Artikel

2007 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 395-413
Author(s):  
Mirja Österberg
Keyword(s):  
European Integration ◽  
Economic Integration ◽  
Alcoholic Beverages ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Fourth Period ◽  
The Third ◽  
Master's Thesis ◽  
Import And Export ◽  
The University ◽  
Second Period

Based on the author's Master's thesis at the University of Helsinki in 2005, this article traces the reaction and response by the management of the Finnish alcohol monopoly Oy Alko Ab to the process of European economic integration between 1988 and 1994. The data for the study consist of archive materials, protocols and memoirs, earlier research and literature as well as interviews with key figures involved in the process. A distinction is made between four different periods in the management's reactions between 1988–1994. In the first period 1988–1989, the Alko management began to realise that European integration might have an impact on the company's operation. During the second period 1990–1991, there was a growing recognition that integration would affect the company in a major way and that it would be losing its import and export monopoly. At the same time, the Alko management began taking steps to strengthen the company's competitiveness and organisation. During the third period, from February 1992 to August 1992, the Alko management realised that the company's production and wholesale monopoly might also be under threat. They decided to fight to retain the company's three remaining monopoly rights and did so over the next six months until 25 August 1992, when the battle was limited to the monopoly of off-premise retail sales of alcoholic beverages. In the fourth period from August 1992 to May 1994, the Alko management moved to shore up the company's competitiveness and prepare for the eventuality of the company possibly losing its retail monopoly.

scholarly journals On research of Estonian school students’ physical development in diploma theses of the Department of Zoology at Tartu State University, 1958–1970

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Tiiu Kasmel ◽  
Jaan Kasmel
Keyword(s):  
Physical Development ◽  
State University ◽  
School Students ◽  
The Third ◽  
Administrative Division ◽  
The World ◽  
Anthropological Research ◽  
The University ◽  
Second Period

The article provides an overview of ten diploma theses written under the supervision of Professor of Zoology Juhan Aul at the University of Tartu from 1958–1970. The theses deal with physical development of Estonian school students in two Estonian towns (Tartu and Pärnu) and nine districts (Tartu, Elva, Põlva, Räpina, Rapla, Keila, Pärnu, Võru, Harju) according to the then existing administrative division. The theses are based on the anthropological material collected from 1956–1966.The first part of the article briefly describes the period of nearly 202 years during which the scholars related to the University of Tartu have conducted various physical anthropological studies on Estonians. These years can conditionally be divided as follows: the first period, 1814–1927 – the period from Baer to Aul, the second period, 1927–1993 – the Aul period, the third period, from 1993 to the present – the period of the Centre for Physical Anthropology.The article describes some of the options the students had for participating in anthropological research. An overview is given of the beginning of anthropological research of children and school students in Estonia and in the world. The article acquaints the reader with the whole of the so-called Aul period and the diploma theses on Estonian school students’ physical development supervised by him.The second part gives an overview of the diploma theses.

European Integration and External Constraints On Social Policy: Is a Social Charter Necessary?

1991 ◽  
Vol 136 ◽  
pp. 93-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Ermisch
Keyword(s):  
Social Policy ◽  
European Integration ◽  
Direct Effect ◽  
Economic Integration ◽  
Social Benefits ◽  
Substantial Part ◽  
Labour Mobility ◽  
Real Wages ◽  
European Economic ◽  
The Impact

This article examines the conditions under which social policy would be constrained by European economic integration and assesses whether a Social Charter is needed. It provides a framework for interpreting the ‘principle of subsidiarity’, examines the potential for a direct effect of social benefits on the movement of people within the EC, investigates the impact of the taxes used to finance social policy on the location of businesses and people and the incidence of these taxes. As the degree of labour mobility in response to differences in real wages between EC countries is demonstrated to be crucial in deciding whether a Social Charter is necessary, a substantial part of the paper examines the evidence on the responsiveness of labour mobility, and it suggests little need for a Social Charter.

