As Higher Education Expands, is it Contributing to Greater Inequality?

2011 ◽  
Vol 215 ◽  
pp. R34-R47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Carnoy
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
University Education ◽  
Distribution Model ◽  
Education Spending ◽  
Education Expansion ◽  
Spending Patterns ◽  
Government Education ◽  
Mass Expansion

This paper reviews the various elements that enter into the relation between higher education expansion and income distribution. Contrary to the prevailing ideology, the paper suggests that under certain conditions the mass expansion of higher education can contribute to greater income inequality. These conditions are related to three important variables not usually considered in the education-income distribution model: rising returns to university education relative to secondary and primary education, decreasing public spending differences between higher and lower levels of education, and increasing spending differences between elite and mass universities. All three appear to be increasingly common features of educational expansion in developing countries, including large ones such as China, Russia, Brazil, and India, although researchers are just beginning to observe such changing patterns of spending within higher education systems. The paper discusses the role that such payoffs and government education spending patterns can play in contributing to changes in income distribution using suggestive data from the developing countries.

scholarly journals Analisis Crowding Out Efiect dan Public Choice dalam Penentuan Anggaran Pendidikan Pemerintah Daerah Studi Kasus 337 Kab./Kota Periode 2001-2005 di Indonesia

2009 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-83
Author(s):  
Irfani Fithria U.M.
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Public Choice ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Education Spending ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Education Expenditures ◽  
Government Education ◽  
Centralized System

The Focus of this study is crowdi.ng out effect and public choice mechanism i.n determination of education expenditures of local government. Education spending has risen significantly over three last decades. Indonesia 2001's decentralization is rapidly moving the country from one of the most centralized system in the world to one of the most decenualized. The country has embarked on a program of fiscal, administrative and political decenu-alization at the same time. It has been asserted that larger education expenditures have caused local governments to spend less on other types of government services. Using panel of districts-level data for the period of 2001-2005, this study provides a test of the hypothesis that education spending has crowded out other types of spending and ties to find out which party in Indonesia that have preference in education. The results indicate that,for the period studied, there is evidence that i.ncreased local government education expenditures resulted in lower levels of speding on other categories of local government provided good and services. Only four parties that pro education are Golkar,Partai Keadi1an,Partai Persatuan Pembangunan(PPP) and Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa (PKB). Other results showed that districts located in Java spend higher education expenditures than out of Java and districts with natural resource revenue shares have higher education expenditures as well.

WORK-BASED LEARNING IN HIGHER EDUCATION: EXPERIENCE AND CHALLENGES OF LEARNERS, WORKPLACES AND INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Roosipõld ◽  
Krista Loogma ◽  
Mare Kurvits ◽  
Kristina Murtazin
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
University Education ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Constructivist Learning Theory ◽  
Education Experience ◽  
Restaurant Management ◽  
The Social ◽  
The University ◽  
Social Constructivist Learning

In recent years, providing higher education in the form of work-based learning has become more important in the higher education (HE) policy and practice almost in all EU countries. Work-based learning (WBL) in HE should support the development of competences of self-guided learners and adjust the university education better to the needs of the workplace. The study is based on two pilot projects of WBL in HE in Estonia: Tourism and Restaurant Management professional HE programme and the master’s programme in Business Information Technology. The model of integrative pedagogy, based on the social-constructivist learning theory, is taken as a theoretical foundation for the study. A qualitative study based on semi-structured interviews with the target groups. The data analysis used a horizontal analysis to find cross-cutting themes and identify patterns of actions and connections. It appears, that the challenge for HE is to create better cooperation among stakeholders; the challenge for workplaces is connected with better involvement of students; the challenge for students is to take more initiative and responsibility in communication with workplaces.

ANALYSIS OF THE APPLICATION OF DISTANCE EDUCATION IN UNIVERSITY EDUCATION IN THE STATE OF AMAZONAS

2020 ◽  
pp. 37013-37019
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Distance Education ◽  
University Students ◽  
Teaching Method ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
The State ◽  
University Education ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Education Students

No teaching method has evolved as much as distance education, in the state of Amazonas this would not be different, especially in higher education. Distance Education is a modality where the student is separated from the teacher and uses several communication technologies around all his learning. The methods used were bibliographic, documentary and quantitative. The researched environment was the capital city of Manaus and the municipality of Maués, with the application of the closed questionnaire aimed at higher education students. Our objective was to question certain nuances as their benefits and challenges for those who study Distance Education in the different locations of the State of Amazonas. The result was the realization that among its many advantages in the execution of education, time is considered the main one, and the loss of deadlines its greatest disadvantage, besides the concept of distance education is already well known by university students. Thus, it is well known that with the passing of time and with the progress of the state's modernization, distance education is gradually becoming the most practical means of teaching.

