Sex-Related Differences in Spatial Ability: More Evidence for Convergence

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (3-1) ◽  
pp. 915-921 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heinrich Stumpf ◽  
Eckhard Klieme
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Ability ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Secular Trend ◽  
Spatial Visualization ◽  
German Population ◽  
Clear Trend ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Using Data ◽  
D Value ◽  
Visualization Ability

Sex-related differences in spatial ability, favoring males, have frequently been reported in the literature. Recent analyses, however, have found indications of a convergence in the scores of men and women on spatial tests over the years. This research examined the evidence for such a secular trend in a German population using data of 18 samples that had completed the Cube Perspectives Test, a measure of spatial visualization ability. The largest effect size ( d = .77) was found for a sample tested in 1978, the smallest difference ( d = .38) was observed for a sample tested in 1987. There was a clear trend narrowing the sex-related differences; the correlation between the recency of the data and the respective d-value was -.926. The convergence of the scores of men and women proved to be stronger than in the previous studies.

Sex-Linked Inheritance of Spatial Ability

1970 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 610-610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence C. Hartlage
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Ability ◽  
Recessive Gene ◽  
Spatial Visualization ◽  
Spatial Abilities ◽  
Hereditary Factors ◽  
Mental Abilities ◽  
Visualization Ability

Studies involving the inheritance of primary mental abilities in twins have generally shown that spatial ability appears to be the ability most influenced by hereditary factors (Thurstone, Thurstone, & Strandskov, 1955; Vandenberg, 1965). Stafford (1961), using the Identical Blocks Test as a measure of spatial visualization, demonstrated that a sex-linked recessive gene may be involved in the transmission of spatial abilities. The present study represented an attempt to replicate Stafford's earlier work, using a test which represented a reasonably pure measure of spatial visualization ability.

Sex Differences in a Causal Model of Mathematics Achievement

1984 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 361-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corinna A. Ethington ◽  
Lee M. Wolfle
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Mathematics Achievement ◽  
Causal Model ◽  
Spatial Visualization ◽  
Spatial Abilities ◽  
Predictor Variables ◽  
Covariance Structures ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Using Data

Using data from the “High School and Beyond” study, this paper reexamines the reason men and women differ in mathematics achievement by means of a covariance-structures causal model of mathematics achievement, which permits the estimation of effects while accounting for known measurement error in the predictor variables. Our results indicate that sex continues to have a significant effect on mathematics achievement even after controlling for sex differences in spatial abilities, background in mathematics, and interest in mathematics. Separate analyses by sex, however, indicate that the process of mathematics achievement differs between men and women. In particular, women tend to have less spatial visualization ability than men, but the effects of this variable on mathematics achievement are greater for women.

The Importance of Spatial Visualization and Cognitive Development for Geometry Learning in Preservice Elementary Teachers

1982 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 332-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael T. Battista ◽  
Grayson H. Wheatley ◽  
Gary Talsma
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Elementary Teachers ◽  
Spatial Ability ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Spatial Visualization ◽  
Preservice Elementary Teachers ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Geometry Learning ◽  
Visualization Ability

The relative importance of spatial visualization ability and cognitive development for achievement in a geometry course for preservice elementary teachers was investigated. Both factors correlated significantly with achievement, but in an analysis of variance, only the main effect due to cognitive development was significant. There was no interaction between the factors. The effect of the semester-long geometry course on students' spatial ability was also investigated. It was found that the students' spatial visualization ability was significantly greater at the end of the geometry course than at the beginning.

scholarly journals The Career Length and Service of Female Policymakers in the US House of Representatives

2016 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 437-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Praino ◽  
Daniel Stockemer
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
House Of Representatives ◽  
Electoral System ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Careers ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Representation Of Women ◽  
Career Length ◽  
The Us ◽  
Using Data

Various studies have outlined the institutional (e.g. the existence of quota laws and the electoral system type of a country) and non-institutional factors (e.g. the political culture of a country) that account for variation in women’s representation, in general, and, in more detail, the low representation of women in the US Congress. However, no study has, so far, compared the Congressional career paths of men and women in order to understand whether this gender gap in representation stems from a difference in terms of the duration and importance of the careers of male and female policymakers. Using data on all US House elections between 1972 and 2012, we provide such an analysis, evaluating whether or not the political careers of women in the US House of Representatives are different from the political careers of their male counterparts. Our findings indicate that the congressional careers of men and women are alike and, if anything, women may even have a small edge over their male colleagues.

