The Study of Pro-poor Growth and Poverty Reduction in Pakistan (1999–2006)

Social Change ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khalid Zaman ◽  
Muhammad Mushtaq Khan ◽  
Mehboob Ahmad ◽  
Muhammad Shabir
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Growth Index ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Federal Policies ◽  
The Poor

The aim of this study is to examine different approaches to measuring pro-poor growth rate in the context of Pakistan’s sub-sectors, that is, agriculture, manufacturing, commodity producing and services sectors. This research is extended within the phenomenon of Pro-Poor Growth Index (PPGI) and Poverty Equivalent Growth Rates (PEGR) which is anticipated by Kakwani and Pernia (2000) and Kakwani and Son (2004) in the literature. The present article examines as to what extent the poor have benefited from growth while taking into account the magnitude of growth and the benefits of growth achieved by the poor between 1999 and 2006. The research concludes that growth is classified anti-poor in the overall Pakistan’s sub-sectors due to pro-rich federal policies.

scholarly journals Pro-poor Growth: Concepts and Measurement with Country Case Studies (Distinguished Lecture)

2003 ◽  
Vol 42 (4I) ◽  
pp. 417-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nanak Kakwani ◽  
Hyun H. Son
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Actual Growth Rate ◽  
Actual Growth ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Increasing Function ◽  
Proportional Reduction

This paper looks into the interrelation between economic growth, inequality, and poverty. Using the notion of pro-poor growth, we examine the extent to which the poor benefit from economic growth. First, various approaches to defining and measuring propoor growth are scrutinised using a variety of criteria. It is argued that the satisfaction of a monotonicity axiom is a key criterion for measuring pro-poor growth. The monotonicity axiom sets out a condition that the proportional reduction in poverty is a monotonically increasing function of the pro-poor growth measure. The paper proposes a pro-poor growth measure that satisfies the monotonicity criterion. This measure is called a ‘poverty equivalent growth rate’, which takes into account both the magnitude of growth and how the benefits of growth are distributed to the poor and the non-poor. As the new measure satisfies the criterion of monotonicity, it is indicative that to achieve rapid poverty reduction, the poverty equivalent growth rate—rather than the actual growth rate—ought to be maximised. The methodology developed in the paper is then applied to three Asian countries, namely, the Republic of Korea, Thailand, and Vietnam.

scholarly journals Spatial Dimensions of Economic Growth, Redistribution, and Poverty Reduction During the Yudhoyono Period in Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Witri Mukti Aji
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
Decomposition Method ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Growth Index ◽  
Growth Indices ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Household Expenditures ◽  
Spatial Dimensions ◽  
Capital Development

This research explores the spatial dimensions of economic growth, redistribution, and poverty reduction in Indonesia during the Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono period (i.e., from 2004 to 2014) using the poverty decomposition method, the growth incidence curve, and several pro-poor growth indices. I gathered my data from the annual National Socio-economic Surveys conducted in Indonesia between 2004 and 2014. Analyzing this data, my thesis presents three key economic insights about the Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono period:1) poverty incidence significantly declined between 2004 and 2014, 2) the economic growth that occurred during this period was generally not pro-poor, made evident by an upward sloping growth incidence curve, and 3) regional differences exist in the shape of the growth incidence curve; the pro-poorness of economic growth therefore varies between provinces. Using the classification system proposed by Kakwani and Pernia (2000), I classify provinces into the following five groups with respect to their pro-poor growth index (PPGI). Our empirical results support the pro-poor growth in a nation. However, some provinces such as North Maluku, Gorontalo and Bengkulu experienced non-pro-poor growth and weakly pro-poor. To promote the pro-poor growth in all provinces, the governmental supports in infrastructure and human capital development are essential for the above lagged provinces. Keywords: Household Expenditures; Economic Growth; Redistribution; Poverty Reduction; Spatial Dimensions; Inequality; Poverty Decomposition Method; Growth Incidence Curve; Pro-Poor Growth Indices.

The growth rates of weaned lambs grazing three legume-based pastures during summer

1980 ◽  
Vol 20 (102) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
ID Sanderson ◽  
JD McFarlane ◽  
WR McManus
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
The Poor ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Lamb Growth

An experiment was conducted on the Central Western Slopes of New South Wales with Dorset Horn x Merino lambs to assess their liveweight gains during summer when weaned on to a lucernebased pasture under dryland conditions, and when weaned on to irrigated lucerne and red clover pastures. Lambs grazing irrigated lucerne, irrigated red clover and dryland lucerne had average growth rates of 155, 178 and 124 g day-1/head, respectively, throughout the 106 day experimental period. The poor growth rates of lambs on the dryland lucerne were apparently due mainly to the low digestibility of the dry feed on offer as a result of low rainfall, which also caused feed supply to be limiting during part of the experimental period. Lamb growth and intake data suggest that the diets selected from the red clover were of higher digestibility than those selected from the irrigated lucerne. It was concluded that irrigated red clover and irrigated lucerne provided useful diets for young lambs in this environment, although the growth rates achieved were less than reported elsewhere for these species in cooler climates. Growth rates achieved by lambs grazing dryland lucerne were less satisfactory for prime lamb production.