A University Education

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Willetts
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
University Education ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Controversial Issues ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The University ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Relationship

Universities have a crucial role in the modern world. In England, entrance to universities is by nation-wide competition which means English universities have an exceptional influence on schools--a striking theme of the book. This important book first investigates the university as an institution and then tracks the individual on their journey to and through university. In A University Education, David Willetts presents a compelling case for the ongoing importance of the university, both as one of the great institutions of modern society and as a transformational experience for the individual. The book also makes illuminating comparisons with higher education in other countries, especially the US and Germany. Drawing on his experience as UK Minister for Universities and Science from 2010 to 2014, the author offers a powerful account of the value of higher education and the case for more expansion. He covers controversial issues in which he was involved from access for disadvantaged students to the introduction of L9,000 fees. The final section addresses some of the big questions for the future, such as the the relationship between universities and business, especially in promoting innovation.. He argues that the two great contemporary trends of globalisation and technological innovation will both change the university significantly. This is an authoritative account of English universities setting them for the first time in their new legal and regulatory framework.

F. Donald Logan, University Education of the Parochial Clergy in Medieval England: The Lincoln Diocese, c.1300–c.1350 (Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Medieval Studies, 2014), xiv + 197 pp., 6 tables. ISBN: 9780888441881

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginia Davis
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
University Education ◽  
Medieval England ◽  
Medieval Studies ◽  
Parish Clergy ◽  
The Way

This chapter reviews the book University Education of the Parochial Clergy in Medieval England: The Lincoln Diocese, c.1300–c.1350 (2014), by F. Donald Logan. In 1298, Pope Boniface VIII’s constitution cum ex eo was published. It was considered a landmark in the provisions of higher education for the parish clergy, opening the way for parish rectors who had not yet been ordained as priests to absent themselves from their parishes for up to seven years to attend university. Logan explores how this constitution was implemented across Europe by focusing on the diocese of Lincoln, the largest in England with nearly 2,000 parishes. Logan emphasises the distinction between cum ex eo dispensations and the parallel procedure called licencia studendi, both of which contributed significantly to the enhancement of clerical education in fourteenth-century England.

scholarly journals Educational inequalities in obesity: a multilevel analysis of survey data from cities in Latin America

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Mónica Mazariegos ◽  
Amy H Auchincloss ◽  
Ariela Braverman-Bronstein ◽  
María F Kroker-Lobos ◽  
Manuel Ramírez-Zea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Effect Modification ◽  
University Education ◽  
Educational Inequalities ◽  
Obesity Prevalence ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
American Cities

Abstract Objective: Using newly harmonised individual-level data on health and socio-economic environments in Latin American cities (from the Salud Urbana en América Latina (SALURBAL) study), we assessed the association between obesity and education levels and explored potential effect modification of this association by city-level socio-economic development. Design: This cross-sectional study used survey data collected between 2002 and 2017. Absolute and relative educational inequalities in obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2, derived from measured weight and height) were calculated first. Then, a two-level mixed-effects logistic regression was run to test for effect modification of the education–obesity association by city-level socio-economic development. All analyses were stratified by sex. Setting: One hundred seventy-six Latin American cities within eight countries (Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico and Peru). Participants: 53 186 adults aged >18 years old. Results: Among women, 25 % were living with obesity and obesity was negatively associated with educational level (higher education–lower obesity) and this pattern was consistent across city-level socio-economic development. Among men, 18 % were living with obesity and there was a positive association between education and obesity (higher education–higher obesity) for men living in cities with lower levels of development, whereas for those living in cities with higher levels of development, the pattern was inverted and university education was protective of obesity. Conclusions: Among women, education was protective of obesity regardless, whereas among men, it was only protective in cities with higher levels of development. These divergent results suggest the need for sex- and city-specific interventions to reduce obesity prevalence and inequalities.

The effects of debt restructurings on income inequality in the developing world

2021 ◽  
pp. 135406612110014
Author(s):  
Glen Biglaiser ◽  
Ronald J. McGauvran
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Government Spending ◽  
Tax Reform ◽  
Social Spending ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Impact

Developing countries, saddled with debts, often prefer investors absorb losses through debt restructurings. By not making full repayments, debtor governments could increase social spending, serving poorer constituents, and, in turn, lowering income inequality. Alternatively, debtor governments could reduce taxes and cut government spending, bolstering the assets of the rich at the expense of the poor. Using panel data for 71 developing countries from 1986 to 2016, we assess the effects of debt restructurings on societal income distribution. Specifically, we study the impact of debt restructurings on social spending, tax reform, and income inequality. We find that countries receiving debt restructurings tend to use their newly acquired economic flexibility to reduce taxes and lower social spending, worsening income inequality. The results are also robust to different model specifications. Our study contributes to the globalization and the poor debate, suggesting the economic harm caused to the less well-off following debt restructurings.

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