Mending Broken Hearts

2012 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen L. Idler ◽  
David A. Boulifard ◽  
Richard J. Contrada
Keyword(s):  
Medical Records ◽  
Lower Risk ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Never Married ◽  
The Social ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Long Term Mortality

Marriage has long been linked to lower risk for adult mortality in population and clinical studies. In a regional sample of patients ( n = 569) undergoing cardiac surgery, we compared 5-year hazards of mortality for married persons with those of widowed, separated or divorced, and never married persons using data from medical records and psychosocial interviews. After adjusting for demographics and pre- and postsurgical health, unmarried persons had 1.90 times the hazard of mortality of married persons; the disaggregated widowed, never married, and divorced or separated groups had similar hazards, as did men and women. The adjusted hazard for immediate postsurgical mortality was 3.33; the adjusted hazard for long-term mortality was 1.71, and this was mediated by married persons’ lower smoking rates. The findings underscore the role of spouses (both male and female) in caregiving during health crises and the social control of health behaviors.

Is Spatial-Visualization Ability a Stronger Predictor of Performance for Males than for Females on Computer-Based Tasks?

2001 ◽  
Vol 45 (13) ◽  
pp. 931-935
Author(s):  
Elizabeth D. Murphy ◽  
Bernd Lorenz
Keyword(s):  
Personnel Selection ◽  
Spatial Visualization ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Decision Accuracy ◽  
Differential Prediction ◽  
Simulated Environment ◽  
On Line ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Larger Sample ◽  
Visualization Ability

In research on cognitive issues in automation, spatial visualization ability (SVA) was investigated as a mediator of performance. Prior to performing the experimental task in a simulation environment, 83 undergraduate psychology students completed an on-line version of a test of SVA. The two basic experimental conditions were “monitoring” and “on-call.” In the monitoring condition, participants monitored status messages and responded to system alerts. In the on-call condition, participants performed an unrelated task in between responding to alerts. Dependent measures included decision accuracy. A correlational analysis of SVA scores with decision accuracy found a higher correlation for men than for women. Further analysis indicated that SVA was not a significantly stronger predictor of performance for men than it was for women in the simulated environment. With a larger sample size, however, differential prediction is likely. If confirmed, this finding has implications for the use of SVA in personnel selection. Textual and tabular alternatives to graphical displays may be helpful to low-SVA users.

scholarly journals Are Women Really Less Competitive Than Men? Career Duration in Nordic and Alpine Skiing

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernd Frick ◽  
Katharina Moser
Keyword(s):  
Labor Markets ◽  
Competitive Environment ◽  
Alpine Skiing ◽  
Random Assignment ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Corporate Executives ◽  
Career Length ◽  
Self Selection ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Nordic Skiing

Do women shy away from competition while men compete too much? The available, mostly experimental evidence generally supports these assumptions. However, in contrast to laboratory settings, labor markets do not have random assignment of workers. Instead, individuals—professional athletes and corporate executives—self-select into specific occupations. Using data from Alpine and Nordic skiing over 52 and 37 years respectively, we show that career length of men and women is virtually identical. Thus, when adequately controlling for self-selection into a highly competitive environment, differences between men and women with respect to competitiveness completely disappear.

scholarly journals Bagaimana Mengembangkan Kemampuan Spasial dalam Pembelajaran Matematika di Sekolah?: Suatu Tinjauan Literatur

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 60-72
Author(s):  
S Sudirman ◽  
Fiki Alghadari
Keyword(s):  
Video Games ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Spatial Ability ◽  
Spatial Relations ◽  
Spatial Visualization ◽  
Spatial Abilities ◽  
Spatial Language ◽  
Learning Mathematics ◽  
Folding Paper

Spatial ability is an important one of the abilities for completing many tasks in everyday life successfully. Spatial ability is considered a type of different ability to others. Therefore, there needs a study on how are the characteristics of spatial abilities and to develop in schools. This paper is to reveal the ways are developing spatial abilities in learning mathematics. Based on literature review from some research, at least that there are six ways to develop spatial abilities in learning mathematics, namely: (1) using spatial language in daily interactions; (2) teaching for sketching and drawing; (3) using a suitable game; (4) using a tangram; (5) using video games; and (6) origami and folding paper. Playing video games like Tetris are exercises for spatial relations, mental rotation, spatial orientation, and spatial visualization.

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