US Views on 1992

1990 ◽  
Vol 134 ◽  
pp. 86-92
Author(s):  
Stephen Woolcock
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
European Integration ◽  
Economic Integration ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Economic Cooperation ◽  
Political Support ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Us Economy ◽  
The Us ◽  
Consistent Support

North American, and in particular US views of 1992 must be seen in the broad political context of transatlantic relations. The US has shown consistent support for the idea of European integration. Initially this took the form of linking Marshall aid to greater European economic cooperation, then organised by the Organisation for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC). There was also strong political support for Monnet's supranational approach to European integration as a means of helping to bring about Franco-German reconciliation and to stabilise Europe. In the early days of European integration there were strategic and political reasons for American concerns to see a stronger (Western) Europe. The possible adverse effects of economic integration for the US were seen as more than manageable, given the strength of the US economy in relation to those of the European countries. With the promise of enhanced markets for US exports and US production the creation of the EEC was seen as being trade creating rather than trade diverting.

Organization for European Economic Cooperation

1950 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 342-346
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Cooperation ◽  
Marshall Plan ◽  
Total Production ◽  
International Investments ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Inflationary Pressure ◽  
United States Economy

In February 1950 the annual report of the Organization for European Economic Cooperation was presented to the United States Economic Cooperation Administration. The report stated that future progress of European recovery would depend to a large extent upon the level of economic activity in the United States, upon United States tariff policy; and upon international investments made by the United States. The forecasts of European trade were based on the assumption that United States business activity would remain at least as high as in the second and third quarter of 1949; it was pointed out that even small setbacks in the United States economy would have disproportionately large consequences for western Europe whose reserves were not great enough to stand much strain. The report insisted that what remained to be done to solve the dollar problem was not a task for Europe alone but was rather a “joint problem.” Western Europe's dollar deficit could not be eliminated unless its exports to the United States amounted to 75 percent of its imports in value. It was necessary that the emphasis shift from the expansion of total production to the development of dollar earning and dollar saving types of production, as well as a reduction in costs. Inflationary pressure had been greatly relieved but nearly all the Marshall Plan countries were still suffering from some inflationary pressure which tended to reduce their exports and increase their imports. This pressure was likely to continue unless a world depression developed.

European Integration and External Constraints On Social Policy: Is a Social Charter Necessary?

1991 ◽  
Vol 136 ◽  
pp. 93-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Ermisch
Keyword(s):  
Social Policy ◽  
European Integration ◽  
Direct Effect ◽  
Economic Integration ◽  
Social Benefits ◽  
Substantial Part ◽  
Labour Mobility ◽  
Real Wages ◽  
European Economic ◽  
The Impact

This article examines the conditions under which social policy would be constrained by European economic integration and assesses whether a Social Charter is needed. It provides a framework for interpreting the ‘principle of subsidiarity’, examines the potential for a direct effect of social benefits on the movement of people within the EC, investigates the impact of the taxes used to finance social policy on the location of businesses and people and the incidence of these taxes. As the degree of labour mobility in response to differences in real wages between EC countries is demonstrated to be crucial in deciding whether a Social Charter is necessary, a substantial part of the paper examines the evidence on the responsiveness of labour mobility, and it suggests little need for a Social Charter.

scholarly journals СУТНІСТЬ ТА ПРОБЛЕМИ РОЗВИТКУ МІЖНАРОДНОЇ ЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ ІНТЕГРАЦІЇ

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 19-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Зелінська О.М.
Keyword(s):  
International Economic ◽  
European Integration ◽  
Economic Integration ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Economic Process ◽  
Close Cooperation ◽  
Key Aspects

У роботі розглянуто сутність поняття міжнародної економічної інтеграції, як однієї з ключових аспектів здійснення державою зовнішньоекономічної діяльності. Приділено також увагу особливостям розвитку інтеграційних процесів в Західній Європі. Зокрема авторами визначено, що європейська інтеграція є складним та суперечливим соціально-економічним процесом налагодження тісного співробітництва європейських держав. Вона також  є одним із проявів тенденції сучасного історичного розвитку, що ставить перед країнами-учасницями конкретні цілі. The paper deals with the essence of the concept of international economic integration, as one of the key aspects of the state's foreign economic activity. Attention is also paid to the peculiarities of the development of integration processes in Western Europe. In particular, the authors have determined that European integration is a complex and controversial socio-economic process of establishing close cooperation between European countries. It is also one of the manifestations of the trend of modern historical development, which sets the participating countries specific goals.

scholarly journals Economic and political initiatives of European integration for the period 1945-1992

1998 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-121
Author(s):  
W. Viviers ◽  
T F.J. Steyn
Keyword(s):  
European Integration ◽  
Economic Integration ◽  
European Economic Community ◽  
The Political ◽  
Customs Union ◽  
Integration Process ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
Economic Success ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Political Success

The integration of the European Communities (EC, today EU) has been described as one of the most successful examples of economic integration worldwide. This study examines the reason for this success from two perspectives. Firstly, the economic success of EC integration for the period 1945 to 1992 is investigated. It is concluded that, notwithstanding difficulties experienced, the economic integration process represents the EC's greatest achievement. An example of this is the completion of the EC internal market through the European Economic Community (EEC) customs union and the EC-92 programme. Secondly, the investigation focuses on the political success of EC integration. The evaluation shows that political powerplay endangered and inhibited the process of economic integration in the EC.