Rechtsstaat and Social Europe: How a Classical Tension Resurfaces in the European Integration Process

2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Joerges
Keyword(s):  
European Integration ◽  
Economic Integration ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Labour Law ◽  
The Third ◽  
Basic Law ◽  
Post War ◽  
Intense Debate ◽  
Social Europe ◽  
The Welfare State

Will the welfare state survive European Integration? The paper seeks to put this currently intense debate into constitutional perspectives. It starts with a reconstruction of the débat fondateur in post-war Germany on the new Basic Law, which was focused on alleged or real tensions of welfarism with Rechtsstaatlichkeit, the commitment to rule of law. This is the background for the discussion in Section II on legal categories, which Fritz Scharpf has characterised as a decoupling of economic integration from the various welfare traditions of Member States. The third section analyses the ECJ’s recent labour law jurisprudence with its interpretation of the supremacy of European freedoms and its rigid interpretation of pertinent secondary legislation. These controversial moves are bound to provoke fierce opposition on the part of the protagonists of “Social Europe.”

scholarly journals Economic and political initiatives of European integration for the period 1945-1992

1998 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-121
Author(s):  
W. Viviers ◽  
T F.J. Steyn
Keyword(s):  
European Integration ◽  
Economic Integration ◽  
European Economic Community ◽  
The Political ◽  
Customs Union ◽  
Integration Process ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
Economic Success ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Political Success

The integration of the European Communities (EC, today EU) has been described as one of the most successful examples of economic integration worldwide. This study examines the reason for this success from two perspectives. Firstly, the economic success of EC integration for the period 1945 to 1992 is investigated. It is concluded that, notwithstanding difficulties experienced, the economic integration process represents the EC's greatest achievement. An example of this is the completion of the EC internal market through the European Economic Community (EEC) customs union and the EC-92 programme. Secondly, the investigation focuses on the political success of EC integration. The evaluation shows that political powerplay endangered and inhibited the process of economic integration in the EC.

scholarly journals Value Added Taxation during the Third European Integration (the Treaty of Rome of 1957)

Taxes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 41-46
Author(s):  
Dmitriy G. Bachurin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Social Development ◽  
European Integration ◽  
Economic Integration ◽  
Value Added ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Third ◽  
Treaty Of Rome ◽  
Legal Mechanism

Based on an analysis of the regulatory framework of the modified value added tax (VAT), the author has studied the characteristics and singled out periods of the Europe-wide value added taxation. It is noted that the legal mechanism of value added taxation acquires the quality of a rather dynamic regulator of economics in the conditions of the European Union, while the arising effects of social correction, slowdown of capital widening and economic integration processes positively affect social development in each socially oriented European states.

The Nordic and the Continental European Dimensions in Scandinavian Integration: NORDEK as a Case Study

1971 ◽  
Vol 6 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 173-181
Author(s):  
Gunnar P. Nielsson
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
European Integration ◽  
European Economic Community ◽  
Future Prospects ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
European Economic ◽  
European Model ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
The University

This paper was delivered at the University of Aberdeen's conference on ‘Scandinavia and European Integration’ in March, 1971. There are four sections, the first of which is a chronological review of the Nordek case. Secondly, an analysis of the Nordek Draft Treaty provisions shows that the treaty represents the most far-reaching step in regard to the integration of social and economic policy spheres yet considered in Scandinavia. Thirdly, the key factor in explaining the collapse of the Nordek plan is the increasing penetration of European ‘high politics' into Nordic cooperative arrangements. Political stalemate concerning expanded membership of the European Economic Community favored Nordek. That stalemate was broken after de Gaulle's political demise. The changed conditions brought into sharp relief the incompatibility of Finland's neutrality policy with participation in a Nordek which would include such potential EEC members as Denmark and Norway. Finally, future prospects are examined through the construction of four basic choices presented as models. The Greater European model and the Divided Scandinavia model contain the international dimensions of the dilemma presently facing the Scandinavians.