Effects of crossbred ewe genotype and ram genotype on ewe prolificacy, lamb viability and lamb output in the lowland sector

2002 ◽  
Vol 139 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. E. R. DAWSON ◽  
A. F. CARSON
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Northern Ireland ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Genetic Improvement ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growth Index ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lean Growth ◽  
And Control ◽  
Lamb Growth

A study was carried out on five lowland farms in Northern Ireland over 3 years to investigate the effect of crossbred ewe and ram genotype on ewe prolificacy, lamb viability and weaned lamb output. Four crossbred ewe genotypes were sourced from six hill farms involved in a previous study – Bluefaced Leicester×Blackface (BLXB), Texel×Blackface (TXB), Suffolk×Cheviot (SXCH) and Texel×Cheviot (TXCH). On each farm, groups of 20–30 of each crossbred ewe genotype were mated with Suffolk or Texel rams. Throughout the 3 years of the study, the ewe genotypes lambed at 1, 2 and 3 years of age. Within each of the ram breeds, high lean growth index rams sourced from UK sire reference schemes were compared with rams sourced from flocks not involved in objective genetic improvement programmes (control). BLXB ewes were the most prolific of the four ewe genotypes producing 1.73 lambs per ewe lambed compared with 1.47 for TXB, 1.46 for SXCH and 1.41 for TXCH (P<0.001). Lamb mortality was similar for the four ewe genotypes, thus number of lambs weaned was greatest for the BLXB ewes (P<0.001) with the other three crosses producing similar numbers of lambs. A greater proportion (P<0.05) of SXCH ewes lambed without assistance compared with BLXB and TXB ewes and a greater proportion of TXCH ewes had abundant supplies of colostrum compared with the other crosses (P<0.10). Output of weaned lamb per ewe lambed and per ewe metabolic live weight (P<0.001) was greatest in the BLXB ewes. Ewe productivity, prolificacy, number of lambs weaned and the proportion of ewes lambing without assistance increased with ewe age (P<0.001). Lamb growth rate from birth to 6 weeks and from birth to weaning increased with ewe age (P<0.05). Crossbred ewes lambing at 3 years old had a greater output of weaned lamb compared with ewes lambing at 1 and 2 years old (P<0.001). Ram genotype had no effect on ewe prolificacy, lamb viability or pre-weaning growth rates, although Texel-sired lambs had lower birth weights than Suffolk-sired lambs and control-sired lambs had lower birth weights than high lean index-sired lambs (P<0.05).

scholarly journals The Dynamics of Rural Poverty in Pakistan: A Time Series Analysis

2005 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Saboor Abdul Saboor ◽  
Zakir Hussain
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Rural Poverty ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Poverty Trap ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Rural Pakistan ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Year 2000 ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Poor Population

At the start of the 21st century, almost one-fifth of humanity-1.2 billion people-live on less than a dollar a day. Pakistan is confronted by a multifaceted dilemma. The major issues facing the country are poverty and income disparity, particularly among the rural segments of the society. And evidence indicates that both have worsened. The impact of poverty is particularly acute on the most vulnerable sections of the society. In the year 1990-91, 39.42 percent of the total 31.81 percent of the population below the poverty line were termed as absolute poor including 34 percent chronically and 61 percent extremely poor. During the last decade or so, nearly 2 million people are added to the clusters of extremely poor, 5 million to chronically poor, 7 million to transient poor. Thus bringing nearly 59.11 percent of the poor population out of poverty is to a certain extent easier than bringing the remaining 40.89 percent out of the poverty trap. Pakistan has witnessed a decline in the growth rate from 6.1 per cent during the 1980s to 4.2 percent during the 1990s. However, the Poverty Equivalent Growth Rate (PEGR) analysis reported in this paper indicates that the pro-poor growth scenario is improving in rural Pakistan. If growth remains pro-poor in the subsequent years as it was in the year 2000-01, there is a likelihood that the growth will trickle down to the poor more than the non-poor.

scholarly journals POVERTY AND ECONOMIC GROWTH: A REVIEW

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 156-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marinko ŠKARE ◽  
Romina PRŽIKLAS DRUŽETA
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Causal Link ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Research Issues ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Similar Growth

The objective of this paper is to review and attempt a synthesis of the relevant literature on growth versus poverty, and to analyze the causal link between the two phenomena. Research issues that drive our study are: Does economic growth tend to “raise all boats” as Kuznets (1955) pointed out? What is the role of the pattern of growth in the process of development? Which factor must we consider in designing appropriate pro-poor growth policies? This paper finds considerable variation in the poverty–reducing effectiveness of growth across time and authors. Also, our analysis speaks in favour of the fact that as growth occurs poverty reduces, no matter the level of inequality. Identically, similar growth pattern has different effects on poverty reduction. We conclude that growth is good for poverty alleviation but it is not enough. The extent to which growth reduces poverty depends upon how we measure poverty, and upon absorptive capacity of the poor, the pace and pattern of growth. In times when the rich are getting richer and the poor are getting poorer, “trickle-down” effect becomes a scenario that need to be reviewed.