Artikel

2007 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 395-413
Author(s):  
Mirja Österberg
Keyword(s):  
European Integration ◽  
Economic Integration ◽  
Alcoholic Beverages ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Fourth Period ◽  
The Third ◽  
Master's Thesis ◽  
Import And Export ◽  
The University ◽  
Second Period

Based on the author's Master's thesis at the University of Helsinki in 2005, this article traces the reaction and response by the management of the Finnish alcohol monopoly Oy Alko Ab to the process of European economic integration between 1988 and 1994. The data for the study consist of archive materials, protocols and memoirs, earlier research and literature as well as interviews with key figures involved in the process. A distinction is made between four different periods in the management's reactions between 1988–1994. In the first period 1988–1989, the Alko management began to realise that European integration might have an impact on the company's operation. During the second period 1990–1991, there was a growing recognition that integration would affect the company in a major way and that it would be losing its import and export monopoly. At the same time, the Alko management began taking steps to strengthen the company's competitiveness and organisation. During the third period, from February 1992 to August 1992, the Alko management realised that the company's production and wholesale monopoly might also be under threat. They decided to fight to retain the company's three remaining monopoly rights and did so over the next six months until 25 August 1992, when the battle was limited to the monopoly of off-premise retail sales of alcoholic beverages. In the fourth period from August 1992 to May 1994, the Alko management moved to shore up the company's competitiveness and prepare for the eventuality of the company possibly losing its retail monopoly.

Organization for European Economic Cooperation

1957 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 199-201 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Working Party ◽  
Economic Cooperation ◽  
Public Expenditures ◽  
Home Market ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Slowing Down ◽  
Weak Points ◽  
Free Movement Of Workers ◽  
Council Of Ministers

The Council of Ministers of the Organization for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC) convening in Paris under the chairmanship of Mr. Macmillan (Chancellor of the Exchequer, United Kingdom) received the report of a Ministerial Working Party of OEEC on November 15, 1956 which discussed the economic situation in member countries. The report noted the prosperity in western Europe, yet stressed the threats to it due to events in the middle east and interruption of traffic in the Suez. Besides a shortage of oil, the report noted a shortage of coal. It also stressed three weak points in the economy of western Europe: 1) the slowing down of the expansion of production; 2) the rise of prices; and 3) the imbalance in intra-European payments. It explained that the increase in production had fallen off due to a shortage of available labor; the rise in prices was due to excessive demand and increasing wages. The report called for serious fiscal measures, such as an increase in taxes, a reduction of subsidies to consumption and a cutting down of public expenditures. These measures could be supplemented by governmental action designed to increase competition in the home market and to enhance the free movement of workers in order to alleviate the man-power shortage.

Organization for European Economic Cooperation

1948 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 557-560
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Economic Cooperation ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Customs Union ◽  
Economic Stability ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Monetary Stability ◽  
Self Help ◽  
World Economic ◽  
Recovery Program

The sixteen nations of western Europe participating in the Economic Recovery Program signed on April 16, 1948, a convention formally establishing the Organization for European Economic Cooperation, providing machinery for the handling of European aid, and including a legally binding contract for self-help to supplement and eventually eliminate the need for outside aid. The principal aim of the organization was stated as the speedy establishment of sound economic conditions, without outside assistance, so as to make a full contribution to world economic stability. The sixteen governments and the western zones of Germany pledged their efforts to a maximum exchange of goods, lower tariff barriers, work towards a customs union, achievement and maintenance of financial and monetary stability, and the best use of their manpower.

Organization for European Economic Cooperation

1951 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 816-821
Keyword(s):  
Social Justice ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Economic Cooperation ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Social Progress ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Cooperative Effort ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Effective Use

The Council of the Organization for European Economic Cooperation, meeting on August 29, 1951 issued a declaration at the close of the meeting stating that the broad objectives of the OEEC policies would be to expand total production in western Europe by 25 percent over the next five years. By this increase in production, an improvement in living standards and further social progress could be achieved while meeting defense requirements. “Conditions from country to country may vary, but an expansion of this size is well within the power of the European economy as a whole through the effective use of its resources… Europe possesses great national resources, a large industrial potential, a skilled and ample labor force, and a capacity to achieve rapid technical progress. The full mobilization of these resources requires foresight, resolution, a cooperative effort, and the pursuit of policies based on social justice. The governments are convinced that such policies are essential in order to preserve the gains already made and to realize continued progress. Social justice demands a distribution of burdens and benefits that will promote the well-being of the less favored sections of the community.”

Low-growth economy will shape post-Obama US politics

2016 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Federal Reserve ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Political Support ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Us Economy ◽  
Government Oversight ◽  
The Us ◽  
Trade Deals ◽  
Code Reform

Significance Populist discontent with existing economic policies and anger about economic inequalities have featured in the US presidential struggle between Trump and Clinton. These anxieties have led both candidates to adopt anti-trade stances and promise growth-revitalising policies to counteract voters' pessimism about the US economy after the 2007-09 global financial crisis and ameliorate the uneven benefits of government responses. Impacts Flagging political support for new trade deals will hinder liberalisation of non-tariff barriers abroad. Immigration and tax code reform -- potential pro-growth policies -- face substantial political obstacles. Populist legislators may seek to increase government oversight of the Federal Reserve.

Organization for European Economic Cooperation

1955 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 578-583
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Annual Report ◽  
Economic Cooperation ◽  
Economic Situation ◽  
Marshall Plan ◽  
General Situation ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Current Economic Situation

Sixth Annual ReportThe sixth annual report of the Organization for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC), subtitled “From Recovery towards Economic Strength”, stated that the period of recovery, begun in 1948 under the Marshall Plan, had been completed and that “the task which Western Europe now faces is to build a better economy than that existing before the war”. The current economic situation of the OEEC members was felt to be on the whole very sound; it was stated that “no previous annual report of the OEEC could describe so favourable a general situation”.

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