US Views on 1992

1990 ◽  
Vol 134 ◽  
pp. 86-92
Author(s):  
Stephen Woolcock
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
European Integration ◽  
Economic Integration ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Economic Cooperation ◽  
Political Support ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Us Economy ◽  
The Us ◽  
Consistent Support

North American, and in particular US views of 1992 must be seen in the broad political context of transatlantic relations. The US has shown consistent support for the idea of European integration. Initially this took the form of linking Marshall aid to greater European economic cooperation, then organised by the Organisation for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC). There was also strong political support for Monnet's supranational approach to European integration as a means of helping to bring about Franco-German reconciliation and to stabilise Europe. In the early days of European integration there were strategic and political reasons for American concerns to see a stronger (Western) Europe. The possible adverse effects of economic integration for the US were seen as more than manageable, given the strength of the US economy in relation to those of the European countries. With the promise of enhanced markets for US exports and US production the creation of the EEC was seen as being trade creating rather than trade diverting.

Routes to Economic Integration: 1992 in the European Community

1989 ◽  
Vol 129 ◽  
pp. 55-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.A. Kay ◽  
M.V. Posner
Keyword(s):  
European Community ◽  
Economic Integration ◽  
Fiscal Policies ◽  
Central Authority ◽  
European Economic ◽  
The Real ◽  
Regulatory Policies ◽  
The Third ◽  
Oriented Path ◽  
The Right

1992 is a staging post on the route to European economic integration. For Britain, the real issues are not national sovereignty versus supranationalism, but the choice between a liberal, market oriented path to integration and a planned, centralised one. The paper assesses these options as they arise in regulatory policies, in industrial strategy, and in the monetary and fiscal policies facing the Community. It recognises that there are major policy areas where the creation of a central authority is essential but concludes that the market route is often the right—and the only feasible—approach.This is the third article from members of the CLARE Group to appear in the Review. Future articles will normally appear about twice a year. The Review is pleased to give hospitality to the deliberations of the CLARE Group but is not necessarily in agreement with the views expressed. Members of the CLARE Group are M.J. Artis, A.J.C. Britton, W.A. Brown, C.H. Feinstein, C.A.E Goodhart, D.A. Hay, J.A. Kay, R.C.O. Matthews, M.H. Miller, P.M. Oppenheimer, M.V. Posner, W.B. Reddaway, J.R. Sargent, M.F-G. Scott, Z.A. Silberston, J.H.B. Tew, J.S. Vickers, S. Wadhwani.

scholarly journals Current trends in literary production in Esperanto

2005 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 271-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jukka Pietiläinen
Keyword(s):  
Small Group ◽  
Experimental Poetry ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Literary Magazines ◽  
Fourth Period ◽  
The Third ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Second Period ◽  
Historical Periods

We can divide Esperanto literature into four historical periods. The first (1887–1920) was characterised by the important role of translations. The second period (1921–1945) was marked by the development of poetry and also, to some extent, of prose and drama. The third period (1946–1974), while beset with difficulties, continued the development started in the second period and made some new innovations, especially in poetry. The fourth period (since 1975) has so far been a period in which the novel and experimental poetry have flourished. Unlike the earlier periods, the fourth period is no longer dominated by a small group of authors and influential literary magazines: Esperanto literature is now more diverse and fragmented, leaving space for different schools and linguistic styles.

scholarly journals European Economic Integration: Assessing Benefits from State Size Perspective

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Domen Gril ◽  
Primož Pevcin
Keyword(s):  
European Integration ◽  
Economic Integration ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Single Market ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Benchmark Analysis ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Empirical Paper ◽  
State Size

This empirical paper focuses on the analysis of economic benefits of European integration processes. A gap exists on the research that addresses the specific benefits of states involved in the economic integration processes. Thus, paper focuses on the analysis of benefits Slovenia has from European economic integration, and benchmark analysis is performed, taking Poland as example. This context serves for the comparison of effects and benefits of economic integration concerning smaller and larger states. Namely, there is an assumption that economic integration should have different state-specific effects, where state size is one of the attributes that significantly channels these effects. The results show that Slovenia benefited much more entering the single market in comparison to Poland. This suggests that single market might serve as an economic shelter for smaller states, and thus generates relatively larger benefits for them in comparison to larger states.

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