Chapter I. The Short-Term Prospects for the Economy

1976 ◽  
Vol 75 ◽  
pp. 6-22
Keyword(s):  
Trade Union ◽  
Wage Bargaining ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Earnings Growth ◽  
Special Means ◽  
The Social ◽  
Union Leaders ◽  
Present Rate ◽  
Short Term Forecasting

In this Chapter we carry out our normal short-term forecasting exercise, that is we forecast the prospects up to two years ahead on ‘unchanged policy’ assumptions. Particularly important among these is what will happen to wage bargaining after the £6 pay limit. The short term outlook seems to us to hinge critically on how earnings will grow from autumn 1976 onwards: but we have no special means of foretelling the outcome of the discussions now proceeding between the Chancellor and the trade union leaders. The solution we have adopted is to assume a 6 per cent growth in earnings from autumn 1976. This is well below the present rate, but it is a conceivable figure, though opinions would differ as to how likely it is that such a low figure will be achieved. In view of the importance of the question we also show the prospects for the economy if the social contract deliberations should go seriously wrong, and for that purpose we have assumed 20 per cent earnings growth from autumn 1976.

Chapter V. Incomes Policy

1976 ◽  
Vol 75 ◽  
pp. 75-79
Keyword(s):  
Trade Union ◽  
Real Wages ◽  
Medium Term ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Union Leaders ◽  
Incomes Policy ◽  
Cent Case ◽  
Economic Forecasts

The economic forecasts in Chapter I, and the examination of the problems of the medium term in Chapter IV, provide the background for the discussion about the successor policy to the £6 limit. The negotiations with the trade union leaders (and surely at some stage also with the CBI) should cover not simply questions of earnings and prices, but questions of output and employment as well. A useful starting point for discussion would be a set of forecasts with different earnings assumptions, similar to the forecasts for the 6 per cent and 20 per cent case which have been presented in Chapter I. The important point which these alternative simulations make is that a bigger increase in money earnings leads to a short-term gain in real wages net of tax, followed by a longer-term loss which exceeds the short-term gain. It is very hard to persuade people that, collectively, they will be better off with lower than with higher increases in money earnings; but over a longer period it is clearly true.

‘Not Quite Gentlemen’: an Examination of ‘Middling Class’ Protestant Missionaries from Britain, c. 1850–1900

1980 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. P. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Trade Union ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Practical Skills ◽  
The Social ◽  
Union Leaders ◽  
Missionary Societies ◽  
Gospel Message ◽  
The Church ◽  
Religious Understanding

Many missionaries in the nineteenth century came from the lower middle and artisan classes. From this two deductions have been drawn. Firstly, it has been pointed out that these were the social origins of many of the most dynamic and discontented elements of Victorian society, for example, trade union leaders. This parallel has led t o the suggestion that the typical nineteenth-century missionary was a potential radical who could easily become a threat to the status quo. Secondly, the employment of so many men from the skilled mechanic class has been taken to indicate some awareness by missionary administrators of the wider dimensions of the gospel message; that they were concerned with the material as well as the spiritual, with the passing on of practical skills as well as with the inculcating of a new religious understanding. It will be argued below, on the evidence from four British missionary societies, the Church Missionary Society, the London Missonary Society, the Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society and the China Inland Mission, that these deductions require substantial qualification.

Chapter IV. Problems of the Medium Term

1976 ◽  
Vol 75 ◽  
pp. 64-74
Keyword(s):  
Current Account Deficit ◽  
Wage Bargaining ◽  
Medium Term ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Bargaining Process ◽  
Slowing Down ◽  
Large Current ◽  
Real Growth ◽  
The Uk

In Chapter I we considered the prospects for the UK economy until end-1977 on the usual assumptions of ‘unchanged policies’, though with two alternative assumptions about the outcome of the wage-bargaining process for the 1976/77 wage calendar. We argued that with restraint in nominal wages in 1977 there was a prospect of a continued moderate recovery in UK economic activity though there were still serious problems outstanding by the end of 1977—high unemployment and a large current account deficit. We also argued that without restraint in nominal wages the chances of a sustained pick-up in activity looked poor and real growth would be slowing down sharply in the course of 1977. On this latter assumption, medium-term issues barely arise since the UK would be once again plunged into a short-term crisis. In this Chapter, we address the central medium-term issue of what sort of recovery paths could reasonably be expected for the UK economy over the next five years and what implications these prospects have for policy.

Impact of Religion-Based Caste System on the Dynamics of Indian Trade Unions: Evidence From Two State-Owned Organizations in North India

2017 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
pp. 995-1034 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jatin Pandey ◽  
Biju Varkkey
Keyword(s):  
Trade Union ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
Trade Unions ◽  
Caste System ◽  
North India ◽  
The Social ◽  
Union Leaders ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Depth Interviews

Religion and its envisaged structures have both macro- and micro-level implications for business. Of the many stratification schemas prevalent in India, two macro-social stratification schemas are important at the workplace: caste, which has been an age-old, religion-mandated, closed social stratification prevalent in Hinduism that had led to inequality in the society, and trade union, which is a relatively new and optional open workplace stratification that empowers workers and fosters equality. This study tries to decipher whether these two structures influence each other; if yes how and why do they influence each other (the tensions and contradictions that may happen between them), and whether the influence is uniform for all members. We conducted in-depth interviews with 43 trade union members, three trade union leaders of two state-owned organizations in North India. Initially, we found that caste does not have any superficial effect on the relationship between union members. However, a deeper analysis reveals that roots of this social reality reflect in the social and workplace exchanges between union members, and affect their social identity and loyalty. In the discussion we present a model of twin loyalties between union and caste. From the institutional logic perspective, we also delineate the caste and trade union perspective, and show how there is a change in trade union identity because of the influence of caste-based logic. Our findings have implications for industrial democracy, worker representation, and union effectiveness.

