Will Life Extension Affect Our Social Judgments? Evidence That the Possibility of Indefinite Life Extension Increases Harshness Toward Social Transgressors

2021 ◽  
pp. 003329412198899
Author(s):  
Peter J. Helm ◽  
Uri Lifshin ◽  
Jeff Greenberg ◽  
Tom Pyszczynski
Keyword(s):  
Social Judgment ◽  
Life Extension ◽  
Social Judgments ◽  
Medical Technologies ◽  
Positive Attitudes

We tested the hypothesis that if indefinite life extension (ILE) through medical technologies were to become a reality, then people may become harsher in their judgment of social transgressors. In support of this hypothesis, we found that higher positive attitudes towards ILE technologies related to harshness in judgment of social transgressions (Study 1), and that making ILE plausible (compared to not plausible) led participants to endorse harsher punishments for social transgressors (Studies 2–3). We replicated this effect and found that it is not amplified by subliminal death primes, although the primes also increased harshness (Study 3). These results may have implications to understanding how social judgment may be affected by the prospect of ILE.

scholarly journals Cognitive and Affective Processes Associated with Social Biases

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asuka Kaneko ◽  
Yui Asaoka ◽  
Young-A Lee ◽  
Yukiori Goto
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Autistic Traits ◽  
Social Judgment ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Social Judgments ◽  
Social Conformity ◽  
Affective Processes ◽  
Negative Affects ◽  
Social Biases

Abstract Background Decision-making and judgments in our social activities often erroneous and irrational, known as social biases. However, cognitive and affective processes that produce such biases remain largely unknown. In this study, we investigated associations between social schemas, such as social judgment and conformity, entailing social biases and psychological measurements relevant to cognitive and affective functions. Method Forty-two healthy adult subjects were recruited in this study. A psychological test and a questionnaire were administered to assess biased social judgements by superficial attributes and social conformity by adherence to social norms, respectively, along with additional questionnaires and psychological tests for cognitive and affective measurements, including negative affects, autistic traits, and Theory of Mind (ToM). Associations of social judgment and conformity with cognitive and affective functions were examined multiple regression analysis and structural equation modeling. Results Anxiety and the cognitive realm of ToM were mutually associated with both social judgments and conformity, although social judgements and conformity were still independent processes with each other. Social judgements were also associated with autistic traits and the affective realm of ToM, whereas social conformity was associated with negative affects other than anxiety and intuitive decision-making style. Conclusions These results suggest that ToM and negative affects may play important roles in social judgements and conformity, and social biases connoted in these social schemas.

scholarly journals Social Judgments as a Measure of Right Mindfulness

SAGE Open ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 215824401668681
Author(s):  
Robert Lindsay Hakan ◽  
Julia M. Neal ◽  
John Lothes
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Social Judgment ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Social Judgments ◽  
Demand Characteristics ◽  
Mindful Attention ◽  
Potential Demand ◽  
Mindful Attention Awareness Scale

Mindfulness should be associated with decreased automatic responding and with increased empathy and compassion. Therefore, given an opportunity to express judgments about other people, a highly mindful person should be less inclined to express negative and unnecessary judgments. The present study provided participants the opportunity to express judgments about photographs of other people in a procedure that attempted to control for potential demand characteristics associated with self-report measures of mindfulness. Expressed judgments were panel rated, and the derived judgment scores were regressed with participant scores on the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) and the Five Facets of Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ). Results demonstrated no overall significant relationship between judgments and MAAS or FFMQ total scores. However, a significant relationship between judgment scores and the “act with awareness” and the “non-judgment” facets of the FFMQ was observed. Judgment scores were also related to self-reported involvement in mindfulness activities such as meditation and yoga. These results suggest that self-reported mindfulness may not completely align with behaviors that logically reflect right mindfulness. Moreover, social judgment may be a useful overt measure related to mindfulness. The results also provide empirical evidence of the very strong social tendency to negatively and often derogatorily judge other people.

scholarly journals Effects of Experiencing Visual Illusions and Susceptibility to Biases in One’s Social Judgments

SAGE Open ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 215824401774593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayumi Kambara
Keyword(s):  
Social Judgment ◽  
Visual Illusions ◽  
Illusory Motion ◽  
Social Judgments ◽  
Motion Graphics ◽  
Personal Perceptions

