Chemical imaging of secondary cell wall development in cotton fibers using a mid-infrared focal-plane array detector

Market demands for cotton varieties with improved fiber properties also call for the development of fast, reliable analytical methods for monitoring fiber development and measuring their properties. Currently, cotton breeders rely on instrumentation that can require significant amounts of sample, which complicates fiber development studies. Herein, we explored the use of high-resolution, Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) microscopy to examine cotton fiber secondary cell wall development in single fibers. Notably, there was a marked intensity increase for the C-O bending region near 1015 cm–1 and the C-H stretch at 2900 cm–1. These changes agree with those observed with macroscopic FT-IR tests. Chemical distribution maps and principal component analysis plots visually depict these spectral changes. Our results suggest the FT-IR microscopy can potentially be utilized as a tool to monitor and assess important fiber properties, such as cotton maturity, during fiber development.

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Comparative Investigation of Secondary Cell Wall Development in Cotton Fiber Near Isogenic Lines Using Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR FT-IR)

Applied Spectroscopy ◽

10.1177/0003702818818171 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 73 (3) ◽

pp. 329-336 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Yongliang Liu ◽

Hee-Jin Kim

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Fourier Transform ◽

Secondary Cell Wall ◽

Fiber Strength ◽

Total Reflection ◽

Attenuated Total Reflection ◽

Near Isogenic Lines ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Ft Ir ◽

Fiber Maturity

In this investigation, we applied previously proposed simple algorithms to analyze the attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR FT-IR) spectra of cotton fibers during secondary cell wall (SCW) biosynthesis. The infrared crystallinity ( CIIR) and maturity ( MIR) indices were compared from developmental fibers representing two pairs of upland cotton near isogenic lines (NILs). One pair of NILs consisted of Texas Marker-1 (TM-1) and an immature fiber ( im) mutant that differ in fiber maturity. The other pair of NILs included MD52ne and MD90ne that show variations in fiber strength. The observations revealed significant difference in the MIR values between developmental TM-1 and im NILs grown at a field in crop year 2015, and also a significant difference in the CIIR values between these NILs grown at the same field in crop year 2011. These different patterns of CIIR and MIR values during fiber development for the two different crop years indicated the impact of genetics and crop year on the development of fiber maturity and crystallinity of the TM-1 and im fibers. Furthermore, the tendency of linking CIIR with MIR values suggested that the im fibers have more CIIR development than the TM-1 fibers when the fibers have the similar MIR values. In contrast, the NIL pair having variations in fiber strength showed insignificant differences in the patterns of CIIR and MIR as well as the relationship between CIIR and MIR values. The results suggested that CIIR and MIR indices from ATR FT-IR measurement could be used to facilitate the understanding of how fiber genetics and crop year affect fiber maturity and crystallinity during SCW biosynthesis.

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Strength and Crystalline Structure of Developing Acala Cotton

Textile Research Journal ◽

10.1177/004051759706700708 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 67 (7) ◽

pp. 529-536 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Y.-L. Hsieh ◽

X.-P. Hu ◽

A. Nguyen

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Secondary Cell Wall ◽

Fiber Development ◽

Single Fiber ◽

Cotton Fibers ◽

Cellulose Biosynthesis ◽

Cellulose I ◽

Peak Intensity ◽

Crystallite Sizes ◽

Fiber Breaking

Single fiber strengths and crystalline structures of greenhouse-grown Maxxa Acala cotton fibers at varying stages of development and at maturity are reported and compared with those of SJ-2 cotton fibers. Single fiber breaking forces of the Maxxa variety increase most significantly during the fourth week of fiber development; these increases correlate to the 60 to 90 mg seed fiber weight range. The forces required to break single fibers are similar for the SJ-2 and Maxxa varieties through the end of the fourth week of development. Beyond 30 dpa, both single fiber breaking forces and tenacities of the Maxxa cotton fibers are higher than those of the SJ-2 cotton fibers. Four waxd peaks located near 2θ angles of 14.7, 16.6, 22.7, and 34.4° are characteristic of the 101, 101, 002, and 040 reflections of cellulose I, respectively. The 002 peak intensity increases greatly during cellulose biosynthesis, indicating improved alignment of the glucosidic rings and improved order of atoms located within the glucosidic rings as the secondary cell wall thickens. The overall crystallinity and apparent crystallite sizes normal to the 101, 101, and 002 planes increase with fiber development for both varieties. Within each variety, the single fiber breaking forces are positively related to both the overall crystallinity and crystallite sizes. Between these two varieties, increasing breaking forces and tenacities appear to be related more to crystallite size than to crystallinity.