The causes of poverty in Russia

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-36
Author(s):  
I.S. Ivanchenko
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Regional Development ◽  
Financial Market ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Financial Situation ◽  
Macroeconomic Variables ◽  
Development Plans ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Short Term Forecasting

Subject. This article analyzes the changes in poverty of the population of the Russian Federation. Objectives. The article aims to identify macroeconomic variables that will have the most effective impact on reducing poverty in Russia. Methods. For the study, I used the methods of logical, comparative, and statistical analyses. Results. The article presents a list of macroeconomic variables that, according to Western scholars, can influence the incomes of the poorest stratum of society and the number of unemployed in the country. The regression analysis based on the selected variables reveals those ones that have a statistically significant impact on the financial situation of the Russian poor. Relevance. The results obtained can be used by the financial market mega-regulator to make anti-poverty decisions. In addition, the models built can be useful to the executive authorities at various levels for short-term forecasting of the number of unemployed and their income in drawing up regional development plans for the areas.

Impact of FII’s and FDI’s on Indian Stock Market

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. Kamlesh Kumar Shukla
Keyword(s):  
Stock Market ◽  
Financial Markets ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Earnings Growth ◽  
The Past ◽  
Bull Market ◽  
Indian Stock Market

FIIs are companies registered outside India. In the past four years there has been more than $41 trillion worth of FII funds invested in India. This has been one of the major reasons on the bull market witnessing unprecedented growth with the BSE Sensex rising 221% in absolute terms in this span. The present downfall of the market too is influenced as these FIIs are taking out some of their invested money. Though there is a lot of value in this market and fundamentally there is a lot of upside in it. For long-term value investors, there’s little because for worry but short term traders are adversely getting affected by the role of FIIs are playing at the present. Investors should not panic and should remain invested in sectors where underlying earnings growth has little to do with financial markets or global economy.

Very short-term forecasting of wind power generation using hybrid deep learning model

2021 ◽  
Vol 296 ◽  
pp. 126564
Author(s):  
Md Alamgir Hossain ◽  
Ripon K. Chakrabortty ◽  
Sondoss Elsawah ◽  
Michael J. Ryan
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Deep Learning ◽  
Wind Power ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
Wind Power Generation ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Short Term Forecasting ◽  
Deep Learning Model

Conditions of Boarded Out Babies of Wet-Nurses, Colonial Australia

2021 ◽  
pp. 089033442199477
Author(s):  
Virginia Thorley
Keyword(s):  
Family Physicians ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Primary Material ◽  
Substandard Care ◽  
The Social ◽  
Historical Accounts

Wet-nurses themselves rarely left written accounts. In this article, I have reconstructed their experiences and work situations breastfeeding other women’s infants in colonial Australia through examining available sources concerning their employment situations and the fate of their infants when they were boarded out, as they commonly were. The employment of wet-nurses by royal households or prominent families has long been the topic of historical accounts, whereas the situation of the more numerous wet-nurses further down the social spectrum has received disproportionately little examination. In this article, I do not discuss informal, altruistic wet nursing by family or neighbors but, rather, the situation of those women for whom it was an occupation, by its very nature short term. Primary material sighted for this study included a considerable number of advertisements for positions placed by employers, their intermediaries (e.g., family physicians) and wet-nurses themselves, and newspaper reports when the wet-nurse’s children came to the attention of the courts. Death for boarded-out infants who succumbed to inappropriate feeding and substandard care was typically ascribed to “natural causes.”

scholarly journals Intergroup and intragroup dimensions of COVID-19: A social identity perspective on social fragmentation and unity

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominic Abrams ◽  
Fanny Lalot ◽  
Michael A. Hogg
Keyword(s):  
Social Identity ◽  
Group Dynamics ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Social Fragmentation ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Face ◽  
Political Management ◽  
Psychological Challenge ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
People’S Perceptions

COVID-19 is a challenge faced by individuals (personal vulnerability and behavior), requiring coordinated policy from national government. However, another critical layer—intergroup relations—frames many decisions about how resources and support should be allocated. Based on theories of self and social identity uncertainty, subjective group dynamics, leadership, and social cohesion, we argue that this intergroup layer has important implications for people’s perceptions of their own and others’ situation, political management of the pandemic, how people are influenced, and how they resolve identity uncertainty. In the face of the pandemic, initial national or global unity is prone to intergroup fractures and competition through which leaders can exploit uncertainties to gain short-term credibility, power, or influence for their own groups, feeding polarization and extremism. Thus, the social and psychological challenge is how to sustain the superordinate objective of surviving and recovering from the pandemic through mutual cross-group effort.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document