽  
Buyung Sofiarto Munir
Keyword(s):  
Transmission Line ◽  
Transmission Lines ◽  
Lightning Strike ◽  
Actual Condition ◽  
Peak Current ◽  
Lightning Strikes ◽  
Detection Systems ◽  
Current Magnitude ◽  
Lightning Detection ◽  
Insulator Flashover

Based on Java-Bali grid disturbance data, the 66kV transmission lines that is close to or intersect with 150kV or 500kV transmission line is often experienced earth fault due to insulator flashover. The insulator flashover can be caused by indirect lightning strike since lightning strikes tend to strike higher structure. Therefore, this paper will determine the effect of indirect lightning strike on 150kV or 500kV transmission line to 66kV transmission line by modeling and simulation using application of transient analysis. Variation of lightning peak current magnitude and gap between 66kV transmission line and transmission line with higher voltage is performed during simulation. The range of peak current magnitude follows the data from lightning detection systems, while the value of gap follows the data from actual condition. It is found that higher current peak and closer gap will cause higher transient overvoltage on insulator of 66kV transmission line thus insulator flashover may occur more frequent. Addition of earth wire on 66kV transmission line and gap between each transmission by organizing the sag of conductor can be performed to minimize the insulator flashover.

scholarly journals Dangerous Voltages due to Direct Lightning Strike into the Communication Tower

2007 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 44
Author(s):  
Slavko Vujević ◽  
Petar Sarajčev
Keyword(s):  
Software Package ◽  
Electromagnetic Coupling ◽  
Circular Cross Section ◽  
Potential Method ◽  
Lightning Strike ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Lumped Parameter ◽  
Leakage Resistance ◽  
Tower Structure ◽  
Analytical Expressions

This paper presents a novel technique for computing dangerous voltages due to direct lightning strike into the communication tower and associated earthing system, which is based on the use of the well-known ATP-EMTP software package. The earthing grid and the communication tower structure are approximated by the circular cross section conductors. In numerical model, conductors are subdivided into segments (1D finite elements) and Clark's model with distributed constant parameters is then applied. Because of the limitations of ATP-EMTP software package, the leakage resistance of buried segments is modelled as additional lumped parameter. Analytical expressions for distributed and lumped segment parameters are derived using the average potential method. Mutual electromagnetic coupling between segments is neglected due to the limitations imposed by the ATP-EMTP software package, which is based on transmission line approach. Separate computer program is developed for obtaining the earth surface transient potential distribution, from which step and touch voltages are then computed.

scholarly journals Earth-termination system for onshore wind Turbines.

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (7-2020) ◽  
pp. 66-72
Author(s):  
Liubov A. Belova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Lightning Strike ◽  
Lightning Protection ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Lightning Strikes ◽  
Grounding System ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Wind Turbine Towers ◽  
Surge Protection

The earth-termination system for towers of ground-based wind turbines in addition to protective and functional grounding provides lightning protection grounding, which is especially important since the wind turbine is susceptible to lightning strikes. If insufficient protective measures are taken, the risk of damage to a wind turbine due to a lightning strike increases. Therefore, a well-thought-out built-in grounding system for wind turbine towers is needed, which would function as necessary and guarantee long-term mechanical strength and corrosion resistance. The configuration of grounding systems for wind turbines is discussed in IEC 61400-24, which deals with the topic of lightning protection for wind turbines, including detailed information on the choice of lightning protection measures and surge protection. It is advisable to create a lightning protection concept at the initial stage of planning a wind turbine in order to avoid later costly repairs and retrofitting.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Lightning Protection Efficacy on Nigerian Installations High Voltage Installations Using Screen and Cone of Protection Methods

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (7) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
M. O. Oyeleye
Keyword(s):  
High Voltage ◽  
Computer Aided Design ◽  
Travelling Waves ◽  
Screening Method ◽  
Lightning Strike ◽  
Physical Measurement ◽  
Lightning Strikes ◽  
Spatial Design ◽  
Protective System ◽  
Design Values

This study evaluated lightning protective system efficacy on 11kV-132kV substation-power line installation in Ikorodu, Lagos State, Nigeria with reference to cloud to ground(C-G) lightning strike (LS) events. It focus on interception of lightning strikes and its protection with reference to direct lightning strike (DLS) and indirect lightning strike (IDLS). Data were collected from Ikorodu 132/33 kV Transmission Substation and its four major injection stations.  This work was carried out using physical measurement of raw data obtained from the high voltage substation. Installations were scaled down and modelled dimensionally using AutoCAD software in order to measure spatial parameters in order to measure the screening of the existing substations and connected lines, as well as the existing cone angles of protection. Probability of lightning efficiency of lightning protective level (LPL) are used for screening evaluation while spike and sky wire angle of protection are used for cone of protection evaluation. Physical measurement of six substations (33/11 kV and 132/33 kV substations) in the studied area were also carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of the installed lightning arresters with respect to the protected devices using applicable standard. The results under the prevailing lightning protective system, LPS, (screening method), revealed that the existing 33/11 kV and 132/33 kV substations are not adequately protected against lightning strike; 132/33 kV substation is more vulnerable to lightning strike than 33/11kV substation and that the incoming 132kV power lines to the substation are adequately protected. The evaluation of the installed distances of all lightning arresters are within standard range and would adequately protect substation transformers against travelling waves (Indirect Stroke) events. The installed lightning arresters (LAs) would adequately protect substation transformers against travelling waves (Indirect Stroke) events. The adequate protection should be reinforced with proposed design scheme in further study in order to mitigate the disastrous effects of lightning strike. Any proposed design of protective system for electric power installations in Nigeria should be simulated using computer aided design software for scaled validation of dimensional and spatial design values in order to mitigate reported failures and uncertainties in identifying causes of observed failures in the system.