GERMINATION AND SEEDLING GROWTH OF ALFALFA, SAINFOIN, AND CICER MILKVETCH

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 757-762 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. SMOLIAK ◽  
A. JOHNSTON ◽  
M. R. HANNA
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Root Development ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Growth Analysis ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Medicago Sativa L ◽  
Astragalus Cicer ◽  
Restricted Root System

Seedlings of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), cult Roamer, sainfoin (Onobrychis viciaefolia Scop.), cult Melrose, and cicer milkvetch (Astragalus cicer L.), cult Oxley, were grown in the greenhouse for 10 weeks. Each week 20 plants of each species were harvested for growth analysis. The growth rate of cicer milkvetch was not significantly different from that of alfalfa or sainfoin seedlings. Alfalfa and sainfoin produced significantly more top plant material from weeks 5 to 10 than did cicer milkvetch. In another experiment, seeds of each species were germinated and the resulting seedlings grown at root-zone temperatures, 7, 13, 18, and 27 C. When grown at four root-zone temperatures, alfalfa and cicer milkvetch developed and grew best at 27 C, whereas sainfoin grew well at 18 C and at 27 C. The slow root development of cicer milkvetch at temperatures of 7–18 C may explain the poor growth under field conditions, where young seedlings may suffer from drought because of a restricted root system.

scholarly journals Pro-Poor Growth in Different Economic Sectors in Iran: A Zenga Index Approach

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Sharif Karimi ◽  
Sohrab Delangizan ◽  
Elham Heshmati daiari
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
Service Industry ◽  
Growth Index ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Poor Growth

Abstract Poverty is one of the most important issues in developing countries; thus, poverty and poverty reduction have always been a concern for nations. This unbearable social phenomenon, which must be controlled, is out of control in most of developing countries. This study aimed to develop coordination and interrelation between economic growth, inequality, and poverty in Iran. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine how much economic growth reduces poverty by calculating pro-poor growth index (PEGR) for service, industry, and agriculture sectors in urban and rural areas in Iran from 2005 to 2018. Besides, it assessed the effect of changes in the average income and the distribution of income on poverty. We identified economic sectors with pro-poor growth. The findings of the research indicated that there was pro poor growth just in the rural service sector in Iran. In addition, although the distribution effects decreased poverty in the other sectors, total poverty increased under the period because of the negative growth. Also, the Zanga index results indicate that inequality has decreased in all sectors during the period.Jel Classification: O47, D33, I32, O15, D63

scholarly journals Growth, Inequality, and Poverty: An Analysis of Pro-Poor Growth in Indonesia

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yudistira Andi Permadi
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Poverty Alleviation ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Growth Index ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Household Expenditures ◽  
Services Sector ◽  
Education And Health ◽  
The Government

In the concept of pro-poor growth, economic growth accompanied by fair income distribution will accelerate the rate of poverty reduction. By employing extensive data of household expenditures and other economic indicators, the study will examine the performance of economic growth in Indonesia whether it has been pro-poor over the period 2005-2013. We employ two methods in this article, Growth Incidence Curve (GIC) method, and Pro-Poor Growth Index (PPGI) method. By applying the GIC method, our empirical results indicate that economic growth in Indonesia has not been pro-poor during the observed period. The curve shows that the highest income population enjoys increased consumption more than the poorest population. Furthermore, PPGI method has revealed that economic growth, inequality, and an interaction term between economic growth and inequality have been significant to influence poverty incidence in Indonesia. Our empirical result also reveals that among manufacturing, agriculture, and services sector; it was manufacturing that has successfully reduced the number of the poor, while agriculture unexpectedly had a devastating impact on the number of poor people. The services sector, meanwhile, had not contributed to poverty alleviation. Furthermore, none of the government spending in education and health that significantly contributes to poverty alleviation.  

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF INCOME DISTRIBUTION IN THE GROWTH-POVERTY NEXUS: EVIDENCE FROM CESEE COUNTRIES, WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE MACEDONIAN ECONOMY

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dejan Stankov
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Transition Process ◽  
Poverty Rate ◽  
Income Growth ◽  
Average Income ◽  
Analyse Data

The paper explores the income distribution as a channel of transmission of the effects of economic growth on poverty reduction. For that purpose, we analyse data for the CESEE countries with a focus on the Macedonian economy. Since the 1990s, in the transition process to market economies, inequalities within countries in the CESEE region have risen the most. The income distribution achieved in the last decade is not sufficient to neutralise the high inequality created after 1990. The Macedonian economy shows improved income distribution in the last decade as well, which influences the level of poverty. Still, income inequality and the relative poverty rate are among the highest in the CESEE region. The study sheds light on the effects of the predistributive and redistributive factors on the level of inequality and poverty. We consider the extent to which different parts of the income distribution are affected by the process of average income growth. The main conclusion from the empirical analysis for the CESEE countries is that the sign of the growth rate of the average income of the population, in most cases, is an important predictor of the income growth rate of the quintile groups. Correlation results show that the sign of the growth rates of the average income of the population is the most important determinant for the sign of the growth rates of the average income of the quintile group for the quintiles nearest to the average income of the population.

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