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Lignification of spruce tracheid secondary cell walls related to longitudinal hardness and modulus of elasticity using nano-indentation

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b02-091 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 80 (10) ◽

pp. 1029-1033 ◽

Cited By ~ 41

Author(s):

W Gindl ◽

H S Gupta ◽

C Grünwald

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Modulus Of Elasticity ◽

Cell Walls ◽

Secondary Cell Wall ◽

Lignin Content ◽

Wood Formation ◽

Nano Indentation ◽

Secondary Cell Walls ◽

Cell Wall Development ◽

The One

The lignin content and the mechanical properties of lignifying and fully lignified spruce tracheid secondary cell walls were determined using UV microscopy and nano-indentation, respectively. The average lignin content of developing tracheids was 0.10 g·g1, as compared with 0.21 g·g1 in mature tracheids. The modulus of elasticity of developing cells was on average 22% lower than the one measured in mature, fully lignified cells. For the longitudinal hardness, a larger difference of 26% was observed. As lignifying cells in the cambial zone are undergoing cell wall development, spaces in the cellulosehemicellulose structure are filled with lignin and the density of the cell wall is believed to increase. It is therefore suggested that the observed difference in modulus of elasticity between developing and fully lignified cell walls is due to the filling of spaces with lignin and an increase of the packing density of the cell wall during lignification. Although remarkably less stiff than the composite polysaccharide structure in the secondary cell wall, lignin may be considered equally hard. Therefore, the observed increase in lignin content may contribute directly to the measured increase of hardness.Key words: secondary cell wall, hardness, lignin, modulus of elasticity, wood formation.

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FT-IR Examination of the Development of Secondary Cell Wall in Cotton Fibers

Fibers ◽

10.3390/fib3010030 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 3 (4) ◽

pp. 30-40 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

Michael Cintrón ◽

Doug Hinchliffe

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Secondary Cell Wall ◽

Cotton Fibers ◽

Ft Ir

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Emerging roles of small GTPases in secondary cell wall development

Frontiers in Plant Science ◽

10.3389/fpls.2014.00428 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 5 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Yoshihisa Oda ◽

Hiroo Fukuda

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Secondary Cell Wall ◽

Small Gtpases ◽

Cell Wall Development

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Molecular analysis of the hull-less seed trait in pumpkin: expression profiles of genes related to seed coat development11

Seed Science Research ◽

10.1079/ssr2005211 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 15 (3) ◽

pp. 205-217 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Todd N. Bezold ◽

Dennis Mathews ◽

J. Brent Loy ◽

Subhash C. Minocha

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Seed Coat ◽

Secondary Cell Wall ◽

Expression Profiles ◽

Expression Patterns ◽

Lignin Biosynthesis ◽

Molecular Data ◽

Wild Type ◽

In The Wild ◽

Cell Wall Development

We undertook a comparative study of molecular changes during development of seed coats in the wild-type and a recessive hull-less mutant of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.), with the goal of identifying key genes involved in secondary cell wall development in the testa. The mature mutant testa has reduced amounts of cellulose and lignin as compared to the wild type. The expression patterns of several genes involved in secondary cell wall biosynthesis during the development of the testa are described. These genes are: CELLULOSE SYNTHASE, PHENYLALANINE AMMONIA-LYASE, 4-COUMARATE-CoA LIGASE, and CINNAMOYL-CoA REDUCTASE. Additionally, the expression patterns of a few genes that were differentially expressed in the two genotypes during testa development (GLUTATHIONE REDUCTASE, ABSCISIC ACID RESPONSE PROTEIN E, a SERINE-THREONINE KINASE, and a β-UREIDOPROPIONASE) are presented. The results show a coordinated expression of several genes involved in cellulose and lignin biosynthesis, as well as marked differences in the level of their expression between the two genotypes during testa development. There is generally a higher expression of genes involved in cellulose and lignin biosynthesis in the wild-type testa as compared to the mutant. The molecular data presented here are consistent with anatomical and biochemical differences between the wild-type and the mutant testae. An understanding of the genes involved in cell wall development in the testa will facilitate the manipulation of seed coat development in Cucurbita and other species for diverse commercial applications.

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