Despite the evidence for existing biases in social judgment, people often fail to recognize biases in their own social judgments. This study investigated whether people become aware of their own susceptibility to various biases by experiencing visual illusions that challenge confidence in personal perceptions. A total of 88 participants were grouped by whether or not they gazed at illusory motion graphics and by whether they rated themselves or others on bias susceptibility. Participants who gazed at visual illusions rated themselves as having more biases in their social judgments than participants who did not see visual illusions. These findings suggest that bias denial may partially result from insufficient opportunities to recognize inaccuracies in personal perceptions.

scholarly journals Interoceptive ability moderates the effect of physiological reactivity on social judgment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mallory Feldman ◽  
Jennifer MacCormack ◽  
Adrienne Bonar ◽  
Kristen A Lindquist
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous System ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Internal State ◽  
Social Judgment ◽  
Physiological Reactivity ◽  
Stress Reactions ◽  
Social Judgments ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous

Social judgments—that others are kind or cruel, well-intentioned or conniving—can ease or disrupt social interactions. And yet a person’s internal state can color these judgments—a phenomenon known as affective realism. We examined the factors that contribute to, and mitigate, affective realism during a stressful interview. We hypothesized and found that individuals’ (N=161) ability to accurately perceive their own internal sensations influenced whether they attributed their own heightened stress reactions (i.e., sympathetic nervous system reactivity) to the behavior of two impassive interviewers. Participants who were poor heartbeat detectors perceived the interviewers as less helpful, polite, or professional, and more apathetic, judgmental, and aggressive when experiencing high levels of sympathetic nervous system reactivity during their interview. Being aware of one’s internal state may be one pathway to more accurate, adaptive social interactions.

Social Judgments by Children of Short Stature

1980 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 743-746 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Stabler ◽  
J. Kenneth Whitt ◽  
Denise M. Moreault ◽  
A. Joseph D'Ercole ◽  
Louis E. Underwood
Keyword(s):  
Short Stature ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Social Judgment ◽  
Coping Mechanisms ◽  
Social Judgments ◽  
Competitive Condition ◽  
Intelligence Scale ◽  
Picture Arrangement ◽  
Short Children ◽  
Normal Stature

Recent psychiatric literature suggests that short stature in childhood may be associated with poor social judgment and a lack of adaptive competitiveness. In the present study these personal characteristics were evaluated for short children using the Picture Arrangement subtest from the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R). The test was administered either under experimental-competitive or standard conditions to 31 short male children and to 29 age-matched boys of normal stature. Significant differences in mean scaled scores were found between the short and normal groups. Increased scores under the competitive condition were observed for both groups. In contrast to previous reports, these results suggest that short children respond positively to competitive tasks. The findings are discussed in terms of emphasizing coping mechanisms of short children.

scholarly journals Perceived competence and warmth influence respect, liking and trust in work relations

2016 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 431-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Oleszkiewicz ◽  
Kinga Lachowicz-Tabaczek
Keyword(s):  
Person Perception ◽  
Interpersonal Relations ◽  
Social Judgment ◽  
Perceived Competence ◽  
Social Judgments ◽  
Human Relations ◽  
Middle Stage ◽  
Work Relations ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Positive Effect

Abstract Many studies confirmed the positive effect of trust on human relations and performance in organizations. As a social judgment, trust should be related to perceived competence and warmth as two basic dimensions of person perception. Surprisingly, to date no attempts have been made to examine the influence of attributed competence and warmth on social judgments in interpersonal relations at work. To this end, we examine the influence of perceived competence and warmth on trust, liking and respect in upward and downward work relations. A study involving 190 middle-stage managers revealed that the two fundamental dimensions of social cognition (competence and warmth) influence respect, liking and trust. Competence had a stronger effect on respect than warmth; the opposite was true for liking. Trust was conditioned by both competence and warmth to an equal, high extent. At the same time, warmth expressed by supervisors led to higher results in liking, respect and trust in them than warmth expressed by subordinates.

scholarly journals Implicit attitudes matter for social judgments of others’ preference, but do not make those judgments more or less accurate