scholarly journals Primary Gastric Melanoma – Is an Aggressive Strategy Worthwhile?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rivi Haiat Factor ◽  
Danny Hazan ◽  
Jacob Frand ◽  
Ronen Brenner ◽  
Hananya Vaknine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Series ◽  
Sun Exposure ◽  
Surgical Oncology ◽  
Treatment Protocols ◽  
Pathologic Evaluation ◽  
Ocular Lesions ◽  
Pet Ct ◽  
Rare Malignancy ◽  
Main Component ◽  
Specific Symptoms

Abstract Background: Primary gastric melanoma (PGM) is a rare malignancy. Unlike skin melanoma which carries a definitive correlation to sun exposure, the pathogenesis of gastric melanoma is not well defined. It appears in the older age with median of 70 years and has no known risk factors. The diagnosis may be challenging due to non-specific symptoms, and endoscopy with tissue biopsy along with detailed physical examination ruling out skin and ocular lesions, and PET-CT, are the tools for establishing diagnosis. The prognosis for PGM is poor mainly due to late diagnosis. No detailed staging algorithm nor treatment protocols for PGM exists. Methods: A case series of all patients with PGM that were evaluated and managed by our surgical oncology service between 2011 and 2016. Data regarding diagnosis, imaging, pathologic evaluation and treatment protocols were collected and analyzed. Results: During study acquisition period, 3 cases with the diagnoses of PGM were identified. One patient was treated with aggressive surgery upfront, one patient was treated with more conservative surgical approach with delay from diagnosis to surgery, and one patient was not eligible for surgery due to age, medical and general condition. In 5 years of follow-up only the patient that had aggressive surgery survived. Conclusion: PGM carry very bad prognosis. We believe that aggressive surgery should be considered as the main component of the therapy plan without delay, for better clinical outcome and survival.

The Impact of Meningococcal Septicaemia on the Developing Dentition

Dental Update ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-52
Author(s):  
Shaira Kassam ◽  
Claire Forbes-Haley
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Medical Profession ◽  
Case Series ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Oral Rehabilitation ◽  
Patient Journey ◽  
Meningococcal Septicaemia ◽  
Systemic Manifestations ◽  
The Impact

Meningococcal septicaemia is an acute bacterial infection with high morbidity and mortality. The infection can cause multiple systemic manifestations including disseminated intravascular coagulation, haemorrhage, infarction and necrosis of internal organs and bone abnormalities. Children with meningococcal septicaemia present most frequently between the ages of 3 months and 5 years; a crucial period for the developing dentition. Disturbances to developing dentition are frequent sequelae of this infection and include hypoplasia and hypo/hypermineralization, failed or delayed eruption, root and crown malformation. This is thought to be related to subclinical premaxillary osteomyelitis secondary to septicaemia. This case series describes three patients with rare but similar patterns of dental development, notably in the anterior maxillary region, following meningococcal septicaemia in early childhood. The patient journey through multidisciplinary assessment and management is explored, from initial diagnosis to definitive oral rehabilitation. This article underscores the importance of effective communication and care pathways between the dental team and wider medical profession. CPD/Clinical Relevance: To raise awareness of the impact of early childhood meningococcal septicaemia on the developing dentition and the potential need for referral to secondary dental care.

Features of the diagnosis of miliary forms of tuberculosis

2021 ◽  
pp. 28-33
Author(s):  
Lev Borisovich Shlopak
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Clinical Picture ◽  
Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Miliary Tuberculosis ◽  
Transmission Route ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Tuberculous Lesion ◽  
Treatment Measures ◽  
Tuberculosis In Children ◽  
Specific Symptoms

Miliary tuberculosis is a special form of the disease with a hematogenous transmission route and multiple lesions of internal organs in the form of tiny tubercles resembling millet grains. This infectious disease is one of the forms of disseminated tuberculous lesion, it has a hematogenous transmission route and develops against the background of mycobacteremia. Miliary tuberculosis accounts for about 2 % of all cases and about 20 % of cases of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. In children, miliary tuberculosis most often manifests itself against the background of the primary pulmonary process immediately after infection, in adults, as a rule, this form of tuberculosis lesion develops from the reactivation of hematogenous dissemination. Serous membranes, lungs, lymph nodes, kidneys and bones are most often affected. With this form of the disease, the primary stage of lymphogenous lesion is most often absent, and diagnosis presents significant difficulties due to the absence of specific symptoms and a blurred clinical picture of the disease. Against the background of difficulties in diagnosis, very often, treatment measures begin quite late, which can lead to the development of neglected cases and cause death.

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