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Martin Lees
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Attitudes ◽  
Social Judgment ◽  
Social Judgments ◽  
Large Dataset ◽  
Judgment Accuracy ◽  
Explicit Attitudes ◽  
Componential Analysis ◽  
Attitude Measures ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
True Preferences

Drawing from a large dataset of responses to implicit and explicit attitude measures and social judgments of others’ preferences (N = 97,176) across 95 distinct attitude domains, this Registered Report utilized a componential analysis of judgment accuracy to examine whether implicit attitudes affected the accuracy of social judgment. I found evidence that judgments of the population’s preferences were associated with the population’s true implicit (but not explicit) attitudes, and that individuals projected their implicit attitudes in addition to the projection of explicit attitudes when judging the population’s true preferences. However, I found no evidence that stronger or weaker implicit attitudes were uniquely associated with greater or less accuracy in judging the population’s true preferences. These results provide generalizable evidence that implicit attitudes matter greatly for social judgment accuracy in distinct and nuanced ways.

RACISM AND THE SOCIAL JUDGMENT PROCESS: INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN THE USE OF STEREOTYPES

1999 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil D. Christiansen ◽  
Martin F. Kaplan ◽  
Chris Jones
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Information Integration ◽  
Social Judgment ◽  
Integration Theory ◽  
Social Judgments ◽  
Negative Stereotype ◽  
Information Integration Theory ◽  
The Social ◽  
Judgment Process

Based on a framework suggested by information integration theory, this study examined how prejudice affects the use of stereotypes when forming social judgments. Participants reviewed applications for a minority scholarship and rated their liking for each applicant. Embedded in the applications were trait descriptions that varied in the amount, stereotypicality, and valence of the information provided. Evaluations by high-prejudice participants were more negative than those of low-prejudice participants only when the applicant was described by a single negative stereotype; when descriptions contained more information that was negative and stereotypic racism was not a factor. In addition, responses of both groups became more extreme when more traits were provided, especially when traits were positive. Taken together, the results suggest similarly negative predispositions toward minorities, with those of more prejudiced individuals requiring less negative stereotypical information to be activated. Future applications of methodology suggested by information integration theory in the study of racism are discussed.

scholarly journals The Role of Face and Voice Cues in Predicting the Outcome of Student Representative Elections

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 617-625 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mila Mileva ◽  
James Tompkinson ◽  
Dominic Watt ◽  
A. Mike Burton
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cues ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
Social Judgment ◽  
Social Judgments ◽  
Electoral Success ◽  
Independent Contribution ◽  
Social Decisions ◽  
The Many

First impressions formed after seeing someone’s face or hearing their voice can affect many social decisions, including voting in political elections. Despite the many studies investigating the independent contribution of face and voice cues to electoral success, their integration is still not well understood. Here, we examine a novel electoral context, student representative ballots, allowing us to test the generalizability of previous studies. We also examine the independent contributions of visual, auditory, and audiovisual information to social judgments of the candidates, and their relationship to election outcomes. Results showed that perceived trustworthiness was the only trait significantly related to election success. These findings contrast with previous reports on the importance of perceived competence using audio or visual cues only in the context of national political elections. The present study highlights the role of real-world context and emphasizes the importance of using ecologically valid stimulus presentation in understanding real-life social judgment.

scholarly journals How Disgust Affects Social Judgments

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoel Inbar ◽  
David Pizarro
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Political Ideology ◽  
Social Judgment ◽  
Social Judgments ◽  
Moral Condemnation ◽  
Pathogen Avoidance ◽  
The Relationship

The emotion of disgust has been claimed to affect a diverse array of social judgments, including moral condemnation, inter-group prejudice, political ideology, and much more. We attempt to make sense of this large and varied literature by reviewing the theory and research on how and why disgust influences these judgments. We first describe two very different perspectives adopted by researchers on why disgust should affect social judgment. The first is the pathogen-avoidance account, which sees the relationship between disgust and judgment as resulting from disgust’s evolved function as a pathogen-avoidance mechanism. The second is the extended disgust account, which posits that disgust functions much more broadly to address a range of other threats and challenges. We then review the empirical evidence to assess how well it supports each of these perspectives, arguing that there is more support for the pathogen-avoidance account than the extended account. We conclude with some testable empirical predictions that can better distinguish between these two perspectives.

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